Papers by Fatma A El-Gohary
Water, 2015
ABSTRACT Water fountains are part of every human settlement, and historical and mythological stor... more ABSTRACT Water fountains are part of every human settlement, and historical and mythological stories. They are the source from which life-sustaining water was distributed to people until piped systems started providing fresh tap water inside buildings. In many places, people visit fountains to experience the freshness of running water, to prepare for prayers, or to make a wish. Fountains have also provided water for the people of cities under siege, and purified OPEN ACCESS
The enhancement of drain water quality by constructed wetland systems has been employed in Egypt.... more The enhancement of drain water quality by constructed wetland systems has been employed in Egypt. In this study the treatment scheme consists of free water surface flow (FWS) followed by foating aquatic plant (FAP) constructed wetlands have been studied. Typha latofolia (cattail) and Water hyacinths plants were used during this study in FWS and FAP, respectively. Effectiveness of the system for the removal of COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia and phosphorus has been investigated extensively. The concentration of COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia and phosphorus was reduced from 115.2, 71.4, 79.4, 4.7 and 1.4 mg/l to 41.8, 13.9, 13.5, 1.8 and 0.5 mg/l, respectively. In most cases the final effluent was complying with the National regulatory standards for treated effluent reuse.
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009
The use of an integrated treatment scheme consisting of wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation... more The use of an integrated treatment scheme consisting of wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation (WHPCO) followed by two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (10 l each) for the treatment of olive mill wastewater was the subject of this study. The diluted wastewater (1:1) was pre-treated using Fenton's reaction. Optimum operating conditions namely, pH, H2O2 dose, Fe+2, COD:H2O2 ratio and Fe+2:H2O2 ratio were determined. The UASB reactor was fed continuously with the pre-treated wastewater. The hydraulic retention time was kept constant at 48 h (24 h for each stage). The conventional parameters such as COD, BOD, TOC, TKN, TP, TSS, oil and grease, and total phenols were determined. The concentrations of polyphenolic compounds in raw wastewater and effluents of each treatment step were measured using HPLC. The results indicated a good quality final effluent. Residual concentrations of individual organic compounds ranged from 0.432 mg l−1 for ρ-hydroxy-benzaldhyde to 3.273 mg l−1 for cinnamic acid.
Bioresource Technology, 2009
The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic trea... more The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic treatment using two treatment schemes. The 1st step in both schemes was an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (2 0 l). The 2nd step was either a hybrid UASB reactor or a classical one (1 0 l, each). The 1st stage was operated at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The organic loading rate (OLR) varied from 3.4 to 4.8 kgCOD/m 3 d depending on the quality of the pretreated wastewater. The results obtained indicated that, the 1st step UASB reactor achieved a COD percentage removal value of 53.9%. Corresponding total BOD 5 and TSS removal were 51.5% and 68.3%, respectively.
Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopo... more Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopotamian Empires in Iraq (ca. 4000-2500 BC), it is not until after ca. 3000 BC that we find evidence of the well organized and operated sewer and drainage systems of the Minoans and Harappans in Crete and the Indus valley, respectively. The Minoans and Indus valley civilizations originally, and the Hellenes and Romans thereafter, are considered pioneers in developing basic sewerage and drainage technologies, with OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2014, 6 3937 emphasis on sanitation in the urban environment. The Hellenes and Romans further developed these techniques and greatly increased the scale of these systems. Although other ancient civilizations also contributed, notably some of the Chinese dynasties, very little progress was made during the Dark ages from ca. 300 AD through to the middle of the 18th century. It was only from 1850 onwards that that modern sewerage was "reborn", but many of the principles grasped by the ancients are still in use today. This paper traces the development of the sewer from those earliest of civilizations through to the present day and beyond. A 6000 year technological history is a powerful validation of the vital contribution of sewers to human history.
Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, Apr 1, 2000
For sustainable wastewater management in developing countries, the implementation of low-cost, si... more For sustainable wastewater management in developing countries, the implementation of low-cost, simple treatment systems should be encouraged. In this study, the performance of three treatment schemes was evaluated. The first step in all schemes was upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB). The post treatment was either Algal Pond (AP). Lemna Pond (LP) or Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC). The results show that the performance of the UASB was satisfactory. Mean COD and BOD removal values were 78% and 85% respectively. The combination of UASB with an AP achieved significant improvement in the microbiological quality of the effluent. The geometric mean of fecal coliform in the effluent was 1.3 x 10(3) MPN/100 ml. Residual COD was 143 mg O2/L. This relatively high value was due to the presence of algae in the AP effluent. The use of the LP as a post treatment achieved better quality effluent. As indicated by the physico-chemical characteristics. However, fecal coliform removal was less by one log as compared to the AP effluent. When the RBC was used as a second stage. COD and BOD removal rates were 47% and 66% respectively. Also complete nitrification took place. Fecal coliform density declined by 5 logs.
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1080 09593330 2011 559276, 2012
Management of wastewater from the vegetable dehydration industry was the subject of this study. A... more Management of wastewater from the vegetable dehydration industry was the subject of this study. A continuous monitoring programme for wastewater was carried out for almost four months. The characterization of the wastewater indicated that the vegetable dehydration wastewater contains moderate concentrations of organics, solids and nutrients. The wastewater was subjected to three different treatment processes, namely aerobic treatment, anaerobic treatment and chemical coagulation-flocculation treatment. For aerobic treatment, the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and total suspended solids (TSS) was accomplished within 5 h, and no further reduction was observed after that, with the steady state COD and BOD5 removal efficiencies being 95% +/- 10% and 97% +/- 8%, respectively. For anaerobic treatment, the removal efficiencies for COD, BOD5 and TSS were 67-81%, 70-86% and 56-69%, respectively at hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 5, 6 and 8 h. Chemical coagulation-flocculation treatment also achieved good results. The COD removal efficiency was 72%, 51% and 75% for ferric chloride (56 g/m3 of wastewater), lime (140 g/m3 of wastewater) and ferric chloride aided with lime (100 g/m3 for ferric chloride and 200 g/m3 for lime), respectively. The corresponding TSS removal values were 92% +/- 17%, 20% +/- 7% and 93% +/- 9%. Based on the available results and the seasonally operated mode of this industry in Egypt, the chemical coagulation-flocculation process is therefore considered to be moste applicable from a technical point of view and for the simplicity of operation and maintenance.
Water, 2015
Water fountains are part of every human settlement, and historical and mythological stories. They... more Water fountains are part of every human settlement, and historical and mythological stories. They are the source from which life-sustaining water was distributed to people until piped systems started providing fresh tap water inside buildings. In many places, people visit fountains to experience the freshness of running water, to prepare for prayers, or to make a wish. Fountains have also provided water for the people of cities under siege, and purified
Environmental Hydrology and Water Management, 2014
The rapid technological progress in the twentieth century created a disdain for the past achievem... more The rapid technological progress in the twentieth century created a disdain for the past achievements. Past water technologies were regarded to be far behind the present ones; signified major advances achieved in the twentieth century. There was a great deal of unresolved problems related to the management principles, such as the decentralization of the processes, the durability of the water projects, the cost effectiveness, and sustainability issues such as protection from floods and droughts. In the developing world, such problems were intensified to an unprecedented degree. Moreover, new problems have arisen such as the contamination of surface and groundwater. Naturally, intensification of unresolved problems led societies to revisit the past and to reinvestigate the successful past achievements. To their surprise, those who attempted this retrospect, based on archaeological, historical, and technical evidence, were impressed by two things: the similarity of principles with present ones and the advanced level of water engineering and management practices in ancient times. Modern-day water technological principles have a foundation dating back 3000–4000 years ago. These achievements include technologies such as dams, wells, cisterns, aqueducts, baths, recreational structures, and even water reuse. These hydraulic works and features also reflect advanced scientific knowledge, which for instance allowed the construction of tunnels from two openings and the transportation of water both by open channels and closed conduits under pressure. Certainly, technological developments were driven by the necessities for efficient use of natural water resources in order to make civilizations more resistant to destructive natural elements, and to improve the standards of life. With respect to the latter, certain civilizations developed an advanced, comfortable, and hygienic lifestyle, as manifested from public and private bathrooms and flushing toilets, which can only be compared to our modern facilities which were reestablished in Europe and North America in the beginning of the last century [5]. The principles and practices in water management of ancient civilizations are not well known as well as other achievements of ancient civilizations, such as poetry, philosophy, science, politics, and visual arts. A lot is to be learned from ancient technologies and practices. Different remnants are available in various parts of the world allowing us to study the development of water technologies through centuries. To put in perspective the ancient water management principles and practices, it is important to examine their relevance to modern times and to harvest some lessons. Furthermore, the relevance of ancient works has to be examined in terms of the evolution of technology, technological advances, homeland security, and management principles. Finally, a comparative assessment of the various technologies among civilizations should be considered.
