The extant literature on positional power in hierarchies is mainly restricted to the analysis of ... more The extant literature on positional power in hierarchies is mainly restricted to the analysis of power in terms of the authority structure. This is based upon the bare positions of actors and ignores the existence of decision-making mechanisms. The few studies, which also take into account decision-making mechanisms, are 'membership-based'. In an earlier paper we demonstrated that such an approach is, in general, inappropriate. As a solution we suggested an 'action-based' approach and developed a power score and measure ascribing positional power to actors in hierarchies. In this paper we axiomatize this power score and measure and illustrate their applicability.
A well-known model in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. Opinion leaders are ... more A well-known model in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. Opinion leaders are actors who are able to affect the behavior of their followers. Hence, opinion leaders have some power over their followers, and they can exercise this power by influencing their followers choice of action. We study a two-action model for a society with opinion leaders. We assume that each member of the society has an inclination to choose one of these actions and that the collective choice is made by simple majority of the actions chosen by each member. For this model we axiomatize satisfaction and power scores, which allow us to investigate the effects of different opinion leader-follower structures. Résumé Un modèle bien connu en sociologie et gestion est celui du leadership d'opinion. Les leaders d'opinion sont des acteurs qui peuvent influer sur les comportements de leurs disciples. En conséquence, les leaders d'opinion ont un certain pouvoir sur leurs disciples et ils peuvent exercer ce pouvoir en influençant le choix d'action de leurs disciples. Nousétudions un modèle de deux actions pour une société avec des leaders d'opinion. Nous supposons que chaque membre de la société a une inclination de choisir une des actions et que le choix collectif est fait par la majorité simple des actions choisies par chaque membre. Pour ce modèle nous axiomatisons les scores de satisfaction et de pouvoir, ce qui nous permet d'examiner les effets des différentes structures de leader d'opinion-disciples.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2011
A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing is that of ... more A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. Opinion leaders are actors in a society who are able to affect the behavior of other members of the society called followers. Hence, opinion leaders might have a considerable impact on the behavior of markets and other social agglomerations being made up of individual actors choosing among a number of alternatives. For marketing or policy purposes it appears to be interesting to investigate the effect of different opinion leader-follower structures in markets or any other collective decision-making situations in a society. We study a two-action model in which the members of a society are to choose one action, for instance, to buy or not to buy a certain joint product, or to vote yes or no on a specific proposal. Each of the actors has an inclination to choose one of the actions. By definition opinion leaders have some power over their followers, and they exercise this power by influencing the behavior of their followers, i.e. their choice of action. After all actors have chosen their actions, a decision-making mechanism determines the collective choice resulting out of the individual choices. Making use of bipartite digraphs we introduce novel satisfaction and power scores which allow us to analyze the actors' satisfaction and power with respect to the collective choice for societies with different opinion leader-follower structures. Moreover, we study common dictator and opinion leader properties of the above scores and illustrate our findings for a society with five members.
for comments and discussions. Considerable parts of the research contained in this paper were alr... more for comments and discussions. Considerable parts of the research contained in this paper were already developed between 2005 and 2006 when Frank Steffen was at Tilburg University under a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within the 6th European Community Framework Programme. He gratefully acknowledges this financial support.
General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
In this paper we will discuss constraints on the number of (non-dummy) players and on the distrib... more In this paper we will discuss constraints on the number of (non-dummy) players and on the distribution of votes such that local monotonicity is satisfied for the Public Good Index. These results are compared to properties which are related to constraints on the redistribution of votes (such as implied by global monotonicity). The discussion shows that monotonicity is not a straightforward criterion of classification for power measures.
Abstract. A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing i... more Abstract. A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. It is based on the idea of a two-step flow of communication. Opinion leaders are actors in a society who are able to affect the behavior of other members of the society called followers. Hence, opinion leaders might have a considerable impact on the behavior of markets and other social agglomerations being made up of individual actors choosing among a number of alternatives. For marketing purposes it appears to be interesting to investigate the effect of different opinion leader-follower structures in markets or any other collective decision-making situations in a society. We study a two-action model in which the members of a society are to choose one action, for instance, to buy or not to buy a certain joint product, or to vote yes or no on a specific proposal. Each of the actors has an inclination to choose one of the actions. By definition opinion leaders...
