The authors use a large data set from Ethiopia that The large productivity effect of terracing im... more The authors use a large data set from Ethiopia that The large productivity effect of terracing implies that, differentiates tenure security and transferability to even where households undertake investments to explore determinants of different types of land-related increase their tenure security, this may not be socially investment and its possible impact on productivity. efficient. In Ethiopia, government action to increase While they find some support for endogeneity of tenure security and transferability of land rights can investment in trees, this is not the case for terraces. significantly enhance rural investment and productivity. Transfer rights are unambiguously investment-enhancing. This paper-a product of Rural Development, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of land policy on equity and productive development. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,
This study examined attitudes and beliefs toward selected harmful traditional practices (HTPs) am... more This study examined attitudes and beliefs toward selected harmful traditional practices (HTPs) among health workers in Ethiopia. Data were obtained from a 1990 mailed questionnaire to 3 health workers in each district as identified by Regional Health authorities. All 20 administrative regions except Keffa returned questionnaires. The sample included over 96 districts 24 tribes and 5752 questionnaires. Several administrative regions were eliminated in the final analysis. Findings indicate that 87% of responses came from 10 ethnic groups. 60% of respondents reported that various types of HTPs were practiced in their locale. 40% reported no record of any type of skin cutting rituals. The most common HTPs were circumcision uvulectomy milk tooth extraction and tattooing. Rectal ulceration and blood letting were the least practiced. The highest occurrences of HTPs were in North Gondar Western Hararghe and Assab administrative regions. The lowest occurrences were in East Gojjam Metekel Addis Ababa Bale and Sidamo. HTPs were the most common among the Afar Isa and Somali ethnic groups and the least common among the Sidamo and Wolayta ethnic groups. In Gondar uvulectomy and milk tooth extraction were common while scarification was the least practiced. In Assab female circumcision infibulation and tattooing were the most common; rectal ulceration was rare. The Amharas mostly practice male circumcision tattooing and milk tooth extraction. Female circumcision was the most common among the Oromo Afar Isa and Somali and was nonexistent among the Agew and Welayta.
During the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in September 19... more During the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in September 1994, the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children (IAC) exhibited posters, leaflets, brochures, T-shirts, and handkerchiefs, and distributed 2000 leaflets on IAC programs. On September 7, IAC staff showed videos on female genital mutilation (FGM) in Ethiopia and Uganda in the NGO Forum; this was followed by discussions with the 100 attending participants. On the same day, the IAC president made a statement in the Plenary Hall of the ICPD concerning the discrimination and gender bias faced by African women due to certain traditions and value systems. She proposed adopting legislation to raise the age of marriage; intensification of public education and information; mobilization of the media; and organization of educational programs for health workers, traditional birth attendants (TBAs), and policymakers. A special session on harmful traditional practices in Egypt was presented on September 12. The IAC executive secretary strongly opposed the medicalization of FGM.
La Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) (creada el... more La Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) (creada el 4 de noviembre de 1945 y que reunía en 1970 a 125 países) celebra 25 años. Siembra de hoy frutos de mañana es un programa radial en homenaje a ese aniversario, que incluye las siguientes voces en torno al rol del organismo: Atilio dell´Oro Maini (ministro de educación de la Argentina entre 1955 y 1956 y presidente de la conferencia general de la UNESCO al momento del programa); Haile Selassie ( emperador de Etiopía); Sri Pandit Jawaharlal Nerhu (primer ministro de India); Léopold Sédar Senghor (premier de Senegal y poeta); Charles de Gaulle (presidente de la República Francesa); Adolfo López Mateos (presidente de México); Jaime Torres Bodet (diplomático mexicano, director de la UNESCO entre 1948 y 1952); Gabriel Betancourt Mejía (político y diplomático colombiano); Jean Rostin (biólogo francés); Linus Pauling (Premio Nobel de Química 1954); Yuri Gagarin (primer astronauta soviético); Ne...
