The performance of automatic milking system (AMS) units on three farms with free and directed cow... more The performance of automatic milking system (AMS) units on three farms with free and directed cow traffic was examined in this study. Farm A housed 123 Holstein cows and used free traffic. Farms B and C housed 104 and 102 Holstein cows, respectively, and both used milk-first-cow traffic. Daily milking frequency per cow was highest on Farm B (2.85), followed by Farm C (2.69), and Farm A (2.36). Although the daily milking rate per cow was lowest on Farm A, the daily milking yield was higher than those on the other two farms (Farm B, 25.30 kg; Farm C, 24.33 kg) with 27.33 kg. The number of daily refusals was significantly higher on Farm A (34.93) compared to refusals on the other two farms (P<0.05). The hourly milking capacities of the two AMS were lowest throughout the day on Farm A (4.4 visits), followed by Farms B and C, with 6.5 and 7.2 visits, respectively. AMS loading was higher on Farm A (78.09%) than on the other farms, which reduced the time wasted on Farm A by 15.23%. Most...
In this study, physical properties (internal volumes, weight and the diameters of the hole in the... more In this study, physical properties (internal volumes, weight and the diameters of the hole in the milk and pulse tubes) of eighteen different types of milk claws which are one of the significant components of milking machine and the amount of air leaks in the claws were examined according to the flow meter (rotameter) and milk bucket experiment methods. 'L' type milking claw was 70 ml in volume which was lower than the standard minimum volume of 80 ml, however, others were higher. Five of the claws ('C', 'D', 'E', 'H' and 'Q' types of claws) were lower than 500 g, the minimum recommended standard for weight. Internal diameters of the short milk tube of the claws were between 5.5 and 10.8 mm. Internal diameters of all but one of the claws' main milk output tubes (with a diameter of 11. 9 mm in 'L' type) were under the minimum diameter (12.5 mm). In experiments conducted with rotameter, the values of the leaking of the claw t...
The objective of this study was to compare the performances of two vacuum pumps driven by an inte... more The objective of this study was to compare the performances of two vacuum pumps driven by an internal combustion (gasoline) engine (Vacuum Pump 1) and a generator powered electrical motor (Vacuum Pump 2) under different altitude and vacuum pressures. The vacuum pumps delivering a flow rate of 350 l min at 50 kPa vacuum pressure were tested, which are commonly used in bucket type milking machines. Atmospheric pressures, maximum vacuum pump pressures, and air flow rates at milking pressures (38–50 kPa) were measured at altitudes from 0 to 2,000 m with 200 m increments. Maximum pump pressure reduced by 3.8, 11.3, and 19.9% for Vacuum Pump 1 at altitudes of 400, 1,200, and 2,000 m, respectively whereas Vacuum Pump 2 had 4.4, 12.3, and 20.4% less maximum pressure at the same altitudes. Air flow rate (457.7 l min) of Vacuum Pump 1 at the sea level at 38 kPa working pressure reduced by 22.7% at the altitude of 2,000 m. The air flow rate reduced more (28.1%) at the operating pressure of 50 ...
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 2020
The research was carried out to determine the effects of cumin seeds in food diets of Anatolian w... more The research was carried out to determine the effects of cumin seeds in food diets of Anatolian water buffaloes (AWB) in shelter about gas concentration, milk yield and composition. The animal material of the experiment was conducted with 27 buffaloes at Karaoglan Village located in Mustafakemalpasa, Bursa. Three different buffalo shelters (E1, E2 and E3) and three different diets (S1; S2; and S3) (0, 10 and 30 g grounding cumin seeds (GCS) kg-1) in 3x3 a replicated Latin square design was used with nine replicates of one buffalo each. Periods lasted 21 days, in which the first two weeks were preliminary for adaptation and data for statistical analysis collected in week 3. In conclusion, It has been determined that 30 g cumin supplementation to AWB diets (S3; one kg of diet) significantly increased total dry matter intake and milk yield of AWB (P<0:01). Meanwhile; there were no significant effects of diets containing cuminun seeds in milk composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and...