Power in hierarchical organizations can be investigated in different ways This paper focuses on t... more Power in hierarchical organizations can be investigated in different ways This paper focuses on the study of a priori voting power in such organizations. It is shown that every ‘restricted ’ game with a permission structure can be represented as a compound game. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the existing research in voting power in hierarchical structures is necessary, but not sufficient to understand the nature of a priori voting power in hierarchical organizations. This is because it does not take into account: (i) that players who participate in a decision-making in hierarchical organizations in general have a damatis personae, and (ii) that the top of a hierarchical organizations can have a board-structure. Once we account for these two factors we arrive at some counterintuitive characteristics of hierarchies, i.e. the violation of known monotonicity properties of power in hierarchical organizations such as structural monotonicity and dis- and conjunctive fairness.
Power, Freedom, and Voting is an interdisciplinary book consisting of 22 articles that measure, d... more Power, Freedom, and Voting is an interdisciplinary book consisting of 22 articles that measure, discuss, and analyze power in politics and society, responsibility, as well as efficiency and stability of social and political systems. Written by leading researchers in economics, political science, and philosophy, the book also explores philosophical foundations of power, trust, freedom and fairness. This review briefly introduces into key points and findings in each of the individual chapters.
Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting bodies. P... more Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting bodies. Power is, however, also a very important concept in economics. Of the most known indices it is commonly held that they measure so-called a priori voting power, although in a recent study Felsenthal et al. argue that we should be careful with this statement. This paper considers whether the power indices based on Straffin's partial homogeneity approach should be interpreted as a priori or a posteriori power indices. The idea of fuzzy standards is also introduced.
A model combining perturbative and non-perturbative QCD is developed to compute high-energy react... more A model combining perturbative and non-perturbative QCD is developed to compute high-energy reactions of hadrons and photons and to investigate saturation effects that manifest the S-matrix unitarity. Following a functional integral approach, the S-matrix factorizes into light-cone wave functions and the universal amplitude for the scattering of two color-dipoles which are represented by Wegner-Wilson loops. In the framework of the non-perturbative stochastic vacuum model of QCD supplemented by perturbative gluon exchange, the loop-loop correlation is calculated and related to lattice QCD investigations. With a universal energy dependence motivated by the twopomeron (soft + hard) picture that respects the unitarity condition in impact parameter space, a unified description of pp, πp, Kp, γ * p, and γγ reactions is achieved in good agreement with experimental data for cross sections, slope parameters, and structure functions. Impact parameter profiles for pp and γ * L p reactions and the gluon distribution of the proton xG(x, Q 2 , | b ⊥ |) are calculated and found to saturate in accordance with S-matrix unitarity. The c.m. energies and Bjorken x at which saturation sets in are determined.
This paper examines a fundamental and on-going debate in the literature on voting power about wha... more This paper examines a fundamental and on-going debate in the literature on voting power about what constitutes a reasonable measure of a priori voting power. We focus on one of the central axioms or postulates known as local montonicity which says that voting power should be ranked in the same order as the order of voting weights. By examining a general violation of local montonicity under Straffins partial homogeneity approach we show that this postulate lacks convincing justification. However, and somewhat paradoxically, we argue that the previous arguments against local montonicity are flawed, and the intuition behind the postulate is essentially correct. The problem lies with the definition of a prioricity and the nature of the voting game.
The main purpose of the present paper is to disentangle the mix-up of the notions of success and ... more The main purpose of the present paper is to disentangle the mix-up of the notions of success and satisfaction which is prevailing in the voting power literature. We demonstrate that both notions are conceptually distinct, and discuss their relationship and measurement. We show that satisfaction contains success as one component, and that both coincide under the canonical set-up of a simultaneous decision-making mechanism as it is predominant in the voting power literature. However, we provide two examples of sequential decision-making mechanisms in order to illustrate the difference between success and satisfaction. In the context of the discussion of both notions we also address their relationship to different types of luck.
ABSTRACT Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting ... more ABSTRACT Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting bodies. Power is, however, also a very important concept in economics. Of the most known indices it is commonly held that they measure so-called a priori voting power, although in a recent study Felsenthal et al. argue that we should be careful with this statement. This paper considers whether the power indices based on Straffin's partial homogeneity approach should be interpreted as a priori or a posteriori power indices. The idea of fuzzy standards is also introduced.
This paper is about the measurement specific freedoms – the freedom of an agent to undertake some... more This paper is about the measurement specific freedoms – the freedom of an agent to undertake some particular action. In a recent paper, Dowding and van Hees (2003) discuss the need for, and general form of, a ‘freedom function ’ that assigns a value between 0 and 1 to a right or freedom and that describes the expectation that a person may have about being in a position to exercise (‘being free to perform’) that freedom or legal right. An examination of the literature shows that such a measure has never been properly defined. Based on the framework of a game form, I develop a very simple and natural measure of specific freedom that turns out to the conditional variant of ‘success’, a measure that we know from the literature on voting power. Some properties and characteristics of the measure are discussed.