to 1971 (not 1970). It covers most of black Africa south of the Sahara, though with a heavy empha... more to 1971 (not 1970). It covers most of black Africa south of the Sahara, though with a heavy emphasis on British West Africa. Appended are seventeen ' Pan-African Manifestos and Resolutions, 1900-1969' which in fact include a resolution of the U.N. General Assembly in 1975. The editor contributes a long introduction. The extracts from books, pamphlets, newpaper articles and public speeches are taken from prominent figures of earlier generations, such as A. Crummell, E. W. Blyden, J. E. Casely Hayford; more recent men of action, such as Azikiwe, Nkrumah, Kenyatta, Leopold S. Senghor, Tom Mboya, Obote, Nyerere, Kaunda, Haile Selassie, Nelson Mandela, Amilcar Cabral and Mobutu; and also lesser-known writers such as Bandele Omoniyi, O. Faduma, Lamine Senghor, John Chilembwe, Harry Thuku and A. A. Nwafor Orizu. There is a brief biographical note on each author. The simplest way to present so much heterogeneous material would surely be a chronological order, but the editor has chosen instead to arrange it under the following chapter-headings: 'Traditional Social and Political Thought', 'Race, Nationalism and Pan-Africanism', 'Language and Nation-Building', 'African Responses to the First and Second World Wars', ' Youth and Politics',' Democracy, Federalism and Tribalism', 'Socialism', 'Marxism, Decolonisation and Revolution'. There is sometimes no obvious connexion between an extract and the heading under which it appears; this is specially true of 'Pan-Africanism', which is nowhere defined or given a historical context. Besides, the choice of chapterheadings means that there is a good deal of overlap in theme between one chapter and another, as in the numerous idealistic accounts of ' traditional' African society (of which the most critical account comes from the Senegalese Marxist Majhemout Diop). The introduction is largely devoted to characterising most of the authors here represented; it does not seek to justify the arrangement of their work, either in terms of chapter headings or in terms of the sequence adopted within each chapter. One also looks in vain for any attempt to place the material in a wider historical context; newcomers to the field would have been greatly helped by even a modest chronology linking key events to authors' careers and dates of publication. Moreover, one can only deplore that the publishers should have allowed nine years to elapse without publishing it. For all its shortcomings, the book could have been even more useful in the early 1970s than it is now; one must regret that the opportunity has not been taken to improve its structure and take account of relevant research over the past decade. It is good to have access to material from so many disparate and recondite sources, but one still awaits a balanced and systematic introduction to the documentation of this vast subject.
my sister for supporting me spiritually. I especially thank my husband, Heming Song, for his trem... more my sister for supporting me spiritually. I especially thank my husband, Heming Song, for his tremendous patience, continuous support and wonderful love that have given me the strength of conquering various difficulties during my studies.
The question as to how and when the knowledge of Nyabingi and Muhumusa came to Jamaica from Kigez... more The question as to how and when the knowledge of Nyabingi and Muhumusa came to Jamaica from Kigezi, Uganda, in the early 20 th century does not appear to have been asked. There is no evidence of any direct contact between Kigezi (it had no slave raiders or slavery) and the American continent; it is likely that the knowledge was transmitted indirectly via newspapers. However it was distorted by misunderstanding, misinformation and propaganda which led to misinterpretation and, ultimately, the creation of new symbolic and cultural meanings among descendants of the African slave diaspora.
To participate in the medical development of a young country is one of the most exciting things a... more To participate in the medical development of a young country is one of the most exciting things a doctor can do in this second half of the twentieth century. Ethiopia is such a country. Though old historically, with legends dating back to the Queen of Sheba, Ethi opia is young technologically. Its modem birth came with the coro nation of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1930, and in the intervening 36 years the country has swallowed centuries under his leadership. An Orthodox Christian stronghold in the Moslem Horn of East Africa, Ethiopia maintained its identity and independence over the centuries because it was so physically inaccessible. The heart of the country consists of an 8,000-foot plateau interrupted by 13,000foot mountains and cut by deep gorges. T o the east it drops precipi tously down to the Danakil Desert, part of which is actually below sea level and among the hottest areas on earth. T o the southwest it slopes gently down into lush tropical verdure characteristic of c...
Contrary to popular belief, African populations have been able to force, through social protest, ... more Contrary to popular belief, African populations have been able to force, through social protest, numerous changes in their societies. One such example is Ethiopia, where its last emperor, Haile Selassie I (1930-1974), faced fierce opposition in the streets during his reign, specially the one boosted by students. This study focuses on how student protests in the country have evolved since 1960, what were the causes of their development and what impact they had on the government of the Ethiopian negus. Finally, it will be analysed whether the protests against the emperor were connected with the 1974 Revolution and the military coup that provoked the coming to power of the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, popularly known as Derg. In order to carry out this research, a detailed review of the bibliography has been conducted as well as an analysis of the period's newspaper and graphic material related to student protests.
