A large chemical manufacturing firm saved more than $55,000 in maintenance and lost production co... more A large chemical manufacturing firm saved more than $55,000 in maintenance and lost production cost avoidance by scheduling repair of a centrifugal compressor when oil analysis indicated water contamination and the presence of high ferrous and non-ferrous particle counts.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Solid-State Lighting program documents the performance of SSL pro... more The U.S. Department of Energy's Solid-State Lighting program documents the performance of SSL products and systems based on standardized laboratory test results, additional specialized testing, mock-up studies, and real-world field evaluations. This information is provided publicly for several purposes: 1) to track SSL technology performance improvement over time; 2) to identify technology challenges that impact performance and application of SSL; 3) to spur continued advancements in SSL technology, product design, and application; and 4) to maximize energy efficiency and decrease U.S. energy use, while improving lighting quality. DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way provide assurance that other users will achieve similar results through use of these products. SSL technology continues to evolve quickly, so evaluation results should always be understood in the context of the timeframe in which products were acquired, tested, installed, and operated. Especially given the rapid development cycle for SSL products, specifiers and purchasers should always seek current information from manufacturers when evaluating such products. The two programs primarily involved in product evaluations are CALiPER and GATEWAY. CALiPER When CALiPER was launched, its role was largely to test products and compare actual performance to manufacturer claims and to benchmark technologies. Early CALiPER testing also contributed fundamentally to the development of standardized photometric test methods specifically for SSL and the associated accreditation of testing laboratories. As the SSL market has matured, CALiPER has transitioned its evaluations to new products and functions, such as OLED-based luminaires and color-tunable products, as well as long-term product performance. CALiPER continues to support the development of new test procedures and application guidance, with DOE investigations providing data that is essential for understanding the most current issues facing the SSL industry. Data are gathered primarily through laboratory testing and mock-up installations. GATEWAY GATEWAY conducts field evaluations of high-performance SSL products to collect empirical data and document experience with field installations. GATEWAY provides independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting manufacturers, users, and other professionals. Real-world installations often reveal product limitations and application issues that are not apparent from laboratory testing. GATEWAY typically documents pre-and post-installation light levels, color characteristics, energy intensity, and other performance attributes, and addresses application and maintenance of SSL products. In some cases, GATEWAY returns to projects after months or years of operation to take additional site measurements or remove luminaires and send to accredited laboratories for testing. While not possible for every project, such follow-up measurements have yielded useful data on dirt depreciation, color shift, luminous intensity distribution changes, and lumen depreciation over time. For more information on the DOE SSL program, please visit energy.gov/eere/ssl/solid-state-lighting.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. School of Theatre and Dance provided access to buildings and facilities professionals as a learning opportunity for the campus, but also a means to communicate about sustainable lighting with other campuses across the U.S. The graduate lighting design program developed lighting concepts and specifications, and collected user data before and after the change. The dance professors enthusiastically embraced a test of LEDs in their performance schedule, even choreographing a special piece as a visual test for differences in LED lighting compared to conventional sources in their public fall and spring dance performances. Students, staff electricians, instructors, and performers contributed time for interviews and surveys. John Lawson and his facilities group staff developed lighting and controls layouts, procured pricing, provided electrical and energy data, and installed metering equipment to monitor energy use over an 8-month period. Duke Energy was an active participant and provided partial funding through their rebate incentive program for indoor lighting improvements.
is the energy efficiency ratio (Btu/Wh) measured in the field; specific fan power is the kW per r... more is the energy efficiency ratio (Btu/Wh) measured in the field; specific fan power is the kW per rated ton required to operate the supply fan, which is usually substantially higher in applications than in the rating lab. 4 Using 4% discount rate, 0.08 $/kWh, and 20-year analysis period (Fuller and Rushling 2005). There is a retrofit version of the technology that may be LCC-effective in many applications. In both implementations, however, the user must make a commitment to periodically checking the evaporative cooling subsystem which is mechanically similar to a swamp cooler. Integral to the success of this demonstration was the coordination and support of the participating equipment manufacturer-the Global Energy Group. In particular, we would like to recognize the efforts of Rich Weisbrodt for his assistance in system diagnosis and setup .