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.
Abstract This paper re-examines the so-called 'chairman's paradox 'that was first not... more Abstract This paper re-examines the so-called 'chairman's paradox 'that was first noticed by Farquharson in his path breaking tract on sophisticated voting, Theory of Voting (1969). The Chairman's paradox is concerned with the case of a three member committee in which a ...
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.
Following the decision by the UK government in 1997 to create an elected assembly in Wales, the E... more Following the decision by the UK government in 1997 to create an elected assembly in Wales, the Economic and Social Research Council introduced questions about the perception of national identity in the British Household Panel Survey. Analysis of the first set of this data suggest that the language might have contradictory effects on the perception of Welsh identity. Those whose mother tongue is English reject the view that they are not Welsh, but the self-perception of Welshness amongst the English speakers is stronger in areas, which are also industrial regions, where the Welsh language is virtually extinct. We speculate on the implications of these findings for the electoral fortunes of the National Party of Wales.
The governance structure of the Lebanese Republic is particularly characterized by its confession... more The governance structure of the Lebanese Republic is particularly characterized by its confessional nature guaranteeing a pre-defined representation of Christians and Muslims and its sectarian subgroups in parliament. In this sense, the composition of the parliament is based on the allocation of a specific number of seats to each of the two major religious groups and its sectarian subgroups. However, the ratio being used to assign seats to these sectarian subgroups is still intensively discussed. Recently, Diss and Zouache have addressed some aspects of power in the Lebanese Parliament. Applying the Penrose-Banzhaf and Shapley-Shubik indices, they investigate the relative confessional power distributions under the current seat distribution and a proposal for its amendment and revealed some paradoxical effects. In this paper, we re-examine their results applying the Penrose-Banzhaf measure. Furthermore, we extend their analysis by including the seat distribution from the previous constitution into our analysis and relate our findings to the motivations for the electoral reforms underlying the three studied seat distributions. Additionally, we address the implications of the existing party blocs in the current parliament from a party and confessional perspective. Currently, their existence is put into question in the public and political discussion. With our analysis, we deliver a theoretical foundation for this debate and demonstrate that in terms of parliamentary power the current bloc formation is a priori disadvantageous.
The extant literature on positional power in hierarchies is mainly restricted to the analysis of ... more The extant literature on positional power in hierarchies is mainly restricted to the analysis of power in terms of the authority structure. This is based upon the bare positions of actors and ignores the existence of decision-making mechanisms. The few studies, which also take into account decision-making mechanisms, are 'membership-based'. In an earlier paper we demonstrated that such an approach is, in general, inappropriate. As a solution we suggested an 'action-based' approach and developed a power score and measure ascribing positional power to actors in hierarchies. In this paper we axiomatize this power score and measure and illustrate their applicability.
A well-known model in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. Opinion leaders are ... more A well-known model in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. Opinion leaders are actors who are able to affect the behavior of their followers. Hence, opinion leaders have some power over their followers, and they can exercise this power by influencing their followers choice of action. We study a two-action model for a society with opinion leaders. We assume that each member of the society has an inclination to choose one of these actions and that the collective choice is made by simple majority of the actions chosen by each member. For this model we axiomatize satisfaction and power scores, which allow us to investigate the effects of different opinion leader-follower structures. Résumé Un modèle bien connu en sociologie et gestion est celui du leadership d'opinion. Les leaders d'opinion sont des acteurs qui peuvent influer sur les comportements de leurs disciples. En conséquence, les leaders d'opinion ont un certain pouvoir sur leurs disciples et ils peuvent exercer ce pouvoir en influençant le choix d'action de leurs disciples. Nousétudions un modèle de deux actions pour une société avec des leaders d'opinion. Nous supposons que chaque membre de la société a une inclination de choisir une des actions et que le choix collectif est fait par la majorité simple des actions choisies par chaque membre. Pour ce modèle nous axiomatisons les scores de satisfaction et de pouvoir, ce qui nous permet d'examiner les effets des différentes structures de leader d'opinion-disciples.
HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe), 2011
A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing is that of ... more A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. Opinion leaders are actors in a society who are able to affect the behavior of other members of the society called followers. Hence, opinion leaders might have a considerable impact on the behavior of markets and other social agglomerations being made up of individual actors choosing among a number of alternatives. For marketing or policy purposes it appears to be interesting to investigate the effect of different opinion leader-follower structures in markets or any other collective decision-making situations in a society. We study a two-action model in which the members of a society are to choose one action, for instance, to buy or not to buy a certain joint product, or to vote yes or no on a specific proposal. Each of the actors has an inclination to choose one of the actions. By definition opinion leaders have some power over their followers, and they exercise this power by influencing the behavior of their followers, i.e. their choice of action. After all actors have chosen their actions, a decision-making mechanism determines the collective choice resulting out of the individual choices. Making use of bipartite digraphs we introduce novel satisfaction and power scores which allow us to analyze the actors' satisfaction and power with respect to the collective choice for societies with different opinion leader-follower structures. Moreover, we study common dictator and opinion leader properties of the above scores and illustrate our findings for a society with five members.
for comments and discussions. Considerable parts of the research contained in this paper were alr... more for comments and discussions. Considerable parts of the research contained in this paper were already developed between 2005 and 2006 when Frank Steffen was at Tilburg University under a Marie Curie Intra-European Fellowship within the 6th European Community Framework Programme. He gratefully acknowledges this financial support.
General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public port... more General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal ? Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim.
In this paper we will discuss constraints on the number of (non-dummy) players and on the distrib... more In this paper we will discuss constraints on the number of (non-dummy) players and on the distribution of votes such that local monotonicity is satisfied for the Public Good Index. These results are compared to properties which are related to constraints on the redistribution of votes (such as implied by global monotonicity). The discussion shows that monotonicity is not a straightforward criterion of classification for power measures.
Abstract. A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing i... more Abstract. A well known and established model in communication policy in sociology and marketing is that of opinion leadership. It is based on the idea of a two-step flow of communication. Opinion leaders are actors in a society who are able to affect the behavior of other members of the society called followers. Hence, opinion leaders might have a considerable impact on the behavior of markets and other social agglomerations being made up of individual actors choosing among a number of alternatives. For marketing purposes it appears to be interesting to investigate the effect of different opinion leader-follower structures in markets or any other collective decision-making situations in a society. We study a two-action model in which the members of a society are to choose one action, for instance, to buy or not to buy a certain joint product, or to vote yes or no on a specific proposal. Each of the actors has an inclination to choose one of the actions. By definition opinion leaders...
Power in hierarchical organizations can be investigated in different ways This paper focuses on t... more Power in hierarchical organizations can be investigated in different ways This paper focuses on the study of a priori voting power in such organizations. It is shown that every ‘restricted ’ game with a permission structure can be represented as a compound game. Furthermore, it is pointed out that the existing research in voting power in hierarchical structures is necessary, but not sufficient to understand the nature of a priori voting power in hierarchical organizations. This is because it does not take into account: (i) that players who participate in a decision-making in hierarchical organizations in general have a damatis personae, and (ii) that the top of a hierarchical organizations can have a board-structure. Once we account for these two factors we arrive at some counterintuitive characteristics of hierarchies, i.e. the violation of known monotonicity properties of power in hierarchical organizations such as structural monotonicity and dis- and conjunctive fairness.
Power, Freedom, and Voting is an interdisciplinary book consisting of 22 articles that measure, d... more Power, Freedom, and Voting is an interdisciplinary book consisting of 22 articles that measure, discuss, and analyze power in politics and society, responsibility, as well as efficiency and stability of social and political systems. Written by leading researchers in economics, political science, and philosophy, the book also explores philosophical foundations of power, trust, freedom and fairness. This review briefly introduces into key points and findings in each of the individual chapters.
Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting bodies. P... more Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting bodies. Power is, however, also a very important concept in economics. Of the most known indices it is commonly held that they measure so-called a priori voting power, although in a recent study Felsenthal et al. argue that we should be careful with this statement. This paper considers whether the power indices based on Straffin's partial homogeneity approach should be interpreted as a priori or a posteriori power indices. The idea of fuzzy standards is also introduced.
A model combining perturbative and non-perturbative QCD is developed to compute high-energy react... more A model combining perturbative and non-perturbative QCD is developed to compute high-energy reactions of hadrons and photons and to investigate saturation effects that manifest the S-matrix unitarity. Following a functional integral approach, the S-matrix factorizes into light-cone wave functions and the universal amplitude for the scattering of two color-dipoles which are represented by Wegner-Wilson loops. In the framework of the non-perturbative stochastic vacuum model of QCD supplemented by perturbative gluon exchange, the loop-loop correlation is calculated and related to lattice QCD investigations. With a universal energy dependence motivated by the twopomeron (soft + hard) picture that respects the unitarity condition in impact parameter space, a unified description of pp, πp, Kp, γ * p, and γγ reactions is achieved in good agreement with experimental data for cross sections, slope parameters, and structure functions. Impact parameter profiles for pp and γ * L p reactions and the gluon distribution of the proton xG(x, Q 2 , | b ⊥ |) are calculated and found to saturate in accordance with S-matrix unitarity. The c.m. energies and Bjorken x at which saturation sets in are determined.