The authors use a large data set from Ethiopia that The large productivity effect of terracing im... more The authors use a large data set from Ethiopia that The large productivity effect of terracing implies that, differentiates tenure security and transferability to even where households undertake investments to explore determinants of different types of land-related increase their tenure security, this may not be socially investment and its possible impact on productivity. efficient. In Ethiopia, government action to increase While they find some support for endogeneity of tenure security and transferability of land rights can investment in trees, this is not the case for terraces. significantly enhance rural investment and productivity. Transfer rights are unambiguously investment-enhancing. This paper-a product of Rural Development, Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to assess the impact of land policy on equity and productive development. Copies of the paper are available free from the World Bank,
This study examined attitudes and beliefs toward selected harmful traditional practices (HTPs) am... more This study examined attitudes and beliefs toward selected harmful traditional practices (HTPs) among health workers in Ethiopia. Data were obtained from a 1990 mailed questionnaire to 3 health workers in each district as identified by Regional Health authorities. All 20 administrative regions except Keffa returned questionnaires. The sample included over 96 districts 24 tribes and 5752 questionnaires. Several administrative regions were eliminated in the final analysis. Findings indicate that 87% of responses came from 10 ethnic groups. 60% of respondents reported that various types of HTPs were practiced in their locale. 40% reported no record of any type of skin cutting rituals. The most common HTPs were circumcision uvulectomy milk tooth extraction and tattooing. Rectal ulceration and blood letting were the least practiced. The highest occurrences of HTPs were in North Gondar Western Hararghe and Assab administrative regions. The lowest occurrences were in East Gojjam Metekel Addis Ababa Bale and Sidamo. HTPs were the most common among the Afar Isa and Somali ethnic groups and the least common among the Sidamo and Wolayta ethnic groups. In Gondar uvulectomy and milk tooth extraction were common while scarification was the least practiced. In Assab female circumcision infibulation and tattooing were the most common; rectal ulceration was rare. The Amharas mostly practice male circumcision tattooing and milk tooth extraction. Female circumcision was the most common among the Oromo Afar Isa and Somali and was nonexistent among the Agew and Welayta.
During the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in September 19... more During the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD) in Cairo in September 1994, the Inter-African Committee on Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Children (IAC) exhibited posters, leaflets, brochures, T-shirts, and handkerchiefs, and distributed 2000 leaflets on IAC programs. On September 7, IAC staff showed videos on female genital mutilation (FGM) in Ethiopia and Uganda in the NGO Forum; this was followed by discussions with the 100 attending participants. On the same day, the IAC president made a statement in the Plenary Hall of the ICPD concerning the discrimination and gender bias faced by African women due to certain traditions and value systems. She proposed adopting legislation to raise the age of marriage; intensification of public education and information; mobilization of the media; and organization of educational programs for health workers, traditional birth attendants (TBAs), and policymakers. A special session on harmful traditional practices in Egypt was presented on September 12. The IAC executive secretary strongly opposed the medicalization of FGM.
La Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) (creada el... more La Organización de Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (UNESCO) (creada el 4 de noviembre de 1945 y que reunía en 1970 a 125 países) celebra 25 años. Siembra de hoy frutos de mañana es un programa radial en homenaje a ese aniversario, que incluye las siguientes voces en torno al rol del organismo: Atilio dell´Oro Maini (ministro de educación de la Argentina entre 1955 y 1956 y presidente de la conferencia general de la UNESCO al momento del programa); Haile Selassie ( emperador de Etiopía); Sri Pandit Jawaharlal Nerhu (primer ministro de India); Léopold Sédar Senghor (premier de Senegal y poeta); Charles de Gaulle (presidente de la República Francesa); Adolfo López Mateos (presidente de México); Jaime Torres Bodet (diplomático mexicano, director de la UNESCO entre 1948 y 1952); Gabriel Betancourt Mejía (político y diplomático colombiano); Jean Rostin (biólogo francés); Linus Pauling (Premio Nobel de Química 1954); Yuri Gagarin (primer astronauta soviético); Ne...