Water, 2013
The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of aqueduct technologies through the millennia,... more The aim of this paper is to present the evolution of aqueduct technologies through the millennia, from prehistoric to medieval times. These hydraulic works were used by several civilizations to collect water from springs and to transport it to settlements, sanctuaries and other targets. Several civilizations, in China and the Americas, developed water transport systems independently, and brought these to high levels of sophistication. For the Mediterranean civilizations, one of the salient characteristics of cultural development, since the Minoan Era (ca. 3200-1100 BC), is the architectural and hydraulic function of aqueducts used for the water supply in palaces and other settlements. The
Sustainability, 2014
Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopo... more Although there is evidence of surface-based storm drainage systems in early Babylonian and Mesopotamian Empires in Iraq (ca. 4000-2500 BC), it is not until after ca. 3000 BC that we find evidence of the well organized and operated sewer and drainage systems of the Minoans and Harappans in Crete and the Indus valley, respectively. The Minoans and Indus valley civilizations originally, and the Hellenes and Romans thereafter, are considered pioneers in developing basic sewerage and drainage technologies, with OPEN ACCESS Sustainability 2014, 6 3937 emphasis on sanitation in the urban environment. The Hellenes and Romans further developed these techniques and greatly increased the scale of these systems. Although other ancient civilizations also contributed, notably some of the Chinese dynasties, very little progress was made during the Dark ages from ca. 300 AD through to the middle of the 18th century. It was only from 1850 onwards that that modern sewerage was "reborn", but many of the principles grasped by the ancients are still in use today. This paper traces the development of the sewer from those earliest of civilizations through to the present day and beyond. A 6000 year technological history is a powerful validation of the vital contribution of sewers to human history.
The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic trea... more The catalytically oxidized olive mill wastewater (OMW) was subjected to continuous anaerobic treatment
using two treatment schemes. The 1st step in both schemes was an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB) reactor (20l). The 2nd step was either a hybrid UASB reactor or a classical one (10l, each). The
1st stage was operated at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The organic loading rate (OLR)
varied from 3.4 to 4.8 kgCOD/m3 d depending on the quality of the pretreated wastewater. The results
obtained indicated that, the 1st step UASB reactor achieved a COD percentage removal value of 53.9%.
Corresponding total BOD5 and TSS removal were 51.5% and 68.3%, respectively.
The results obtained indicated that the hybrid UASB reactor as a 2nd step produced better quality effluent
as compared to the classical one. This could be attributed to the presence of the packing curtain
sponge with active biomass in the sedimentation part of hybrid UASB reactor which minimizes suspended
solids washout, consequently enhancement of the efficiency of the reactor.
Available data showed that a two stage system consisting of a classical and a hybrid UASB reactor operated
at a total HRT of 48 h and OLR of 2.0 kgCOD/m3 d provided promising results. Removal values of
CODtotal, BOD5 total, TOC, VFA, oil and grease were 83%, 84%, 81%, 93% and 81%, respectively. Based on
the available data, the use of a two stage anaerobic system consisting of a classical UASB reactor followed
by a hybrid UASB as a post-treatment step for catalytically oxidized OMW is recommended.