This study was carried out to determine the effects of extensive or semi-intensive feeding on dry... more This study was carried out to determine the effects of extensive or semi-intensive feeding on dry matter intake and milk composition in Anatolian water buffalo. Buffaloes were taken into trial in the 1 st-2 nd months of their lactation. The buffaloes were divided into 2 groups, an extensive group (A) and a semi-intensive group (B) each group consisting of 12 buffaloes. Compared to the A group, the B group consumed more total dry matter (P<0.05; 13.17 vs. 11.12 kg day-1) and produced more milk day-1 (P<0.05; 7.34 vs 4.42 kg day-1). In the milk samples which were taken from the group A had higher (P<0.05) milk fat percentage than group B (milk fat=8.03 and 5.80 %, respectively). The somatic cell count (SCC) (44.7 and 60.3 x log10 mL-1), SNF (10.29 and 10.18 %) and protein percentages of milk (4.95 and 4.96 %) were similar for both groups.
Examination of the Wear of the Blades of Rotary Cultivator in Different Speeds In this study, the... more Examination of the Wear of the Blades of Rotary Cultivator in Different Speeds In this study, the wear at two different operating speeds and the energy equivalent of the quantity of material lost due to wear of the blades of a domestic made rotary cultivator operating on a clay soil were determined, and thus the importance of wear was emphasized. The wear in a blade operating at low (2.3 km/h) operating speed in terms of losses weight and surface area were found as 8.8 ± 0.513 g/ha and 1.5 ± 0.083 cm 2 /ha, respectively, on average; whereas these values were determined as 1.8 ± 0.177 g/ha and 0.43 ± 0.025 cm 2 /ha, respectively, at high (5.5 km/h) operating speed. It was also determined that the rotary blades will complete its tillage-life in the case of cultivation with the mentioned blades under the clay soil condition, after cultivating an area of nearly 300-400 da at low speed and approximately 1400-1500 da at high speed. According to the total rotary cultivator in Turkey, it was found that the annual wear of the blades in the machine was 5730 t, the energy lost was 497x10 6 MJ and the cereal equivalent of the energy lost was 33100 t, at the operating speed of 2.3 km/h. However, it was determined that the wear of blades, energy loss and the cereal equivalent of the energy loss were reduced nearly five times at the operating speed of 5.5 km/h.
Some engineering (physical and mechanical) properties of white kidney bean grains (Phaseolus vulg... more Some engineering (physical and mechanical) properties of white kidney bean grains (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined as a function of moisture content in the range of 10.01 to 25.00% dry basis (d.b.). The average length, width and thickness were 8.638, 16.747 and 4.958 mm, at a moisture content of 10.01% d.b., respectively. Nonetheless, the thousand grain mass increased from 472.5 to 696.2 g, the projected area from 128.13 to 198.83 mm 2 , the true density from 1128.05 to 1290.85 kgm-3 , the porosity from 39.79 to 56.38% and the terminal velocity from 5.51 to 8.50 ms-1 in the moisture range from 10.01 to 25.01% d.b. The static coefficient of friction of white kidney bean grains increased linearly against surfaces of six structural materials, namely, rubber (0.501 to 0.727), stainless steel (0.384 to 0.468), aluminium (0.345 to 0.499), galvanized iron (0.346 to 0.489), medium density fibreboard (MDF) (0.325 to 0.426) and glass (0.287 to 0.345) as the moisture content increased from 10.01 to 25.00% d.b. The shelling resistance of white kidney bean grains decreased as the moisture content increased from 105.18 to 71.44 N.
In this research, selected geometric and mechanical properties of mung bean grain were evaluated ... more In this research, selected geometric and mechanical properties of mung bean grain were evaluated as a function of moisture content. Five levels of moisture content ranging from 7.28 to 17.77% d.b. (dry basis) were used. The average length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, sphericity, thousand grain mass and angle of repose ranged from 5.145 to 6.199 mm, 3.760 to 4.474 mm, 3.537 to 4.223 mm, 4.147 to 4.965 mm, 4.090 to 4.893 mm, 0.795 to 0.789, 52.3 to 64.6 g, and 25.87 to 29.38° as the moisture content increased from 7.28 to 17.77% d.b., respectively. The bulk density was found to be decreased from 821.3 to 745.2 kg/m 3 , whereas the grain volume, true density, porosity, terminal velocity, and projected area were found to be increased from 27.88 to 47.33 mm 3 , 1230.0 to 1456.7 kg/m 3 , 30.43 to 46.57%, 4.86 to 5.29 m/s, and 17.48 to 19.26 mm 2 , respectively. There is a 43% increase in surface area from grain moisture content of 7.28 to 17.77% d.b. The static coefficient of friction on various surfaces increased linearly with the increase in moisture content. The rubber as a surface for sliding offered the maximum friction followed by galvanised iron, medium density fibreboard, stainless steel, aluminium and glass sheet. As moisture content increased from 7.28 to 17.77%, the rupture forces values ranged from 67.39 to 39.44 N; 63.86 to 42.18 N, and 53.96 to 41.79 N for thickness (Z axis), length (Y-axis) and width (X-axis), respectively.