This paper examines a fundamental and on-going debate in the literature on voting power about wha... more This paper examines a fundamental and on-going debate in the literature on voting power about what constitutes a reasonable measure of a priori voting power. We focus on one of the central axioms or postulates known as local montonicity which says that voting power should be ranked in the same order as the order of voting weights. By examining a general violation of local montonicity under Straffins partial homogeneity approach we show that this postulate lacks convincing justification. However, and somewhat paradoxically, we argue that the previous arguments against local montonicity are flawed, and the intuition behind the postulate is essentially correct. The problem lies with the definition of a prioricity and the nature of the voting game.
The main purpose of the present paper is to disentangle the mix-up of the notions of success and ... more The main purpose of the present paper is to disentangle the mix-up of the notions of success and satisfaction which is prevailing in the voting power literature. We demonstrate that both notions are conceptually distinct, and discuss their relationship and measurement. We show that satisfaction contains success as one component, and that both coincide under the canonical set-up of a simultaneous decision-making mechanism as it is predominant in the voting power literature. However, we provide two examples of sequential decision-making mechanisms in order to illustrate the difference between success and satisfaction. In the context of the discussion of both notions we also address their relationship to different types of luck.
ABSTRACT Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting ... more ABSTRACT Voting power indices are widely applied in political science to measure power in voting bodies. Power is, however, also a very important concept in economics. Of the most known indices it is commonly held that they measure so-called a priori voting power, although in a recent study Felsenthal et al. argue that we should be careful with this statement. This paper considers whether the power indices based on Straffin's partial homogeneity approach should be interpreted as a priori or a posteriori power indices. The idea of fuzzy standards is also introduced.
This paper is about the measurement specific freedoms – the freedom of an agent to undertake some... more This paper is about the measurement specific freedoms – the freedom of an agent to undertake some particular action. In a recent paper, Dowding and van Hees (2003) discuss the need for, and general form of, a ‘freedom function ’ that assigns a value between 0 and 1 to a right or freedom and that describes the expectation that a person may have about being in a position to exercise (‘being free to perform’) that freedom or legal right. An examination of the literature shows that such a measure has never been properly defined. Based on the framework of a game form, I develop a very simple and natural measure of specific freedom that turns out to the conditional variant of ‘success’, a measure that we know from the literature on voting power. Some properties and characteristics of the measure are discussed.
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.
Abstract This paper re-examines the so-called 'chairman's paradox 'that was first not... more Abstract This paper re-examines the so-called 'chairman's paradox 'that was first noticed by Farquharson in his path breaking tract on sophisticated voting, Theory of Voting (1969). The Chairman's paradox is concerned with the case of a three member committee in which a ...
Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch ge... more Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.
Following the decision by the UK government in 1997 to create an elected assembly in Wales, the E... more Following the decision by the UK government in 1997 to create an elected assembly in Wales, the Economic and Social Research Council introduced questions about the perception of national identity in the British Household Panel Survey. Analysis of the first set of this data suggest that the language might have contradictory effects on the perception of Welsh identity. Those whose mother tongue is English reject the view that they are not Welsh, but the self-perception of Welshness amongst the English speakers is stronger in areas, which are also industrial regions, where the Welsh language is virtually extinct. We speculate on the implications of these findings for the electoral fortunes of the National Party of Wales.
The governance structure of the Lebanese Republic is particularly characterized by its confession... more The governance structure of the Lebanese Republic is particularly characterized by its confessional nature guaranteeing a pre-defined representation of Christians and Muslims and its sectarian subgroups in parliament. In this sense, the composition of the parliament is based on the allocation of a specific number of seats to each of the two major religious groups and its sectarian subgroups. However, the ratio being used to assign seats to these sectarian subgroups is still intensively discussed. Recently, Diss and Zouache have addressed some aspects of power in the Lebanese Parliament. Applying the Penrose-Banzhaf and Shapley-Shubik indices, they investigate the relative confessional power distributions under the current seat distribution and a proposal for its amendment and revealed some paradoxical effects. In this paper, we re-examine their results applying the Penrose-Banzhaf measure. Furthermore, we extend their analysis by including the seat distribution from the previous constitution into our analysis and relate our findings to the motivations for the electoral reforms underlying the three studied seat distributions. Additionally, we address the implications of the existing party blocs in the current parliament from a party and confessional perspective. Currently, their existence is put into question in the public and political discussion. With our analysis, we deliver a theoretical foundation for this debate and demonstrate that in terms of parliamentary power the current bloc formation is a priori disadvantageous.
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