In light of our increasing dependence on technology in all aspects of life, cybersecurity, which ... more In light of our increasing dependence on technology in all aspects of life, cybersecurity, which relates to protecting systems, networks, devices and digital data from theft´-or-disruption, has become one of the most important challenges facing the world today. With the steady increase in the number and cost of cyberattacks on countries and individuals, it has become necessary to enhance cybersecurity at the global level. With the Internet of Things (IoT), and technologies such as deep fakes, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, the vulnerabilities that attackers will attempt to exploit will increase, and it is expected that the number and severity of cyber attacks on individuals, companies, countries, and their national security will double.
In spite of absence of war declaration or any conclusive evidence of the attacker, some scholars ... more In spite of absence of war declaration or any conclusive evidence of the attacker, some scholars refer the cyber-attack on Estonia in 2007 as the first cyber-war and Estonia accused Russia that was behind it. No doubt that our increasing reliance on the networked systems is creating a high security risk through the cyber domain on the states (critical infrastructure, military), industry (economy, companies) and individuals (privacy, safety) that interconnected globally in cyberspace. To make it worse than nuclear or conventional weapons, cyber weapons are easy to access, inexpensive, difficult to track and identified and evolving much faster than its laws and legal policies nationally and internationally. In this paper, I will try to identify the conceptual and technical challenges between Conventional Deterrence (nuclear and conventional weapons) and Cyber Deterrence (cyber weapons offensive/defensive) and showing limited cyber deterrence effectiveness comparing to the conventional deterrence. Despite its huge anticipated impact on the future of cyber weapons/wars, this short essay will not examine the influence of artificial intelligence and internet of things on the future of cyber weapons/wars.
In early 1950s, few years after its establishment, Israel has diverted the course of the Jordan R... more In early 1950s, few years after its establishment, Israel has diverted the course of the Jordan River into its borders occupied in 1948, before occupying the entire Palestine and Golan Heights to Jabal al-Sheikh (mount Hermon), the main source of the Jordan River, in 1967. By this, Isarel has to block any possible attempt by Arab states to divert some tributaries of the Jordan River, reducing the amount of water reaching the river in response to Israel diverting its course and delivering its water to the Negev desert.
One state or two states, there is only one way , 2020
Palestinian leadership bears responsibility for accumulated diplomatic failures. The public’s con... more Palestinian leadership bears responsibility for accumulated diplomatic failures. The public’s confidence cannot be restored without serious intervention, including dissolving the Palestinian Authority and reforming the PLO.
Europe bears a unique historical and moral responsibility towards Palestine and its people. In 19... more Europe bears a unique historical and moral responsibility towards Palestine and its people. In 1980 it defined its stance for a two-state solution in the Venice Declaration and set the bedrock for its current position on the negotiations process. The declaration also was Europe's first condemnation against Israeli settlements and a forceful call for the Palestinian people "to exercise fully its right to self-determination." Yet decades has shown the European Union has effectively adopted a strategy of managing the conflict, and prolonging the status quo for as long as possible. Incidentally, at the time of the Venice Declaration there were only 49 Israeli settlements in the West Bank with a population around 18,000, according to the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem. Today, that number has grown to more than 350 settlements, including more than 100 unregulated outposts, inhabited by 622,670 in the West Bank, along with a further 209,270 settlers in East Jerusalem. This means that about fifth of the West Bank population are Israeli settlers. In the intervening decades Europe has been content with issuing statements denouncing settlement construction. With the advent of the European Union, Europe has become the leading trade partner with Israel. Trade between European Union countries and Israel exceeded $40 billion (33 billion euros) in 2019. These close economic relations exist alongside an absence of exerting any kind of pressure on Israel to save the two-state solution. As for the EU's move to change the label on products originating from Israeli settlements, they are ill-gotten gains from occupied territory, banning settlement products would have been more in tune with international law. Furthermore, the percentage of these products does not exceed 2% of total Israeli exports to the countries in the EU, therefore their impact on the Israeli economy is close to zero.
