Papers by Frank Scrimgeour
We estimate a model of net migration between Regional Councils for three age cohorts to test whet... more We estimate a model of net migration between Regional Councils for three age cohorts to test whether or not there are significant Maori/non-Maori differences. We find little evidence of a statistically significant link between worker mobility and labor market conditions. Only in the case of the youngest individuals (20-24 years of age) do we find a significant wage response, and this wage response does not differ significantly between Maori and non-Maori. Unemployment is no case found to be significantly related to migration. We conclude from this that differences in worker mobility and attendant differences in the propensity to take advantage of spatially dispersed economic opportunities has limited potential for explaining Maori/non-Maori income differentials.
Journal of New Zealand Grasslands
This paper provides a stocktake of the status of hill country farming in New Zealand and addresse... more This paper provides a stocktake of the status of hill country farming in New Zealand and addresses the challenges which will determine its future state and performance. It arises out of the Hill Country Symposium, held in Rotorua, New Zealand, 12-13 April 2016. This paper surveys people, policy, business and change, farming systems for hill country, soil nutrients and the environment, plants for hill country, animals, animal feeding and productivity, and strategies for achieving sustainable outcomes in the hill country. This paper concludes by identifying approaches to: support current and future hill country farmers and service providers, to effectively and efficiently deal with change; link hill farming businesses to effective value chains and new markets to achieve sufficient and stable profitability; reward farmers for the careful management of natural resources on their farm; ensure that new technologies which improve the efficient use of input resources are developed; and stra...
Cogent Economics & Finance
This study examines how, and to what extent the trading of the cross-listed China-backed ADRs on ... more This study examines how, and to what extent the trading of the cross-listed China-backed ADRs on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) contributes to the information flow and price discovery for the corresponding cross-listed stocks on the Shanghai Stock exchange (SSE). Design/methodology/approach: The study utilizes the information share, Granger causality test, Vector error correction model, Permanent-Temporary Gonzalo-Granger (PT/GG) method and Bivariate DCC-EGARCH model to examine the price discovery dynamics across the cross-listed stocks. Findings: The Granger causality tests show that there is two-way transmission on feedback between the Chinese and US markets. The effects from NYSE to SSE are larger than the other way round. The Bivariate DCC-EGARCH model test results indicate the volatility spill over from NYSE is larger from the SSE. Practical implications: Results suggest that in contrast to previous studies that showed very little contribution to price discovery by Chinese ADRs on the NYSE, the present study indicates that the contribution to price-discovery of Chinese ADRs on NYSE has increased
Corporate Governance: The international journal of business in society
Purpose This paper aims to examine the relevance of boards in driving firm level performance. For... more Purpose This paper aims to examine the relevance of boards in driving firm level performance. For this purpose, it considers firms listed on Ireland and Spain stock exchanges for the period 2005 to 2014, over a period that includes the global financial crisis. Design/methodology/approach This study uses panel data regression analysis to analyse the effects of board characteristics on performance and also uses alternate model specifications to test the significance of robustness of relationships. Findings The impact of board size on performance is negative and significant for Irish and Spanish firms for the study period. In general, the board independence has a positive effect on the performance of Spanish firms for the complete study period and suggests consistency with the resource dependency theory. Research limitations/implications The analysis suggests that in general, the non-executive and the board size do not affect the corporate performance of Irish and Spanish firms during ...
Page 1. A Conceptual Framework for an Economic Evaluation of an Ecosystem Approach to Management ... more Page 1. A Conceptual Framework for an Economic Evaluation of an Ecosystem Approach to Management John E. Wagner Valerie A. Luzadis and Donald W. Floyd SUNY - College of Environmental Science and Forestry 320 ...