Determination of the physical and nutironal properties of fennel seed showed that the physical pr... more Determination of the physical and nutironal properties of fennel seed showed that the physical properties of fennel were significantly affected by moisture content. All physical properties, except bulk density, true density and rupture force, increased with the increase of moisture content. The highest static coefficient of friction was observed on rubber surface, followed by galvanized iron sheet and aluminium sheet. The physical properties of fennel seed were expressed in the form of regression equations as a moisture content function. High correlation coefficients were found at significance level of 95%. Crude protein, crude oil, ash, essential oil, pH and electrical conductivity contents were 15.82%, 8.29%, 7.86%, 2.60%, 6.33 and 5.52 ms cm -1 , respectively.
Hayvancilik isletmelerinin bir yan urunu olan ciftlik gubresi, en az besin kaybi ile degerlendiri... more Hayvancilik isletmelerinin bir yan urunu olan ciftlik gubresi, en az besin kaybi ile degerlendirilmelidir. Elle gubre dagitma isleminde gubrenin besin degerinin zamanla azalmasi, dagilimin duzgun olmamasi ve insan sagligi acisindan gorulen olumsuzluklar bu islemin makine ile yapilmasinin daha uygun olacagini ortaya cikarmistir. Son 10 yilda Gida, Tarim ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi tarafindan saglanan tarim makinalari desteklemeleri icerisinde kati ciftlik gubresi dagiticilarina da yer verilmesi, ulkemizde cok sayida ve degisik tiplerde yerli makinalarin imal edilmesine onculuk etmistir. Bu surec, yerli makinalarin uygun calisma hizlarindaki istenilen gubreleme debileri, gubreleme kapasiteleri, is basarilari, dagitim duzgunlukleri vb. yonlerden ayarlamalarinin yapilmasini zorunlu kilmaktadir. Bu calismada traktorle cekilir tip 5 ton kapasiteli arkadan dagitmali dikey tamburlu tip yerli yapim bir ciftlik gubresi dagitma makinasi kullanilmistir. Yapilan tarla calismalarinda makinanin uc fa...
Several engineering properties of three rapeseed cultivars (Capitol, Jetneuf and Samurai), newly ... more Several engineering properties of three rapeseed cultivars (Capitol, Jetneuf and Samurai), newly planted cultivars in Turkey, were determined and compared. These properties are necessary for the design of equipments for harvesting, processing, transporting, sorting, separating and packing. Some engineering characteristics such as: average length, diameter, the geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, 1000-seed weight, bulk and true densities, porosity, terminal velocity, angle of repose, coefficient of static friction and rupture strength were studied. Further, multi-linear models for three cultivars were developed and presented to predict the seed surface area. Results showed that Capitol cultivar had highest length and diameter than the Jetneuf and Samurai cultivars. Capitol was significantly heavier than the others. Similarly, it was found highest the bulk density, terminal velocity, angle of repose for Capitol. But, Jetneuf cultivar had the highest true density and porosity than the Capitol and Samurai cultivars. On the six different surfaces, the coefficient of static friction of the Capitol cultivar, was significantly greater than that of the other cultivars. For all cultivars, the static coefficient of friction was greatest against rubber and the least for stainless-steel. The rupture force applied for Capitol was the highest and it was followed by the one applied for Jetneuf and Samurai. All the properties of cultivars provide useful data to engineers in equipment design and post-harvest technology for the seeds were generally found to be statistically different. These differences could be due to the individual characteristics of cultivars.
