The changing values of the indicators obtained from national labour force surveys provide analyst... more The changing values of the indicators obtained from national labour force surveys provide analysts and planners with valuable information on the fluctuations of the labour market of the country. Labour force surveys in many countries follow the standards established by the International Labour Organization, and, as a result, tend to be similar in various respects. Given these similarities, the procedures used by the statistical organizations of Canada and the European Union are examined in this paper for the development of variance estimates of changes of the labour force indicators in Iran. While the survey in Iran and those in the countries under study have many similarities, they also differ in certain respects, namely, in terms of the periodicity of the survey, the rotation pattern as well as the unit of rotation, and the possible existence of non-response among the primary sampling units. Here, first, the methodologies of Statistics Canada and Eurostat are modified and adapted ...
Economic Alternatives for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction, 2009
This Country Study seeks to identify em ploym ent policies for Yem en that w ould support an am b... more This Country Study seeks to identify em ploym ent policies for Yem en that w ould support an am bitious M DG-based Developm ent Strategy. Based principally on Labour Force and Labour Dem and Surveys, it analyzes Yem en' s labour force, structure of em ploym ent and unem ploym ent, dem and for labour, and hours and w ages. The study show s that the country is caught in a scissors betw een slow econom ic grow th and rapid grow th of the labour force. The result is w idespread underem ploym ent and poverty. W hile Yem en currently enjoys a boon in oil revenues, its econom y rem ains undiversified and suffers from low productivity and incom es. A s a result, the Country Study proposes a four-pronged M DG-oriented G row th, Em ploym ent and Poverty Reduction Strategy that w ould help the country reach the M DG s. This strategy is designed to accelerate econom ic grow th, im prove the em ploym ent intensity of grow th, focus m ore resources on the poor and stim ulate private-sector expansion, particularly in sectors w ith strong potential for grow th and em ploym ent.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology based on Markov chains for fitting longit... more The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology based on Markov chains for fitting longitudinal data with categorical values. The methodology, referred to as infinite-lag Markov models, is a generalisation of the autoregressive Markov models developed in the context of stochastic reservoir theory by Pegram [1] and Raftery [2]. Infinite-lag Markov models have infinite memory and, therefore, can usefully serve to describe processes for which in principle the complete past should be taken into account and not just the recent past. Infinte-lag Markov models are not constrained by the length of the longitudinal sequence obtained from the survey. They can be used to fit longitudinal sequences of any length, possibly with missing values and non-consecutive data points.
Using 2004 data of the Philippines' labour force survey, evaluates the hours of work at all j... more Using 2004 data of the Philippines' labour force survey, evaluates the hours of work at all jobs, hourly pay among time-rated wage and salary workers, informal employment etc., with the aim to quantify a decent-work situation (i.e. acceptable productive employment, social protection, social dialogue, and rights at work).
The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour marke... more The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour market in many countries, especially developing countries, and thus plays a major role in employment creation, production and income generation. In countries with high rates of population growth and/or urbanization, the informal sector tends to absorb most of the growing labour force in the urban areas. Informal sector employment is a necessary survival strategy in countries that lack social safety nets such as unemployment insurance or where wages, especially in the public sector, and pensions are low. In such situations, indicators such as the unemployment rate and time-related underemployment are not sufficient to describe the labour market situation. In other countries, the process of industrial restructuring in the formal sector is seen as leading to a greater decentralization of production through subcontracting to small enterprises, many of which are in the informal sector.
Estimates of world and regional employment and unemployment serve a number of purposes. First, th... more Estimates of world and regional employment and unemployment serve a number of purposes. First, they provide a comprehensive view of the employment situation in the world and its major geographical regions. Its evolution through time may be analysed in conjunction with other economic and social variables to draw conclusions on future trends in various aspects of the global economy, and of regional and national labour markets. Another role of world and regional estimates is the provision of global benchmarks against which the economic and labour market performance of individual countries may be compared and assessed. This aspect should not be underestimated as countries are increasingly in competition for foreign investment and local production of global goods, and information on their relative performance plays a significant role in many trade and financial decisions. Still another aspect of world and regional estimates is their high visibility by the media and their effect on public policy. A single number alone, like “250 million working children”, is sufficient to draw the attention of the world to a major social problem and to invite everyone to do something about it.
... Economically active population estimates and projections (5th edition, revision 2009). by Jam... more ... Economically active population estimates and projections (5th edition, revision 2009). by James Brown, Fiifi Amoako Johnson, Farhad Mehran, Ferdinand Lepper, Christophe Vittorelli. ...
This manual is based on the international standards adopted by the Thirteenth International Confe... more This manual is based on the international standards adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians in October 1982. Its two main objectives are to explain the international concepts and definitions in more detail than in the 1982 conference resolution, and to provide technical guide-lines on the application of international standards for collecting data on the economically active population through household surveys. To make it as self-contained as possible, general methodological issues (such as sampling, questionnaire design, field operations, data processing and data evaluation), with particular focus on surveys of economically active population, are also discussed.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1975
Using a geometric approach, we derive sharp upper and lower bounds on the Gini index of income in... more Using a geometric approach, we derive sharp upper and lower bounds on the Gini index of income inequality based on data which are grouped into intervals and consist of percentages of recipients in each income interval together with the corresponding percentages of income these recipients receive. The proposed method requires neither any assumption regarding the functional form of the underlying distribution function nor the knowledge of the mean income or the limits of the income intervals.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1973
We derive the exact variance of the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) of the mean of a l... more We derive the exact variance of the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) of the mean of a lognormal distribution. We apply our result to compute the efficiency of the sample mean relative to the MVUE.