There is a need to improve building envelopes in many parts of the developing world. In cold clim... more There is a need to improve building envelopes in many parts of the developing world. In cold climates, scarce fuel is consumed in an attempt to maintain reasonable indoor temperatures. In Northern Pakistan, traditional houses are made with stone walls while newer buildings, houses and schools, use uninsulated concrete block that has even lower thermal resistance. Evaluation and improvement of these buildings were undertaken with a regional non-governmental organization. Measurements were made of the thermal resistance of typical exterior walls. An energy analysis showed that using 1.0 kg of straw in an insulation board would save about 5 kg of firewood over a winter in a Pakistani school. Recent research has focused on development of an insulation that can be retrofitted over existing walls. The insulation board must be sufficiently strong to support itself during construction and resist damage at its surface. Several methods of containing and binding straw were examined; the most promising adhesive was commercially available methane di-isocyanate. Good mechanical properties were obtained at resin contents as low as 2% by weight. At densities of 128 and 160 kg/m3 (8 and 10 lb/ft3), these boards have thermal conductivities of 0.039-0.041 W/m-K (R-values of 3.7 and 3.45 per inch), respective y. The boards have an estimated materials cost per unit thermal resistance that is roughly half the delivered cost of competing insulations available in Pakistan. Straw insulation boards have the added advantage that they can be made on site with semiskilled local labor and local materials.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. v
This report was preparedas an accountof work sponsoredby an agencyof the i UnitedStatesGovernment... more This report was preparedas an accountof work sponsoredby an agencyof the i UnitedStatesGovernment.Neitherthe United StatesGovernmentnorany agency ! thereof,nor BattelleMemorial institute,nor any of their employees,makesany warranty, expressedor implied,or aslumesany legal liabilityor responsibilityfor theaccuracy, completeness, orusefulness of any information,apparatus,product, or processdisclosed, or representsthatits usewould not infringeprivatelyowned rights.Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process, or serviceby tradename,trademark, manufacturer, or otherwisedoesnot necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United States Governmentor anyagencythereof,or BattelleMemorial Institute. The viewsand opinionsof authorsexpressed hereindo not necessarily stateor reflectthoseof the United StatesGovernmentor anyagencythereof.
This report wasprepared as an account of work sponsoredby an agencyof the United StatesGovernment... more This report wasprepared as an account of work sponsoredby an agencyof the United StatesGovernment.Neitherthe United StatesGovernmentnoranyagency thereof, nor BattelleMemorial Institute, nor any or their employees,makesany warranty,expressed or implied,or assumes any lesalliabilib/or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulnessof any information, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed,or representsthat its use would not infrtnse privatelyowned rishts. Referenceherein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or servicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer, or otherwisedoesnot necessarily constituteor imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United States Governmentor any agency thereof, or BattelleMemorial Institute.The viewsand opinionsof authorsexpressedhereindo not necessarily stateor reflectthoseof the United States Governmentor any agencythereof.
The U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)has tasked Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)(a)as the lead... more The U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)has tasked Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)(a)as the lead laboratorysupportingthe U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE) Federal Energy ManagementProgram's (FEMP) mission to identify, evaluate, and assist in acquiring all cost-effectiveenergy projects at Fort Drum. This is a model program PNL is designing for federal customersserved by the Niagara Mohawk Power Company (NiagaraMohawk). lt will I) identify and evaluate all electric and fossil fuel cost-effectiveenergy projects; 2) develop a schedule at each inst llationfor project acquisitionconsidering project type, size, timing, capital requirements,as well as energy and dollar savings; and 3) secure 100% of the financingrequired to implementelectric energy efficiencyprojects from Niagara Mohawk and have Niagara Mohawk procure the necessary contractorsto perform detailed audits and installthe technologies. This report provides the results of the fossil fuel and electric energy resource opportunity (ERO) assessmentsperformed by PNL at one of Niagara Mohawk's primary federal facilities,the FORSCOM Fort Drum facility located near Watertown, New York. lt is a companionreport to Volume I, the Executive Summary, and Volume 2, the Baseline Detail. The results of the analyses of EROs are presented in 14 common energy end-use categories(e.g., Lighting EROs, Boiler and Furnace EROs, HVAC System EROs). A narrativedescriptionof each ERO is provided, includinginformation on the initialcost, energy and dollar savings; impacts on operationsand maintenance (O&M); and, when applicable,a discussionof energy supply and demand, energy security,and environmentalissues. A descriptionof the evaluation methodologiesand technical and cost assumptions is also provided for each ERO. Summary tables present the operationalperformanceof energy enduse equipment before and after the implementationof each ERO and present the results of the life-cyclecost analysis indicatingthe net present value (NPV) and value index (VI) of each ERO.