The performance of automatic milking system (AMS) units on three farms with free and directed cow... more The performance of automatic milking system (AMS) units on three farms with free and directed cow traffic was examined in this study. Farm A housed 123 Holstein cows and used free traffic. Farms B and C housed 104 and 102 Holstein cows, respectively, and both used milk-first-cow traffic. Daily milking frequency per cow was highest on Farm B (2.85), followed by Farm C (2.69), and Farm A (2.36). Although the daily milking rate per cow was lowest on Farm A, the daily milking yield was higher than those on the other two farms (Farm B, 25.30 kg; Farm C, 24.33 kg) with 27.33 kg. The number of daily refusals was significantly higher on Farm A (34.93) compared to refusals on the other two farms (P<0.05). The hourly milking capacities of the two AMS were lowest throughout the day on Farm A (4.4 visits), followed by Farms B and C, with 6.5 and 7.2 visits, respectively. AMS loading was higher on Farm A (78.09%) than on the other farms, which reduced the time wasted on Farm A by 15.23%. Most...
In this study, physical properties (internal volumes, weight and the diameters of the hole in the... more In this study, physical properties (internal volumes, weight and the diameters of the hole in the milk and pulse tubes) of eighteen different types of milk claws which are one of the significant components of milking machine and the amount of air leaks in the claws were examined according to the flow meter (rotameter) and milk bucket experiment methods. 'L' type milking claw was 70 ml in volume which was lower than the standard minimum volume of 80 ml, however, others were higher. Five of the claws ('C', 'D', 'E', 'H' and 'Q' types of claws) were lower than 500 g, the minimum recommended standard for weight. Internal diameters of the short milk tube of the claws were between 5.5 and 10.8 mm. Internal diameters of all but one of the claws' main milk output tubes (with a diameter of 11. 9 mm in 'L' type) were under the minimum diameter (12.5 mm). In experiments conducted with rotameter, the values of the leaking of the claw t...
The objective of this study was to compare the performances of two vacuum pumps driven by an inte... more The objective of this study was to compare the performances of two vacuum pumps driven by an internal combustion (gasoline) engine (Vacuum Pump 1) and a generator powered electrical motor (Vacuum Pump 2) under different altitude and vacuum pressures. The vacuum pumps delivering a flow rate of 350 l min at 50 kPa vacuum pressure were tested, which are commonly used in bucket type milking machines. Atmospheric pressures, maximum vacuum pump pressures, and air flow rates at milking pressures (38–50 kPa) were measured at altitudes from 0 to 2,000 m with 200 m increments. Maximum pump pressure reduced by 3.8, 11.3, and 19.9% for Vacuum Pump 1 at altitudes of 400, 1,200, and 2,000 m, respectively whereas Vacuum Pump 2 had 4.4, 12.3, and 20.4% less maximum pressure at the same altitudes. Air flow rate (457.7 l min) of Vacuum Pump 1 at the sea level at 38 kPa working pressure reduced by 22.7% at the altitude of 2,000 m. The air flow rate reduced more (28.1%) at the operating pressure of 50 ...
Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 2020
The research was carried out to determine the effects of cumin seeds in food diets of Anatolian w... more The research was carried out to determine the effects of cumin seeds in food diets of Anatolian water buffaloes (AWB) in shelter about gas concentration, milk yield and composition. The animal material of the experiment was conducted with 27 buffaloes at Karaoglan Village located in Mustafakemalpasa, Bursa. Three different buffalo shelters (E1, E2 and E3) and three different diets (S1; S2; and S3) (0, 10 and 30 g grounding cumin seeds (GCS) kg-1) in 3x3 a replicated Latin square design was used with nine replicates of one buffalo each. Periods lasted 21 days, in which the first two weeks were preliminary for adaptation and data for statistical analysis collected in week 3. In conclusion, It has been determined that 30 g cumin supplementation to AWB diets (S3; one kg of diet) significantly increased total dry matter intake and milk yield of AWB (P<0:01). Meanwhile; there were no significant effects of diets containing cuminun seeds in milk composition, somatic cell count (SCC) and...