to 1971 (not 1970). It covers most of black Africa south of the Sahara, though with a heavy empha... more to 1971 (not 1970). It covers most of black Africa south of the Sahara, though with a heavy emphasis on British West Africa. Appended are seventeen ' Pan-African Manifestos and Resolutions, 1900-1969' which in fact include a resolution of the U.N. General Assembly in 1975. The editor contributes a long introduction. The extracts from books, pamphlets, newpaper articles and public speeches are taken from prominent figures of earlier generations, such as A. Crummell, E. W. Blyden, J. E. Casely Hayford; more recent men of action, such as Azikiwe, Nkrumah, Kenyatta, Leopold S. Senghor, Tom Mboya, Obote, Nyerere, Kaunda, Haile Selassie, Nelson Mandela, Amilcar Cabral and Mobutu; and also lesser-known writers such as Bandele Omoniyi, O. Faduma, Lamine Senghor, John Chilembwe, Harry Thuku and A. A. Nwafor Orizu. There is a brief biographical note on each author. The simplest way to present so much heterogeneous material would surely be a chronological order, but the editor has chosen instead to arrange it under the following chapter-headings: 'Traditional Social and Political Thought', 'Race, Nationalism and Pan-Africanism', 'Language and Nation-Building', 'African Responses to the First and Second World Wars', ' Youth and Politics',' Democracy, Federalism and Tribalism', 'Socialism', 'Marxism, Decolonisation and Revolution'. There is sometimes no obvious connexion between an extract and the heading under which it appears; this is specially true of 'Pan-Africanism', which is nowhere defined or given a historical context. Besides, the choice of chapterheadings means that there is a good deal of overlap in theme between one chapter and another, as in the numerous idealistic accounts of ' traditional' African society (of which the most critical account comes from the Senegalese Marxist Majhemout Diop). The introduction is largely devoted to characterising most of the authors here represented; it does not seek to justify the arrangement of their work, either in terms of chapter headings or in terms of the sequence adopted within each chapter. One also looks in vain for any attempt to place the material in a wider historical context; newcomers to the field would have been greatly helped by even a modest chronology linking key events to authors' careers and dates of publication. Moreover, one can only deplore that the publishers should have allowed nine years to elapse without publishing it. For all its shortcomings, the book could have been even more useful in the early 1970s than it is now; one must regret that the opportunity has not been taken to improve its structure and take account of relevant research over the past decade. It is good to have access to material from so many disparate and recondite sources, but one still awaits a balanced and systematic introduction to the documentation of this vast subject.
my sister for supporting me spiritually. I especially thank my husband, Heming Song, for his trem... more my sister for supporting me spiritually. I especially thank my husband, Heming Song, for his tremendous patience, continuous support and wonderful love that have given me the strength of conquering various difficulties during my studies.
The question as to how and when the knowledge of Nyabingi and Muhumusa came to Jamaica from Kigez... more The question as to how and when the knowledge of Nyabingi and Muhumusa came to Jamaica from Kigezi, Uganda, in the early 20 th century does not appear to have been asked. There is no evidence of any direct contact between Kigezi (it had no slave raiders or slavery) and the American continent; it is likely that the knowledge was transmitted indirectly via newspapers. However it was distorted by misunderstanding, misinformation and propaganda which led to misinterpretation and, ultimately, the creation of new symbolic and cultural meanings among descendants of the African slave diaspora.
To participate in the medical development of a young country is one of the most exciting things a... more To participate in the medical development of a young country is one of the most exciting things a doctor can do in this second half of the twentieth century. Ethiopia is such a country. Though old historically, with legends dating back to the Queen of Sheba, Ethi opia is young technologically. Its modem birth came with the coro nation of Emperor Haile Selassie I in 1930, and in the intervening 36 years the country has swallowed centuries under his leadership. An Orthodox Christian stronghold in the Moslem Horn of East Africa, Ethiopia maintained its identity and independence over the centuries because it was so physically inaccessible. The heart of the country consists of an 8,000-foot plateau interrupted by 13,000foot mountains and cut by deep gorges. T o the east it drops precipi tously down to the Danakil Desert, part of which is actually below sea level and among the hottest areas on earth. T o the southwest it slopes gently down into lush tropical verdure characteristic of c...
Contrary to popular belief, African populations have been able to force, through social protest, ... more Contrary to popular belief, African populations have been able to force, through social protest, numerous changes in their societies. One such example is Ethiopia, where its last emperor, Haile Selassie I (1930-1974), faced fierce opposition in the streets during his reign, specially the one boosted by students. This study focuses on how student protests in the country have evolved since 1960, what were the causes of their development and what impact they had on the government of the Ethiopian negus. Finally, it will be analysed whether the protests against the emperor were connected with the 1974 Revolution and the military coup that provoked the coming to power of the Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia, popularly known as Derg. In order to carry out this research, a detailed review of the bibliography has been conducted as well as an analysis of the period's newspaper and graphic material related to student protests.
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