In light of our increasing dependence on technology in all aspects of life, cybersecurity, which ... more In light of our increasing dependence on technology in all aspects of life, cybersecurity, which relates to protecting systems, networks, devices and digital data from theft´-or-disruption, has become one of the most important challenges facing the world today. With the steady increase in the number and cost of cyberattacks on countries and individuals, it has become necessary to enhance cybersecurity at the global level. With the Internet of Things (IoT), and technologies such as deep fakes, machine learning, and artificial intelligence, the vulnerabilities that attackers will attempt to exploit will increase, and it is expected that the number and severity of cyber attacks on individuals, companies, countries, and their national security will double.
In spite of absence of war declaration or any conclusive evidence of the attacker, some scholars ... more In spite of absence of war declaration or any conclusive evidence of the attacker, some scholars refer the cyber-attack on Estonia in 2007 as the first cyber-war and Estonia accused Russia that was behind it. No doubt that our increasing reliance on the networked systems is creating a high security risk through the cyber domain on the states (critical infrastructure, military), industry (economy, companies) and individuals (privacy, safety) that interconnected globally in cyberspace. To make it worse than nuclear or conventional weapons, cyber weapons are easy to access, inexpensive, difficult to track and identified and evolving much faster than its laws and legal policies nationally and internationally. In this paper, I will try to identify the conceptual and technical challenges between Conventional Deterrence (nuclear and conventional weapons) and Cyber Deterrence (cyber weapons offensive/defensive) and showing limited cyber deterrence effectiveness comparing to the conventional deterrence. Despite its huge anticipated impact on the future of cyber weapons/wars, this short essay will not examine the influence of artificial intelligence and internet of things on the future of cyber weapons/wars.
In early 1950s, few years after its establishment, Israel has diverted the course of the Jordan R... more In early 1950s, few years after its establishment, Israel has diverted the course of the Jordan River into its borders occupied in 1948, before occupying the entire Palestine and Golan Heights to Jabal al-Sheikh (mount Hermon), the main source of the Jordan River, in 1967. By this, Isarel has to block any possible attempt by Arab states to divert some tributaries of the Jordan River, reducing the amount of water reaching the river in response to Israel diverting its course and delivering its water to the Negev desert.
One state or two states, there is only one way , 2020
Palestinian leadership bears responsibility for accumulated diplomatic failures. The public’s con... more Palestinian leadership bears responsibility for accumulated diplomatic failures. The public’s confidence cannot be restored without serious intervention, including dissolving the Palestinian Authority and reforming the PLO.
Europe bears a unique historical and moral responsibility towards Palestine and its people. In 19... more Europe bears a unique historical and moral responsibility towards Palestine and its people. In 1980 it defined its stance for a two-state solution in the Venice Declaration and set the bedrock for its current position on the negotiations process. The declaration also was Europe's first condemnation against Israeli settlements and a forceful call for the Palestinian people "to exercise fully its right to self-determination." Yet decades has shown the European Union has effectively adopted a strategy of managing the conflict, and prolonging the status quo for as long as possible. Incidentally, at the time of the Venice Declaration there were only 49 Israeli settlements in the West Bank with a population around 18,000, according to the Israeli human rights group B'Tselem. Today, that number has grown to more than 350 settlements, including more than 100 unregulated outposts, inhabited by 622,670 in the West Bank, along with a further 209,270 settlers in East Jerusalem. This means that about fifth of the West Bank population are Israeli settlers. In the intervening decades Europe has been content with issuing statements denouncing settlement construction. With the advent of the European Union, Europe has become the leading trade partner with Israel. Trade between European Union countries and Israel exceeded $40 billion (33 billion euros) in 2019. These close economic relations exist alongside an absence of exerting any kind of pressure on Israel to save the two-state solution. As for the EU's move to change the label on products originating from Israeli settlements, they are ill-gotten gains from occupied territory, banning settlement products would have been more in tune with international law. Furthermore, the percentage of these products does not exceed 2% of total Israeli exports to the countries in the EU, therefore their impact on the Israeli economy is close to zero.
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Papers by Hamada JABER