The purpose of this report is to provide the Operations and Maintenance (O&M)/Energy manager and ... more The purpose of this report is to provide the Operations and Maintenance (O&M)/Energy manager and practitioner with useful information about the top O&M opportunities consistently found across the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)/Army sector. To make this report useful and relevant, the authors have made use of various work completed across the DoD/Army sector, including the Federal Energy Management Program's O&M Best Practices Guide and numerous O&M and energy audits of DoD/ Army facilities completed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Assessment of Load and Energy Reduction Techniques (ALERT) and Energy Savings Expert Team (ESET) programs. In addition, the authors conducted literature searches and contacted vendors and industry experts to gather pertinent information for this report. This report consists of five chapters and two appendixes; Chapters 1 and 2 provide an introduction, overview, and a description of how this activity is expected to integrate into the larger Energy Engineering Analysis Program (EEAP) activity. Chapter 3 discusses the fundamental building blocks of any O&M program including general definitions and descriptions of the major types of O&M. Chapter 4 presents the top O&M opportunities organized by equipment or system type and developed with a common format focused on: This report is the result of numerous people working to achieve a common goal of researching, analyzing, and promoting energy efficiency through Operations and Maintenance (O&M). The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution and valuable assistance provided by the staff at multiple Department of Defense (DoD)/Army sites who participated in a variety of Energy, O&M, Assessment of Load and Energy Reduction Techniques (ALERT), and Energy Savings Expert Team (ESET) programs; we greatly appreciate their patience and willingness to help in our furthering of this concept.
The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory measured and analyzed energy end-use patterns in a bank... more The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory measured and analyzed energy end-use patterns in a bank building located in Pennsylvania. This work was performed in collaboration with PNC Financial Service Group under the US DOE’s Commercial Building Partnerships Program. This paper presents the metering study and the results of the metered data analysis. It provides a benchmark for the energy use of bank-related equipment. The paper also reveals the importance of metering in understanding building loads. Measurements in this one prototype building helped to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements across PNC’s portfolio of bank branches. The metering study was crucial to understanding and reducing plug load in the design of a net-zero bank branch. Finally, the study proved the value of calibrating models with measured data. PNNL worked with PNC to meter a 4,000 ft 2 bank branch. A total of 71 electrical circuits were monitored and 25 stand-alone watt-hour meters were ins...
Over the past ten years, improvements in low-cost interval metering and communication technology ... more Over the past ten years, improvements in low-cost interval metering and communication technology have enabled load disaggregation through non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) technologies, which estimate and report energy consumption of individual end-use loads. Given the appropriate performance characteristics, these technologies have the potential to enable many utility and customer facing applications. However, there has been skepticism concerning the ability of load disaggregation products to accurately identify and estimate energy consumption of end-uses; which has hindered wide-spread market adoption. A contributing factor is that common test methods and metrics are unavailable to evaluate performance without conducting large-scale field demonstrations and pilots, which can be costly. Without common and costeffective methods of evaluation, advanced NILM technologies will continue to be slow to market and potential users will remain uncertain about their capabilities. This pape...
A new generation of heat pump water heaters (HPWH) has been introduced into the U.S. market that ... more A new generation of heat pump water heaters (HPWH) has been introduced into the U.S. market that promises to provide significant energy savings for water heating. Many electric utilities are promoting their widespread adoption as a key technology for meeting energy conservation goals and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There is, however, considerable uncertainty regarding the space conditioning impact of an HPWH installed in a conditioned space. There is also uncertainty regarding the potential for deployment of HPWHs in demand response (DR) programs to help manage and balance peak utility loads in a similar manner as conventional electric resistance water heaters (ERWH). To help answer these uncertainties, controlled experiments have been undertaken over 30 months in a matched pair of unoccupied Lab Homes located on the campus of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington.
A large chemical manufacturing firm saved more than $55,000 in maintenance and lost production co... more A large chemical manufacturing firm saved more than $55,000 in maintenance and lost production cost avoidance by scheduling repair of a centrifugal compressor when oil analysis indicated water contamination and the presence of high ferrous and non-ferrous particle counts.
