Papers by Gerd Petra Haugom
Ship Design and Operation for Environmental Sustainability, 2002
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2020
Abstract A study is presented to determine the technical, regulatory, and economic feasibility of... more Abstract A study is presented to determine the technical, regulatory, and economic feasibility of a coastal research vessel (named the “Zero-V”) powered solely by hydrogen fuel cells. Feasibility is examined in the context of science mission profiles of particular significance in coastal oceanography that require a modern, capable, general-purpose coastal research vessel. These missions translate into the primary Zero-V vessel requirements against which technical feasibility is assessed. Hull form analysis indicated a trimaran design enables a vessel that can meet all of the space and volume requirements as well as for fitment of the machinery, service, and control spaces necessary for operation of the vessel. To meet speed and range (endurance) requirements, the vessel needs to be constructed of aluminum to reduce weight. The beam (56 feet), length (170 feet) and draft (12 feet) of the vessel enable it to dock at all primary ports of call. With 1800 kW of installed proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel-cell power for primary propulsion, the cruising speed is 10 knots. With 10,900 kg of consumable LH2 stored in two LH2 tanks, the range of the vessel is 2400 nautical miles, with an endurance of 15 days. Both the greenhouse gas (GHG) and criteria pollutant (NOx, HC, PM10) emissions were estimated based on a complete “well-to-waves” (WTW) analysis. Using renewable hydrogen, the annual WTW GHG emissions predicted for the Zero-V are 91.4% less than those from an equivalent vessel running on conventional diesel fuel. Analysis of the WTW criteria pollutant emissions show that hydrogen PEM fuel-cell technology can reduce these emissions below stringent U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Tier 4 marine diesel engine emissions limits regardless of whether the hydrogen is made using natural gas or renewable methods. The capital construction cost is estimated to be ~ $79 M, not unreasonable when compared to other modern diesel-fueled research vessels of similar size and capabilities. The operations and maintenance (O&M) costs of the Zero-V were estimated to be 7.7% higher than operating the equivalent diesel-fueled vessel at the assumed fuel prices for LH2 made from steam reforming of fossil natural gas. The approach to safety for the Zero-V is described in terms of the arrangement of hazardous areas on the vessel. Regulatory review of the vessel design by the United States Coast Guard (USCG) and the Class society DNV GL found no fundamental or “show-stopping” design concerns that would prevent eventual deployment of the Zero-V. Overall, this study found it feasible from technical, regulatory, and economic perspectives to design, build and operate a coastal research vessel powered solely by hydrogen fuel cells.
Invasive Aquatic Species of Europe. Distribution, Impacts and Management, 2002
ABSTRACT The book chapter describes how methodology and principles commonly applied in risk asses... more ABSTRACT The book chapter describes how methodology and principles commonly applied in risk assessment can be utilised to minimise transfer of invasive and harmful aquatic species.
The use of and interpretation of Regulations, Codes and Standards is important input when develop... more The use of and interpretation of Regulations, Codes and Standards is important input when developing hydrogen systems and applications. This paper presents the work related to standardisation undertaken by DNV as part of the EU supported project H2SusBuild. During the H2SusBuild project a renewable (solar and wind) based, full scale energy system with components for hydrogen storage, hydrogen production by electrolysis, and hydrogen consumption by fuel cell and burner was built and integrated into an existing office building in Lavrion, Greece. The relevant standards identified and applied, the standardisation gaps identified and the recommendations made for further standardisation activities are presented.