This study was carried out to determine the effects of extensive or semi-intensive feeding on dry... more This study was carried out to determine the effects of extensive or semi-intensive feeding on dry matter intake and milk composition in Anatolian water buffalo. Buffaloes were taken into trial in the 1 st-2 nd months of their lactation. The buffaloes were divided into 2 groups, an extensive group (A) and a semi-intensive group (B) each group consisting of 12 buffaloes. Compared to the A group, the B group consumed more total dry matter (P<0.05; 13.17 vs. 11.12 kg day-1) and produced more milk day-1 (P<0.05; 7.34 vs 4.42 kg day-1). In the milk samples which were taken from the group A had higher (P<0.05) milk fat percentage than group B (milk fat=8.03 and 5.80 %, respectively). The somatic cell count (SCC) (44.7 and 60.3 x log10 mL-1), SNF (10.29 and 10.18 %) and protein percentages of milk (4.95 and 4.96 %) were similar for both groups.
Examination of the Wear of the Blades of Rotary Cultivator in Different Speeds In this study, the... more Examination of the Wear of the Blades of Rotary Cultivator in Different Speeds In this study, the wear at two different operating speeds and the energy equivalent of the quantity of material lost due to wear of the blades of a domestic made rotary cultivator operating on a clay soil were determined, and thus the importance of wear was emphasized. The wear in a blade operating at low (2.3 km/h) operating speed in terms of losses weight and surface area were found as 8.8 ± 0.513 g/ha and 1.5 ± 0.083 cm 2 /ha, respectively, on average; whereas these values were determined as 1.8 ± 0.177 g/ha and 0.43 ± 0.025 cm 2 /ha, respectively, at high (5.5 km/h) operating speed. It was also determined that the rotary blades will complete its tillage-life in the case of cultivation with the mentioned blades under the clay soil condition, after cultivating an area of nearly 300-400 da at low speed and approximately 1400-1500 da at high speed. According to the total rotary cultivator in Turkey, it was found that the annual wear of the blades in the machine was 5730 t, the energy lost was 497x10 6 MJ and the cereal equivalent of the energy lost was 33100 t, at the operating speed of 2.3 km/h. However, it was determined that the wear of blades, energy loss and the cereal equivalent of the energy loss were reduced nearly five times at the operating speed of 5.5 km/h.
Some engineering (physical and mechanical) properties of white kidney bean grains (Phaseolus vulg... more Some engineering (physical and mechanical) properties of white kidney bean grains (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were determined as a function of moisture content in the range of 10.01 to 25.00% dry basis (d.b.). The average length, width and thickness were 8.638, 16.747 and 4.958 mm, at a moisture content of 10.01% d.b., respectively. Nonetheless, the thousand grain mass increased from 472.5 to 696.2 g, the projected area from 128.13 to 198.83 mm 2 , the true density from 1128.05 to 1290.85 kgm-3 , the porosity from 39.79 to 56.38% and the terminal velocity from 5.51 to 8.50 ms-1 in the moisture range from 10.01 to 25.01% d.b. The static coefficient of friction of white kidney bean grains increased linearly against surfaces of six structural materials, namely, rubber (0.501 to 0.727), stainless steel (0.384 to 0.468), aluminium (0.345 to 0.499), galvanized iron (0.346 to 0.489), medium density fibreboard (MDF) (0.325 to 0.426) and glass (0.287 to 0.345) as the moisture content increased from 10.01 to 25.00% d.b. The shelling resistance of white kidney bean grains decreased as the moisture content increased from 105.18 to 71.44 N.
In this research, selected geometric and mechanical properties of mung bean grain were evaluated ... more In this research, selected geometric and mechanical properties of mung bean grain were evaluated as a function of moisture content. Five levels of moisture content ranging from 7.28 to 17.77% d.b. (dry basis) were used. The average length, width, thickness, arithmetic and geometric mean diameters, sphericity, thousand grain mass and angle of repose ranged from 5.145 to 6.199 mm, 3.760 to 4.474 mm, 3.537 to 4.223 mm, 4.147 to 4.965 mm, 4.090 to 4.893 mm, 0.795 to 0.789, 52.3 to 64.6 g, and 25.87 to 29.38° as the moisture content increased from 7.28 to 17.77% d.b., respectively. The bulk density was found to be decreased from 821.3 to 745.2 kg/m 3 , whereas the grain volume, true density, porosity, terminal velocity, and projected area were found to be increased from 27.88 to 47.33 mm 3 , 1230.0 to 1456.7 kg/m 3 , 30.43 to 46.57%, 4.86 to 5.29 m/s, and 17.48 to 19.26 mm 2 , respectively. There is a 43% increase in surface area from grain moisture content of 7.28 to 17.77% d.b. The static coefficient of friction on various surfaces increased linearly with the increase in moisture content. The rubber as a surface for sliding offered the maximum friction followed by galvanised iron, medium density fibreboard, stainless steel, aluminium and glass sheet. As moisture content increased from 7.28 to 17.77%, the rupture forces values ranged from 67.39 to 39.44 N; 63.86 to 42.18 N, and 53.96 to 41.79 N for thickness (Z axis), length (Y-axis) and width (X-axis), respectively.