The U.S. Department of Energy's Solid-State Lighting program documents the performance of SSL pro... more The U.S. Department of Energy's Solid-State Lighting program documents the performance of SSL products and systems based on standardized laboratory test results, additional specialized testing, mock-up studies, and real-world field evaluations. This information is provided publicly for several purposes: 1) to track SSL technology performance improvement over time; 2) to identify technology challenges that impact performance and application of SSL; 3) to spur continued advancements in SSL technology, product design, and application; and 4) to maximize energy efficiency and decrease U.S. energy use, while improving lighting quality. DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way provide assurance that other users will achieve similar results through use of these products. SSL technology continues to evolve quickly, so evaluation results should always be understood in the context of the timeframe in which products were acquired, tested, installed, and operated. Especially given the rapid development cycle for SSL products, specifiers and purchasers should always seek current information from manufacturers when evaluating such products. The two programs primarily involved in product evaluations are CALiPER and GATEWAY. CALiPER When CALiPER was launched, its role was largely to test products and compare actual performance to manufacturer claims and to benchmark technologies. Early CALiPER testing also contributed fundamentally to the development of standardized photometric test methods specifically for SSL and the associated accreditation of testing laboratories. As the SSL market has matured, CALiPER has transitioned its evaluations to new products and functions, such as OLED-based luminaires and color-tunable products, as well as long-term product performance. CALiPER continues to support the development of new test procedures and application guidance, with DOE investigations providing data that is essential for understanding the most current issues facing the SSL industry. Data are gathered primarily through laboratory testing and mock-up installations. GATEWAY GATEWAY conducts field evaluations of high-performance SSL products to collect empirical data and document experience with field installations. GATEWAY provides independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting manufacturers, users, and other professionals. Real-world installations often reveal product limitations and application issues that are not apparent from laboratory testing. GATEWAY typically documents pre-and post-installation light levels, color characteristics, energy intensity, and other performance attributes, and addresses application and maintenance of SSL products. In some cases, GATEWAY returns to projects after months or years of operation to take additional site measurements or remove luminaires and send to accredited laboratories for testing. While not possible for every project, such follow-up measurements have yielded useful data on dirt depreciation, color shift, luminous intensity distribution changes, and lumen depreciation over time. For more information on the DOE SSL program, please visit energy.gov/eere/ssl/solid-state-lighting.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. School of Theatre and Dance provided access to buildings and facilities professionals as a learning opportunity for the campus, but also a means to communicate about sustainable lighting with other campuses across the U.S. The graduate lighting design program developed lighting concepts and specifications, and collected user data before and after the change. The dance professors enthusiastically embraced a test of LEDs in their performance schedule, even choreographing a special piece as a visual test for differences in LED lighting compared to conventional sources in their public fall and spring dance performances. Students, staff electricians, instructors, and performers contributed time for interviews and surveys. John Lawson and his facilities group staff developed lighting and controls layouts, procured pricing, provided electrical and energy data, and installed metering equipment to monitor energy use over an 8-month period. Duke Energy was an active participant and provided partial funding through their rebate incentive program for indoor lighting improvements.
is the energy efficiency ratio (Btu/Wh) measured in the field; specific fan power is the kW per r... more is the energy efficiency ratio (Btu/Wh) measured in the field; specific fan power is the kW per rated ton required to operate the supply fan, which is usually substantially higher in applications than in the rating lab. 4 Using 4% discount rate, 0.08 $/kWh, and 20-year analysis period (Fuller and Rushling 2005). There is a retrofit version of the technology that may be LCC-effective in many applications. In both implementations, however, the user must make a commitment to periodically checking the evaporative cooling subsystem which is mechanically similar to a swamp cooler. Integral to the success of this demonstration was the coordination and support of the participating equipment manufacturer-the Global Energy Group. In particular, we would like to recognize the efforts of Rich Weisbrodt for his assistance in system diagnosis and setup .
There is a need to improve building envelopes in many parts of the developing world. In cold clim... more There is a need to improve building envelopes in many parts of the developing world. In cold climates, scarce fuel is consumed in an attempt to maintain reasonable indoor temperatures. In Northern Pakistan, traditional houses are made with stone walls while newer buildings, houses and schools, use uninsulated concrete block that has even lower thermal resistance. Evaluation and improvement of these buildings were undertaken with a regional non-governmental organization. Measurements were made of the thermal resistance of typical exterior walls. An energy analysis showed that using 1.0 kg of straw in an insulation board would save about 5 kg of firewood over a winter in a Pakistani school. Recent research has focused on development of an insulation that can be retrofitted over existing walls. The insulation board must be sufficiently strong to support itself during construction and resist damage at its surface. Several methods of containing and binding straw were examined; the most promising adhesive was commercially available methane di-isocyanate. Good mechanical properties were obtained at resin contents as low as 2% by weight. At densities of 128 and 160 kg/m3 (8 and 10 lb/ft3), these boards have thermal conductivities of 0.039-0.041 W/m-K (R-values of 3.7 and 3.45 per inch), respective y. The boards have an estimated materials cost per unit thermal resistance that is roughly half the delivered cost of competing insulations available in Pakistan. Straw insulation boards have the added advantage that they can be made on site with semiskilled local labor and local materials.