The use of an integrated treatment scheme consisting of wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation... more The use of an integrated treatment scheme consisting of wet hydrogen peroxide catalytic oxidation
(WHPCO) followed by two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (10 l each) for the treatment
of olive mill wastewater was the subject of this study. The diluted wastewater (1:1) was pre-treated
using Fenton’s reaction. Optimum operating conditions namely, pH, H2O2 dose, Fe+2, COD:H2O2 ratio and
Fe+2:H2O2 ratiowere determined. TheUASB reactorwas fed continuously with the pre-treatedwastewater.
The hydraulic retention timewas kept constant at 48 h (24 h for each stage). The conventional parameters
such as COD, BOD, TOC, TKN, TP, TSS, oil and grease, and total phenolswere determined. The concentrations
of polyphenolic compounds in rawwastewater and effluents of each treatment stepwere measured using
HPLC. The results indicated a good quality final effluent. Residual concentrations of individual organic
compounds ranged from 0.432mgl−1 for -hydroxy-benzaldhyde to 3.273mgl−1 for cinnamic acid.
The enhancement of water quality by constructed wetland systems is increasingly being employed th... more The enhancement of water quality by constructed wetland systems is increasingly being employed throughout the world. For this study two treatment schemes consisting of an Up-flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) reactor followed by either subsurface flow (SSF) or free surface flow (FSF) constructed wetlands have been investigated. The common macrophyte in Egypt Typha latifolia (cattail) was used at a planting density of three rhizomes/m 2. To evaluate the role of plants in the treatment process, an unplanted gravel bed identical to the SSF unit was operated as control. During the study period, the wetlands were fed with the UASB effluent at an organic loading rate ranging from 17.3 to 46.8 kg BOD 5 /ha·d (55.1 to 134.6 kgCOD/ha·d). Effectiveness of the system for the removal of key constituents (COD, BOD, TSS, nutrients and FC) has been investigated. The results showed that, the level of COD tot , and TSS in the final effluent of SSF was lower than that of FWS. Subsurface flow wetland has demonstrated higher overall efficiency than the unplanted control. FC reduction reached 4 log units. Further studies are ongoing to optimize the wetland design under local environmental conditions.
Water Research, 2002
The performance of a rotating biological contactor (RBC) for the post-treatment of the effluent o... more The performance of a rotating biological contactor (RBC) for the post-treatment of the effluent of an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) was the subject of this study. Different hydraulic and organic loading rates have been investigated. The removal efficiencies of COD total , COD suspended , COD colloidal and COD soluble increased at a higher hydraulic retention time (HRT) and a lower influent organic loading rate.
The Environmentalist, 2002
A pre-treatment programme for wastewater from factories, representing three main industrial secto... more A pre-treatment programme for wastewater from factories, representing three main industrial sectors in Egypt, has been developed. The first case study was a factory producing potato-chips. Wastewater discharged from this factory was characterized by high values of BOD, SS and oil and grease (6000 mgO 2 l −1 , 6577 mg l −1 and 119 mg l −1 respectively). Chemical treatment using lime and lime aided by polyelectrolyte achieved good results. Residual values of BOD and SS after treatment were 97 mg l −1 and 49 mg l −1 , respectively. Oil and grease concentrations were reduced by 91 percent. Treatment via activated sludge at a detention time of 4 hrs produced good quality effluent. The second case study was an automobile company, representing the metal finishing industry. Analyses of wastewater samples from the degreasing, phosphating and painting departments, as well as the end-of-pipe effluent were conducted. The end-of-pipe effluent contained high concentrations of oil and grease (366 mg l −1 ), phosphorous (111 mg l −1 ) and zinc (81 mg l −1 ). Chemical treatment of end-of-pipe wastewater using ferric chloride aided by lime, produced high quality effluent. The third sector was the chemical industry. For this purpose a paint factory was selected. Characteristics of raw wastewater varied widely according to the production rate. Average values of COD and BOD were 1950 mg l −1 and 683 mg l −1 . Oil and grease ranged from 63 to 1624 mg l −1 . Chemical treatment using ferric chloride in combination with lime at the optimum operating conditions achieved good results. Residual values after treatment of COD, BOD and oil and grease reached 120, 36 and 8.6 mg l −1 , respectively. An engineering design for each case study has been prepared.