Determination of the physical and nutironal properties of fennel seed showed that the physical pr... more Determination of the physical and nutironal properties of fennel seed showed that the physical properties of fennel were significantly affected by moisture content. All physical properties, except bulk density, true density and rupture force, increased with the increase of moisture content. The highest static coefficient of friction was observed on rubber surface, followed by galvanized iron sheet and aluminium sheet. The physical properties of fennel seed were expressed in the form of regression equations as a moisture content function. High correlation coefficients were found at significance level of 95%. Crude protein, crude oil, ash, essential oil, pH and electrical conductivity contents were 15.82%, 8.29%, 7.86%, 2.60%, 6.33 and 5.52 ms cm -1 , respectively.
Hayvancilik isletmelerinin bir yan urunu olan ciftlik gubresi, en az besin kaybi ile degerlendiri... more Hayvancilik isletmelerinin bir yan urunu olan ciftlik gubresi, en az besin kaybi ile degerlendirilmelidir. Elle gubre dagitma isleminde gubrenin besin degerinin zamanla azalmasi, dagilimin duzgun olmamasi ve insan sagligi acisindan gorulen olumsuzluklar bu islemin makine ile yapilmasinin daha uygun olacagini ortaya cikarmistir. Son 10 yilda Gida, Tarim ve Hayvancilik Bakanligi tarafindan saglanan tarim makinalari desteklemeleri icerisinde kati ciftlik gubresi dagiticilarina da yer verilmesi, ulkemizde cok sayida ve degisik tiplerde yerli makinalarin imal edilmesine onculuk etmistir. Bu surec, yerli makinalarin uygun calisma hizlarindaki istenilen gubreleme debileri, gubreleme kapasiteleri, is basarilari, dagitim duzgunlukleri vb. yonlerden ayarlamalarinin yapilmasini zorunlu kilmaktadir. Bu calismada traktorle cekilir tip 5 ton kapasiteli arkadan dagitmali dikey tamburlu tip yerli yapim bir ciftlik gubresi dagitma makinasi kullanilmistir. Yapilan tarla calismalarinda makinanin uc fa...
Several engineering properties of three rapeseed cultivars (Capitol, Jetneuf and Samurai), newly ... more Several engineering properties of three rapeseed cultivars (Capitol, Jetneuf and Samurai), newly planted cultivars in Turkey, were determined and compared. These properties are necessary for the design of equipments for harvesting, processing, transporting, sorting, separating and packing. Some engineering characteristics such as: average length, diameter, the geometric mean diameter, surface area, sphericity, volume, 1000-seed weight, bulk and true densities, porosity, terminal velocity, angle of repose, coefficient of static friction and rupture strength were studied. Further, multi-linear models for three cultivars were developed and presented to predict the seed surface area. Results showed that Capitol cultivar had highest length and diameter than the Jetneuf and Samurai cultivars. Capitol was significantly heavier than the others. Similarly, it was found highest the bulk density, terminal velocity, angle of repose for Capitol. But, Jetneuf cultivar had the highest true density and porosity than the Capitol and Samurai cultivars. On the six different surfaces, the coefficient of static friction of the Capitol cultivar, was significantly greater than that of the other cultivars. For all cultivars, the static coefficient of friction was greatest against rubber and the least for stainless-steel. The rupture force applied for Capitol was the highest and it was followed by the one applied for Jetneuf and Samurai. All the properties of cultivars provide useful data to engineers in equipment design and post-harvest technology for the seeds were generally found to be statistically different. These differences could be due to the individual characteristics of cultivars.
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