Their individual shares of global production have been stable but China has emerged as a major pl... more Their individual shares of global production have been stable but China has emerged as a major player and is now the second largest producer. Industry conduct and performance have evolved in response to legislative change, business opportunities and business capabilities. Key developments within the industry have included: enhanced orchard productivity, reduced chemical use, enhanced post harvest productivity, development of the Zespri brand, and development of international marketing strategies. Key decisions have been made by the New Zealand Government, Zespri International and its predecessor, Kiwifruit Growers Incorporated, post harvest operators, and orchardists. Interviews with industry participants identified seven key success factors. The seven critical success factors identified were: industry champions and management conduct; innovation; industry structure; economies of scale and market power; branding, differentiation and strategy; value chain developments; and market research, responsiveness and information dissemination. The kiwifruit industry continues to evolve and faces numerous challenges. Key challenges identified by industry participants are development of future leadership capabilities, continually updating marketing strategies, sustaining government support, and ensuring effective business and scientific research and development activity. Rank Country Volume (mt) Rank Country Volume (mt)
New Zealand’s success in raising agricultural productivity has been accompanied by higher input u... more New Zealand’s success in raising agricultural productivity has been accompanied by higher input use, leading to adverse effects on the environment. Until recently, analysis of farm performance has tended to ignore such negative externalities. The current emphasis on environmental issues has led dairy farmers to target improvements in both environmental performance and productivity. Therefore measuring the environmental performance of farms and integrating this information into farm productivity calculations should assist informed policy decisions which promote sustainable development. However this is a challenging process since conventional environmental efficiency measures are usually based on simple input and output flows but nitrogen discharge is a complex process which depends on climate variability, pasture and cow physiology and geophysical variability. Furthermore the outdoor, pastoral nature of New Zealand farming means that it is difficult to control input and output flows, particularly of nitrogen. Therefore this paper proposes a novel approach to measure environmental and economic efficiency of farms using the Overseer nutrient budget model and a spatially micro-simulated virtual population data. Empirical analysis is based on dairy farms in the Karapiro catchment, where nitrogen discharge from dairy farming is major source of nonpoint pollution.
Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, Mar 1, 2011
New Zealand's success in raising agricultural productivity has been accompanied by higher input u... more New Zealand's success in raising agricultural productivity has been accompanied by higher input use, leading to adverse effects on the environment. Until recently, analysis of farm performance has tended to ignore such negative externalities. The current emphasis on environmental issues has led dairy farmers to target improvements in both environmental performance and productivity. Therefore, measuring the environmental performance of farms and integrating this information into farm productivity calculations should assist in making informed policy decisions which promote sustainable development. However, this is a challenging process since conventional environmental efficiency measures are usually based on simple input and output flows but nitrogen discharge is a complex process affected by climate, pasture composition, cow physiology and geophysical variability. Furthermore, the outdoor pastoral nature of New Zealand farming means that it is difficult to control input and output flows, particularly of nitrogen. We present a novel approach to measure the environmental and economic efficiency of farms, using the Overseer nutrient budget model and spatially micro-simulated virtual population data. The empirical analysis is based on dairy farms in the Karapiro catchment, where nitrogen discharge from dairy farming is a major source of nonpoint pollution.
New Zealand's success in raising agricultural productivity has been accompanied by higher input u... more New Zealand's success in raising agricultural productivity has been accompanied by higher input use, leading to adverse effects on the environment. Until recently, analysis of farm performance has tended to ignore such negative externalities. However the current emphasis on environmental issues has led dairy farmers to target improvements in both environmental performance and productivity. Therefore measuring the environmental performance of farms and integrating this information into farm productivity calculations should assist informed policy decisions which promote sustainable development.
In New Zealand, the Animal Products Act 1999 requires all animal product processing businesses to... more In New Zealand, the Animal Products Act 1999 requires all animal product processing businesses to have a HACCP-based risk management program by the end of 2002. This paper attempts to measure the effects of such regulation on the variable cost of production of the New Zealand seafood industry. Using the framework developed by Antle (2000), a model of quality-adjusted translog cost function is estimated using census of production data from 1929 to 1998. Our results show that variable costs could increase from 2% to 22% or from 2 cents to19 cents per kilogram.