This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration proj... more This document is a report of observations and results obtained from a lighting demonstration project conducted under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) GATEWAY Demonstration Program. The program supports demonstrations of high-performance solid-state lighting (SSL) products in order to develop empirical data and experience with in-the-field applications of this advanced lighting technology. The DOE GATEWAY Demonstration Program focuses on providing a source of independent, third-party data for use in decision-making by lighting users and professionals; this data should be considered in combination with other information relevant to the particular site and application under examination. Each GATEWAY Demonstration compares SSL products against the incumbent technologies used in that location. Depending on available information and circumstances, the SSL product may also be compared to alternate lighting technologies. Though products demonstrated in the GATEWAY program have been prescreened for performance, DOE does not endorse any commercial product or in any way guarantee that users will achieve the same results through use of these products. v
This report was preparedas an accountof work sponsoredby an agencyof the i UnitedStatesGovernment... more This report was preparedas an accountof work sponsoredby an agencyof the i UnitedStatesGovernment.Neitherthe United StatesGovernmentnorany agency ! thereof,nor BattelleMemorial institute,nor any of their employees,makesany warranty, expressedor implied,or aslumesany legal liabilityor responsibilityfor theaccuracy, completeness, orusefulness of any information,apparatus,product, or processdisclosed, or representsthatits usewould not infringeprivatelyowned rights.Referencehereintoanyspecificcommercialproduct,process, or serviceby tradename,trademark, manufacturer, or otherwisedoesnot necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United States Governmentor anyagencythereof,or BattelleMemorial Institute. The viewsand opinionsof authorsexpressed hereindo not necessarily stateor reflectthoseof the United StatesGovernmentor anyagencythereof.
This report wasprepared as an account of work sponsoredby an agencyof the United StatesGovernment... more This report wasprepared as an account of work sponsoredby an agencyof the United StatesGovernment.Neitherthe United StatesGovernmentnoranyagency thereof, nor BattelleMemorial Institute, nor any or their employees,makesany warranty,expressed or implied,or assumes any lesalliabilib/or responsibility for the accuracy,completeness, or usefulnessof any information, apparatus, product, or processdisclosed,or representsthat its use would not infrtnse privatelyowned rishts. Referenceherein to any specific commercialproduct, process, or servicebytradename,trademark,manufacturer, or otherwisedoesnot necessarily constituteor imply its endorsement,recommendation,or favoring by the United States Governmentor any agency thereof, or BattelleMemorial Institute.The viewsand opinionsof authorsexpressedhereindo not necessarily stateor reflectthoseof the United States Governmentor any agencythereof.
The U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)has tasked Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)(a)as the lead... more The U.S. Army Forces Command (FORSCOM)has tasked Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL)(a)as the lead laboratorysupportingthe U.S. Departmentof Energy (DOE) Federal Energy ManagementProgram's (FEMP) mission to identify, evaluate, and assist in acquiring all cost-effectiveenergy projects at Fort Drum. This is a model program PNL is designing for federal customersserved by the Niagara Mohawk Power Company (NiagaraMohawk). lt will I) identify and evaluate all electric and fossil fuel cost-effectiveenergy projects; 2) develop a schedule at each inst llationfor project acquisitionconsidering project type, size, timing, capital requirements,as well as energy and dollar savings; and 3) secure 100% of the financingrequired to implementelectric energy efficiencyprojects from Niagara Mohawk and have Niagara Mohawk procure the necessary contractorsto perform detailed audits and installthe technologies. This report provides the results of the fossil fuel and electric energy resource opportunity (ERO) assessmentsperformed by PNL at one of Niagara Mohawk's primary federal facilities,the FORSCOM Fort Drum facility located near Watertown, New York. lt is a companionreport to Volume I, the Executive Summary, and Volume 2, the Baseline Detail. The results of the analyses of EROs are presented in 14 common energy end-use categories(e.g., Lighting EROs, Boiler and Furnace EROs, HVAC System EROs). A narrativedescriptionof each ERO is provided, includinginformation on the initialcost, energy and dollar savings; impacts on operationsand maintenance (O&M); and, when applicable,a discussionof energy supply and demand, energy security,and environmentalissues. A descriptionof the evaluation methodologiesand technical and cost assumptions is also provided for each ERO. Summary tables present the operationalperformanceof energy enduse equipment before and after the implementationof each ERO and present the results of the life-cyclecost analysis indicatingthe net present value (NPV) and value index (VI) of each ERO.