Environmental Technology Letters, 1988
Page 1. Environmental Technology Letters, Vol. 9. pp. 101-108 © Publications Division Selper Ltd.... more Page 1. Environmental Technology Letters, Vol. 9. pp. 101-108 © Publications Division Selper Ltd., 1988 TREATABILITY STUDIES OF TEXTILE WASTEWATER Sohair I. Abo-Elela, Fatma A. El-Gohary, Hamdy I. Ali and R.Sh. Abdel Wahaab*. ...
The Science of The Total Environment, 1987
This paper presents the wastewater management of an industrial complex which produces different p... more This paper presents the wastewater management of an industrial complex which produces different products, i.e. soap, perfume extract, macaroni, jam and juices. A continuous monitoring programme for departmental as well as final effluents was carried out for almost 3 months. Characterization of the composite wastewater from both soap and food processing plants indicated that the waste was highly contaminated with organic compounds as indicated by COD and BOD values. Moreover, effluent from the soap manufacturing plant contains significant concentrations of oil and grease amounting to 563 mg l-1. Soap manufacturing effluent and the combined wastes discharged from the whole industrial complex were subjected to different treatment processes, namely dissolved air flotation, chemical coagulation-sedimentation, and biological treatment via a completely mixed activated sludge process. Although coagulation using alum followed by sedimentation removed 52% of COD, residual values did not comply with the regulatory standards. Biological treatment of the composite combined wastewater significantly removed the organic contaminants in wastewater. Average residual BOD, COD, oil and grease values were 30, 92 and 8.3 mg l-1 respectively. Based on the laboratory results a final process design was developed.
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Papers by Fatma A El-Gohary
using two treatment schemes. The 1st step in both schemes was an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB) reactor (20l). The 2nd step was either a hybrid UASB reactor or a classical one (10l, each). The
1st stage was operated at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The organic loading rate (OLR)
varied from 3.4 to 4.8 kgCOD/m3 d depending on the quality of the pretreated wastewater. The results
obtained indicated that, the 1st step UASB reactor achieved a COD percentage removal value of 53.9%.
Corresponding total BOD5 and TSS removal were 51.5% and 68.3%, respectively.
The results obtained indicated that the hybrid UASB reactor as a 2nd step produced better quality effluent
as compared to the classical one. This could be attributed to the presence of the packing curtain
sponge with active biomass in the sedimentation part of hybrid UASB reactor which minimizes suspended
solids washout, consequently enhancement of the efficiency of the reactor.
Available data showed that a two stage system consisting of a classical and a hybrid UASB reactor operated
at a total HRT of 48 h and OLR of 2.0 kgCOD/m3 d provided promising results. Removal values of
CODtotal, BOD5 total, TOC, VFA, oil and grease were 83%, 84%, 81%, 93% and 81%, respectively. Based on
the available data, the use of a two stage anaerobic system consisting of a classical UASB reactor followed
by a hybrid UASB as a post-treatment step for catalytically oxidized OMW is recommended.
(WHPCO) followed by two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (10 l each) for the treatment
of olive mill wastewater was the subject of this study. The diluted wastewater (1:1) was pre-treated
using Fenton’s reaction. Optimum operating conditions namely, pH, H2O2 dose, Fe+2, COD:H2O2 ratio and
Fe+2:H2O2 ratiowere determined. TheUASB reactorwas fed continuously with the pre-treatedwastewater.
The hydraulic retention timewas kept constant at 48 h (24 h for each stage). The conventional parameters
such as COD, BOD, TOC, TKN, TP, TSS, oil and grease, and total phenolswere determined. The concentrations
of polyphenolic compounds in rawwastewater and effluents of each treatment stepwere measured using
HPLC. The results indicated a good quality final effluent. Residual concentrations of individual organic
compounds ranged from 0.432mgl−1 for -hydroxy-benzaldhyde to 3.273mgl−1 for cinnamic acid.
using two treatment schemes. The 1st step in both schemes was an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket
(UASB) reactor (20l). The 2nd step was either a hybrid UASB reactor or a classical one (10l, each). The
1st stage was operated at constant hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 24 h. The organic loading rate (OLR)
varied from 3.4 to 4.8 kgCOD/m3 d depending on the quality of the pretreated wastewater. The results
obtained indicated that, the 1st step UASB reactor achieved a COD percentage removal value of 53.9%.