The paper describes the development of risk acceptance criteria and risk assessment methodology f... more The paper describes the development of risk acceptance criteria and risk assessment methodology for early phase introduction of hydrogen (H 2) applications. Hydrogen refuelling stations for hydrogen fuelled vehicles were used as case studies. This was done as a task in the European Commission funded research project European Integrated Hydrogen Project phase 2 (EIHP2). The EIHP2 shall provide input to regulatory activities on a European Union and global level facilitating the safe development, introduction and daily operation of hydrogen fuelled vehicles on public roads and their refilling at public hydrogen refuelling stations. The suitability of a risk based approach to development of standards and regulations is discussed. Risk acceptance criteria are an important part of safety management and reflect the targeted safety level. Criteria must be established before conducting risk assessments to enable comparison against the desired safety level. Risk acceptance criteria based on general societal risk were developed, and the resulting risk acceptance criteria are described in detail. Early phase introduction of hydrogen applications in the public domain is characterised by the lack of relevant, detailed technical information and historical incident and accident data. A method for risk assessments was developed to take into account hydrogen specific issues and early concept phase. The risk assessment methodology was then used for risk assessments of different concepts for hydrogen refuelling stations. The conclusion discusses the suitability of the risk acceptance criteria and the risk assessment methodology based on experiences from the case studies. Keys to success are also presented. Acknowledgement: The authors thank the European Commission for partial funding through the EIHP2 project under contract: ENK6-CT2000-00442, and DNV and Norsk Hydro ASA for kind support and financial contributions.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011
In many areas European research has been largely fragmented. To support the required integration ... more In many areas European research has been largely fragmented. To support the required integration and to focus and coordinate related research efforts the European Commission created a new instrument, the Networks of Excellences (NoEs). The goal of the NoE HySafe has been to provide the basis to facilitate the safe introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier by removing the safety related obstacles. The prioritisation of the HySafe internal project activities was based on a phenomena identification and ranking exercise (PIRT) and expert interviews. The identified research headlines were "Releases in (partially) confined areas", "Mitigation" and "Quantitative Risk Assessment". Along these headlines existing or planned research work was re-orientated and slightly modified, to build up three large internal research projects "InsHyde", "HyTunnel", and "HyQRA". In InsHyde realistic indoor hydrogen leaks and associated hazards have been investigated to provide recommendations for the safe use of indoor hydrogen systems including mitigation and detection means. The appropriateness of available regulations, codes and standards (RCS) has been assessed. Experimental and numerical work was conducted to benchmark simulation tools and to evaluate the related recommendations. HyTunnel contributed to the understanding of the nature of the hazards posed by hydrogen vehicles inside tunnels and its relative severity compared to other fuels. In HyQRA quantitative risk assessment strategies were applied to relevant scenarios in a hydrogen refuelling station and the performance was compared to derive also recommendations. The integration provided by the network is manifested by a series of workshops and benchmarks related to experimental and numerical work. Besides, the network generated the following products: the International Conference on Hydrogen Safety, the first academic education related to hydrogen safety and the Safety Handbook. Finally, the network initiated the founding of the International Association for Hydrogen Safety, which will open up the future networking to all interested parties on an international level. The indicated results of this five years integration activity will be described in short.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2011
Fault trees and event trees have for decades been the most commonly applied modelling tools in bo... more Fault trees and event trees have for decades been the most commonly applied modelling tools in both risk analysis in general and the risk analysis of hydrogen applications including infrastructure in particular. It is sometimes found challenging to make traditional Quantitative Risk Analyses sufficiently transparent and it is frequently challenging for outsiders to verify the probabilistic modelling. Bayesian Networks (BN) are a graphical representation of uncertain quantities and decisions that explicitly reveal the probabilistic dependence between the variables and the related information flow. It has been suggested that BN represent a modelling tool that is superior to both fault trees and event trees with respect to the structuring and modelling of large complex systems. This paper gives an introduction to BN and utilises a case study as a basis for discussing and demonstrating the suitability of BN for modelling the risks associated with the introduction of hydrogen as an energy carrier. In this study we explore the benefits of modelling a hydrogen refuelling station using BN. The study takes its point of departure in input from a traditional detailed Quantitative Risk Analysis conducted by DNV during the HyApproval project. We compare and discuss the two analyses with respect to their advantages and disadvantages. We especially focus on a comparison of transparency and the results that may be extracted from the two alternative procedures.
Inkluderer ikke metan (Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds). Kalles ofte bare for VOC * Fjerni... more Inkluderer ikke metan (Non Methane Volatile Organic Compounds). Kalles ofte bare for VOC * Fjerning av CO2 fra produsert gass med injeksjon i berggrunnen. Det er tatt hensyn til at energiforbruket i forbindelse med injeksjon produserer en CO2 mengde tilsvarende omtrent 10 % av den injiserte gass. Effekten av de enkelte tiltakene er oppgitt som gjennomsnittlig redusert antall tonn utslipp pr. år (CO 2 og NO x), regnet for de årene tiltaket er virksomt.
International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2012
The Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database (HIAD) is being developed as a repository of systemat... more The Hydrogen Incident and Accident Database (HIAD) is being developed as a repository of systematic data describing in detail hydrogen-related undesired events (incidents or accidents). It is an open web-based information system serving various purposes such as a data source for lessons learnt, risk communication and partly risk assessment. The paper describes the features of the three HIAD modules e the Data Entry Module (DEM), the Data Retrieval Module (DRM) and the Data Analysis Module (DAM) e and the potential impact the database may have on hydrogen safety. The importance of data quality assurance process is also addressed.
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Papers by Gerd Petra Haugom