Papers by Fernando Lozano
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 2010
To study the characteristics of HIV infection in the gypsy (Roma) population in Spain, as compare... more To study the characteristics of HIV infection in the gypsy (Roma) population in Spain, as compared with those of the Caucasian, non-gypsy majority. Design: Cross-sectional, historical cohort study from the Spanish VACH Cohort. Methods: Patients attending VACH clinics between 1 June 2004 and 30 November 2004 were classified according to their racial and ethnic origin as ''gypsies'', Caucasian non-gypsy Spanish natives (CNGN), and ''other'' (the last being excluded from this study). Their sociodemographic and clinico-epidemiological characteristics were compared, as well as the Kaplan-Meier curves of time to AIDS, or death, or disease progression (either of the 2 outcomes). Results: 4819 (48%) of 10,032 cases included in the VACH database were eligible: 210 (4.2%) were gypsies and 4252 (84.8%) were CNGN. Differences were observed in age, household, academic, inmate, marital, and employment history. Injecting drug use had been the most frequent mechanism of transmission in both groups, but to a greater extent among gypsies (72% versus 50%; Po 0.000). Sex distribution, CD4 cell counts, and viral loads at the first visit were similar in the 2 groups, as was the percentage of patients with previous AIDS, percentage receiving antiretrovirals, and percentage subsequently starting antiretroviral therapy. Up to 1 April 2005, 416 new AIDS cases and 85 deaths were recorded. The percentage of these outcomes did not differ between groups, but log-rank test showed a shorter time to AIDS and disease progression among gypsies.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2011
The Labor Market Value to Legal Status * We present estimates of the effect of legal immigration ... more The Labor Market Value to Legal Status * We present estimates of the effect of legal immigration status on earnings of undocumented workers. Our contribution to the literature centers on a two-step procedure that allows us to first estimate the legal status of an immigrant and then estimate the effect of the Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) on immigrants' labor market outcomes using a triple difference approach. From a sample of young to middle aged Mexican men, our results show that IRCA causes a 20 log point increase in labor market earnings of Mexican immigrants over the long run, and that nearly all of this increase is in the occupational wage. These results suggest that the primary disadvantage for undocumented workers is the type of jobs that they are able to obtain. We estimate the model for immigrants from other countries not benefiting from IRCA to the extent that Mexican immigrants did, and find no systematic bias towards positive and significant results.
The unprecedented political, economic and social collapse of Venezuela became in a massive and un... more The unprecedented political, economic and social collapse of Venezuela became in a massive and unexpected emigration, which was mainly directed to Latin American countries. This article aims to investigate how the processes of incorporation occur within the legal frameworks for migration enforced in Latin American countries. Where some of them rely on normative frameworks of progressive and more consolidated imprint, others experience a transition or stand at a delay stage, but in general, these are countries with little or no experience of receiving immigrants. The evidence analyzed here combines the documentary review of laws, migration policies and ad hoc measures designed to respond to Venezuelan migration, with the results of a qualitative investigation based on more than 200 semi-structured interviews with recent migrants in eleven Latin American countries. The main results point to an array of responses that goes from lack of protection to legal certainty. This gradient goes ...
IZA Institute of Labor Economics Discussion Paper Series, 2012
Are American workers less likely to observe a religious holiday now than they were 30 years ago? ... more Are American workers less likely to observe a religious holiday now than they were 30 years ago? In this paper I use evidence from religious holidays to explore the evolution of market hours' flexibility and religious observance during the last thirty years. To do so, I take advantage of three different sources of exogenous variation: the first is the timing of the Current Population Survey, which allows me to observe data that is collected during different holidays in different years. The second is the timing of the religious holiday, as most are scheduled either with the lunar or the solar calendar. The third is the required observance of the holiday: in some holidays believers are called to abstain from work (Yom Kippur), in other holidays not (Tu b'Shevat), some holidays have been secularized (Saint Patrick's Day), and other holidays not (Good Friday). Additionally, I differentiate between any changes in hours of work during religious holidays across time and changes...
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2009
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2008
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2010
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2012
Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 2018
A growing literature has documented the displacement effects of tougher interior immigration enfo... more A growing literature has documented the displacement effects of tougher interior immigration enforcement measures; yet, we still lack an understanding of where the displaced populations are choosing to relocate. In this paper, we address this question using Arizona as a case study. Specifically, we examine the destinations of Mexican noncitizens leaving Arizona for other states in the union following the adoption of tougher enforcement measures using two different groups of control states: one consisting of all states that had not adopted similar measures and another one derived using the synthetic control method. We find that Mexican non-citizens who migrated from Arizona to other US states went, primarily, to New Mexico and California. Other destination states differed with the control group being used, underscoring the sensitivity of this type of analysis to the choice of control group. Furthermore, the trajectories of Mexican non-citizens leaving Arizona overlapped with those of non-Hispanic natives, hinting on the role that socioeconomic and political factors, in addition to potential complementarities between immigrants and natives, might have played in explaining the destinations of Mexican non-citizens leaving Arizona after 2007.
Espacio Tiempo y Forma. Serie VI, Geografía, 2017
American Economic Review, 2016
We explore differences between Black and White Non-Hispanic workers in the relationship between c... more We explore differences between Black and White Non-Hispanic workers in the relationship between childhood exposure to religious workers and a worker's labor market outcomes thirty years later. We identify this relationship by exploiting two sources of variation: we use changes in the number of religious workers within states, and we use states' differences by following workers who moved to a different state. Our results suggest that a one percent increase in the number of clergy increases the earnings of Black workers by a range from 0.027 to 0.082 percent relative to the increase in the earnings of White workers.
Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 2016
Revista española de las enfermedades del aparato digestivo, 1978
Handbook of Research Methods in Migration, 2012
Nefrología : publicación oficial de la Sociedad Española Nefrologia, Jan 18, 2014
To update the 2010 recommendations on the evaluation and management of renal disease in HIV-infec... more To update the 2010 recommendations on the evaluation and management of renal disease in HIV-infected patients. This document was approved by a panel of experts from the AIDS Working Group (GESIDA) of the Spanish Society of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology (SEIMC), the Spanish Society of Nephrology (S.E.N.), and the Spanish Society of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Pathology (SEQC). The quality of evidence and the level of recommendation were evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. The basic renal work-up should include measurements of serum creatinine, estimated glomerular filtration rate by CKD-EPI, Urine protein-to-creatinine ratio, and urinary sediment. Tubular function tests should include determination of serum phosphate levels and urine dipstick for glucosuria. In the absence of abnormal values, renal screening should be performed annually. In patients treated with tenofovir or with risk factors for c...
Children adopted from abroad are an immigrant group about which little is known. What are the cha... more Children adopted from abroad are an immigrant group about which little is known. What are the characteristics of children who are adopted from abroad and what incentives drive families to adopt them? According to the U.S. Census more than one and a half million children living in the U.S. are adopted, with fifteen percent of them born abroad, and with more than twenty thousand new adopted orphans from abroad entering the country each year. The families of these adopted orphans are mostly white, wealthy, and well educated (see Kossoudji, 2008), yet we know very little about them. In this paper we use the 2000 census to examine to what extent policy changes have shaped the landscape of international adoption. How does policy in other countries and in the United States change the demographic characteristics of the children adopted from abroad and the families that adopt them? Although the paper is preliminary, it appears that U.S. born parents respond to changes in adoption policy abro...
American Economic Review, 2009
Review of Economics of the Household, 2009
Journal of Labor Economics, 2008
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Papers by Fernando Lozano