Corresponding total BOD5 and TSS removal were 51.5% and 68.3%, respectively.
The results obtained indicated that the hybrid UASB reactor as a 2nd step produced better quality effluent
as compared to the classical one. This could be attributed to the presence of the packing curtain
sponge with active biomass in the sedimentation part of hybrid UASB reactor which minimizes suspended
solids washout, consequently enhancement of the efficiency of the reactor.
Available data showed that a two stage system consisting of a classical and a hybrid UASB reactor operated
at a total HRT of 48 h and OLR of 2.0 kgCOD/m3 d provided promising results. Removal values of
CODtotal, BOD5 total, TOC, VFA, oil and grease were 83%, 84%, 81%, 93% and 81%, respectively. Based on
the available data, the use of a two stage anaerobic system consisting of a classical UASB reactor followed
by a hybrid UASB as a post-treatment step for catalytically oxidized OMW is recommended.
(WHPCO) followed by two-stage upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor (10 l each) for the treatment
of olive mill wastewater was the subject of this study. The diluted wastewater (1:1) was pre-treated
using Fenton’s reaction. Optimum operating conditions namely, pH, H2O2 dose, Fe+2, COD:H2O2 ratio and
Fe+2:H2O2 ratiowere determined. TheUASB reactorwas fed continuously with the pre-treatedwastewater.
The hydraulic retention timewas kept constant at 48 h (24 h for each stage). The conventional parameters
such as COD, BOD, TOC, TKN, TP, TSS, oil and grease, and total phenolswere determined. The concentrations
of polyphenolic compounds in rawwastewater and effluents of each treatment stepwere measured using
HPLC. The results indicated a good quality final effluent. Residual concentrations of individual organic
compounds ranged from 0.432mgl−1 for -hydroxy-benzaldhyde to 3.273mgl−1 for cinnamic acid.
Past water technologies were regarded to be far behind the present ones; signified major
advances achieved in the twentieth century. There was a great deal of unresolved problems related
to the management principles, such as the decentralization of the processes, the durability of the
water projects, the cost effectiveness, and sustainability issues such as protection from floods and
droughts. In the developing world, such problems were intensified to an unprecedented degree.
Moreover, new problems have arisen such as the contamination of surface and groundwater.
Naturally, intensification of unresolved problems led societies to revisit the past and to reinvestigate
the successful past achievements. To their surprise, those who attempted this retrospect,
based on archaeological, historical, and technical evidence, were impressed by two things: the
similarity of principles with present ones and the advanced level of water engineering and management
practices in ancient times.
Modern-day water technological principles have a foundation dating back 3000–4000 years
ago. These achievements include technologies such as dams, wells, cisterns, aqueducts, baths,
recreational structures, and even water reuse. These hydraulic works and features also reflect
advanced scientific knowledge, which for instance allowed the construction of tunnels from
two openings and the transportation of water both by open channels and closed conduits under
pressure. Certainly, technological developments were driven by the necessities for efficient use
of natural water resources in order to make civilizations more resistant to destructive natural
elements, and to improve the standards of life. With respect to the latter, certain civilizations
developed an advanced, comfortable, and hygienic lifestyle, as manifested from public and private
bathrooms and flushing toilets, which can only be compared to our modern facilities which were
reestablished in Europe and North America in the beginning of the last century [5].
The principles and practices in water management of ancient civilizations are not well known
as well as other achievements of ancient civilizations, such as poetry, philosophy, science, politics,
and visual arts. A lot is to be learned from ancient technologies and practices. Different remnants
are available in various parts of the world allowing us to study the development of water
technologies through centuries. To put in perspective the ancient water management principles
and practices, it is important to examine their relevance to modern times and to harvest some
lessons. Furthermore, the relevance of ancient works has to be examined in terms of the evolution
of technology, technological advances, homeland security, and management principles. Finally,
a comparative assessment of the various technologies among civilizations should be considered.