This paper investigates the spectacular and successful growth of New Zealand kiwifruit production... more This paper investigates the spectacular and successful growth of New Zealand kiwifruit production and exports between 1984 and 2009. It explores the evolution, current status, future prospects and challenges facing the industry where more than 90 percent of the output is exported. The study includes a statistical analysis of the production and consumption of kiwifruit in New Zealand and other countries, with a particular focus on Asia. The product life-cycle model is used to examine the pattern of evolution of New Zealand's kiwifruit industry while revealed comparative advantage methodology is used to determine whether New Zealand has a comparative advantage in kiwifruit. Finally, econometric analysis is employed to identify and test the strength of key determinants of kiwifruit exports. Empirical analysis suggests that domestic and trading partner incomes, market size and distance are key determinants of kiwifruit export performance.
2006 Conference August 24 25 2006 Nelson New Zealand, 2006
Nitrogen discharge into the Waikato River has been identified as the primary source of potential ... more Nitrogen discharge into the Waikato River has been identified as the primary source of potential water quality degradation. Rising nitrogen levels in water are attributed to non point source pollution from agricultural activities. Pastoral farming is the predominant agricultural land use in the catchment. Increased nitrogen fertilizer use and higher stocking rates have the potential to increase the nitrogen loading into water. There is a range of best management practices and policies proposed to reduce nitrogen discharge from farming systems. Water quality trading is a policy tool that could improve the cost effectiveness of achieving environmental goals. Economic theory suggests that tradable pollution permit systems encourage polluters to reallocate pollution burdens to take advantage of any differences in marginal abatement costs. This paper develops an analytical frame work to derive nitrogen abatement costs for farms in a Waikato river sub-catchment. Policies and practices are evaluated using a bio-economic model of a typical pastoral farm in the Waikato river sub-catchment. Implications of pollution trading at the farm level are examined using programming simulation models.
The Waikato Innovation Park aims to be a primary driver in positioning Hamilton and the Waikato a... more The Waikato Innovation Park aims to be a primary driver in positioning Hamilton and the Waikato as a globally competitive region, and as a preeminent centre in New Zealand for life science and high-technology industries, as well as knowledge-based economic development. The Waikato region accounts for 8 percent of the New Zealand economy but it has been losing out to other parts of the country. This paper seeks to assess whether establishment and successful management of an innovation park will significantly increase the rate of economic activity in life science and hightechnology industries in the Waikato region. The analysis uses project plans and cost data along with an economic model of the region constructed from data originating with Statistics New Zealand. The regional economy has been categorised into 87 sectors which capture all economic activity along with imports into and exports out of the region. The model provides detailed information on the structure of the regional economy and the regional impact of the Waikato Innovation Park in terms of both input-output and net present value analysis.
2004 Conference February 11 13 2004 Melbourne Australia, 2004
In New Zealand, the Animal Products Act 1999 requires that all animal product primary processing ... more In New Zealand, the Animal Products Act 1999 requires that all animal product primary processing businesses must have a risk management programme (RMP) based on the principles of Hazards Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP). However, due to market access requirements, many primary food exporters have voluntarily adopted HACCP systems for food safety management since the 1990s. This paper studies the process of HACCP/RMP adoption and the transition from voluntary HACCP to mandatory RMP in the New Zealand Meat industry. The main issues explored are plants' motivations, implementation problems, costs and benefits associated with the implementation of HACCP/RMP. The paper concludes with implications for policy design and further research.
This study describes the development of bio economic models examining the economic and water qual... more This study describes the development of bio economic models examining the economic and water quality impact of various proposed policy options in the Upper Waikato catchment. In the first phase nitrogen emissions are determined for representative farming systems using the Overseer nutrient budget model. These model components are integrated into an economic model, which predicts producer responses to various policy
New Zealand Economic Papers, 2001
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Papers by Frank Scrimgeour