The purpose of this report is to provide the Operations and Maintenance (O&M)/Energy manager and ... more The purpose of this report is to provide the Operations and Maintenance (O&M)/Energy manager and practitioner with useful information about the top O&M opportunities consistently found across the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD)/Army sector. To make this report useful and relevant, the authors have made use of various work completed across the DoD/Army sector, including the Federal Energy Management Program's O&M Best Practices Guide and numerous O&M and energy audits of DoD/ Army facilities completed as part of the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Assessment of Load and Energy Reduction Techniques (ALERT) and Energy Savings Expert Team (ESET) programs. In addition, the authors conducted literature searches and contacted vendors and industry experts to gather pertinent information for this report. This report consists of five chapters and two appendixes; Chapters 1 and 2 provide an introduction, overview, and a description of how this activity is expected to integrate into the larger Energy Engineering Analysis Program (EEAP) activity. Chapter 3 discusses the fundamental building blocks of any O&M program including general definitions and descriptions of the major types of O&M. Chapter 4 presents the top O&M opportunities organized by equipment or system type and developed with a common format focused on: This report is the result of numerous people working to achieve a common goal of researching, analyzing, and promoting energy efficiency through Operations and Maintenance (O&M). The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution and valuable assistance provided by the staff at multiple Department of Defense (DoD)/Army sites who participated in a variety of Energy, O&M, Assessment of Load and Energy Reduction Techniques (ALERT), and Energy Savings Expert Team (ESET) programs; we greatly appreciate their patience and willingness to help in our furthering of this concept.
The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory measured and analyzed energy end-use patterns in a bank... more The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory measured and analyzed energy end-use patterns in a bank building located in Pennsylvania. This work was performed in collaboration with PNC Financial Service Group under the US DOE’s Commercial Building Partnerships Program. This paper presents the metering study and the results of the metered data analysis. It provides a benchmark for the energy use of bank-related equipment. The paper also reveals the importance of metering in understanding building loads. Measurements in this one prototype building helped to identify opportunities for energy efficiency improvements across PNC’s portfolio of bank branches. The metering study was crucial to understanding and reducing plug load in the design of a net-zero bank branch. Finally, the study proved the value of calibrating models with measured data. PNNL worked with PNC to meter a 4,000 ft 2 bank branch. A total of 71 electrical circuits were monitored and 25 stand-alone watt-hour meters were ins...
Over the past ten years, improvements in low-cost interval metering and communication technology ... more Over the past ten years, improvements in low-cost interval metering and communication technology have enabled load disaggregation through non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) technologies, which estimate and report energy consumption of individual end-use loads. Given the appropriate performance characteristics, these technologies have the potential to enable many utility and customer facing applications. However, there has been skepticism concerning the ability of load disaggregation products to accurately identify and estimate energy consumption of end-uses; which has hindered wide-spread market adoption. A contributing factor is that common test methods and metrics are unavailable to evaluate performance without conducting large-scale field demonstrations and pilots, which can be costly. Without common and costeffective methods of evaluation, advanced NILM technologies will continue to be slow to market and potential users will remain uncertain about their capabilities. This pape...
A new generation of heat pump water heaters (HPWH) has been introduced into the U.S. market that ... more A new generation of heat pump water heaters (HPWH) has been introduced into the U.S. market that promises to provide significant energy savings for water heating. Many electric utilities are promoting their widespread adoption as a key technology for meeting energy conservation goals and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There is, however, considerable uncertainty regarding the space conditioning impact of an HPWH installed in a conditioned space. There is also uncertainty regarding the potential for deployment of HPWHs in demand response (DR) programs to help manage and balance peak utility loads in a similar manner as conventional electric resistance water heaters (ERWH). To help answer these uncertainties, controlled experiments have been undertaken over 30 months in a matched pair of unoccupied Lab Homes located on the campus of the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) in Richland, Washington.
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