Partant de la contribution precedente, les auteurs cherchent a verifier si un sous-ensemble de se... more Partant de la contribution precedente, les auteurs cherchent a verifier si un sous-ensemble de sept indicateurs mesurant les deficits de travail decent - «faible remuneration horaire», «duree excessive du travail», «ecart entre le taux d'activite des hommes et celui des femmes», etc. - serait utilisable. Chaque indicateur est presente, illustre par des exemples et discute quant aux conditions a remplir aux fins de comparaison internationale. Les valeurs des sept indicateurs obtenues par chaque pays peuvent etre additionnees pour mesurer son resultat global. Cela permet d'etablir un classement provisoire, a vocation illustrative, sujet aux reserves des auteurs sur la qualite et la comparabilite des donnees nationales
ayuda prestada recopilando las publicaciones de encuestas nacionales de población activa necesari... more ayuda prestada recopilando las publicaciones de encuestas nacionales de población activa necesarias para este artículo.
Four years after the publication of its last detailed global estimates of children's involvement ... more Four years after the publication of its last detailed global estimates of children's involvement in various forms of work, the ILO is now presenting new data, together with an analysis of child labour trends from 2000 to 2004. The estimates are based on an extrapolation of child labour data from 60 national household surveys. Key results are presented according to • form of children's work, • age group, • sector of activity, and • region. New estimates on the unconditional worst forms of child labour, such as children in bonded labour or trafficked children, are not available. Working children. The incidence of children's work in the sense of economic activity declined among all major age groups (see Table 1). About one-sixth of the total child population-i.e. 191 million children aged 5-14 years-was involved in some kind of economic activity in 2004. In total, there were some 20 million fewer working children in this age group than there had been four years earlier. Boys continue to be slightly more exposed to work than girls, especially in the older age groups. Child labour. Child labour, a more restricted category than is "working children", excludes all children working legally in accordance with ILO Conventions Nos. 138 and 182. The global number of child labourers aged 5-17 years declined by 28 million from 246 million in 2000 to 218 million in 2004 (see Table 1). The incidence dropped to an average rate of 13.9 per cent. We note that gender differentials with regard to child labour become more pronounced with increasing age. Significantly more boys than girls are exposed to child labour in the older, 12-to 14-year and 15-to 17-year age groups. Children in hazardous work. The number of children in this worst form of child labour (WFCL) dropped considerably, from an estimated 171 million in 2000 to 126 million in 2004 (see Table 1). The decrease was particularly strong among children in the 5-to 14-year-old age cohort. Boys continue to be more involved in dangerous jobs than girls. Sectoral distribution of working children. Much of children's work is agricultural and rural in nature. We estimate that more than two-thirds (69 per cent) of all working children are involved in agriculture, compared to 22 per cent in services and 9 per cent in industry. 2.1.1 Children's work by age group 2.1.2 Children's work by sex 2.1.3 Children's work by region 2.2 Trends in child labour 12 2.2.1 Child labour by age group 2.2.2 Child labour by sex 2.3 Trends in hazardous work by children 14 2.3.1 Hazardous work by age group 2.3.2 Hazardous work by sex 2.4 Comparative trends in different categories of work by children 15 2.5 Sectoral distribution of children's work 17 3 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 3.1 Children and their distribution by major age group 18 3.2 Working children 19 3.3 Child labour 20 3.4 Hazardous work and other worst forms of child labour 23 4 ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES 4.1 Working children and their regional distribution 26 4.1.1 Global trend estimation of the number of working children 4.1.2 Regional breakdown of the trend 4.1.3 Distribution of working children by sector of economic activity 4.1.4 Evaluation of the results 4.2 Child labour and hazardous work 38 4.2.1 Data sources and methodology 4.2.2 Evaluation Annex 1: Standardization of age groups 45 Annex 2 : Calculation of change of the incidence of working children by sex and age group for 16 sample countries (2000-2004) 48 Annex 3: Hazardous occupations and processes in national legislation 50 Annex 4: Datasets underlying the 2004 global child labour estimates 52 List of tables and charts Table No. Estimates of various forms of children's work, 2000 and 2004 Regional trends in children's work, 2000-2004 (5 to year olds) Global trend (2000-2004) in the number of working children 5-17 years old Regional trends in the number of working children 5-14 years old (2000-2004) Global number of child labourers by major age group, 2000 and 2004 Child labour and its sex distribution, 2004 Children in economic activity, child labour, and hazardous work (by sex and age group), 2004 Minimum ages according to ILO Convention No.138 "Child labour" as defined for the purpose of the 2000 and 2004 global estimates Excess of significant increases over significant declines in the incidence of working children in 17 sample countries (2000-2004) Estimated global change in the incidence of working children (2000-2004) Estimated global incidence of working children (2004) Regional change in the incidence of working children (more matched sample countries are showing significant decreases than increases) Matched-sample calculation of the number of working children in 2004 in three regions by sex and age group ('000) Combining the full-sample logistics estimates and matched sample estimates of working children (aged 5-14 years) by region Comparison of annual change in primary education enrolment (%) and estimates of annual change in working children aged 5-14 years (%) Primary and secondary education, change 1998/99 to 2002/03 (%) Primary school-age children out of school by region, 2001/02 Chart No. Children's activity rate by region, 2004 (5-14 years old) Economically active children in the world (5-14 years old), by region (million) Global trends in children's economic activity by region, 2000 (5 to 14 years old) (million) Global trends in children's activity rate by region, 2000-2004 (5-14 years old) (%) Global trends in child labour by age group and year (million) Global trends in hazardous work by age group and year (million) Children in hazardous work by sex and age group (%) Global trends in child labour by form of work and year (million) Working children ages 5-14 by sector (%) References
1. Introduction. Illustrated manuscripts may be analysed in terms of both their texts and their i... more 1. Introduction. Illustrated manuscripts may be analysed in terms of both their texts and their illustrations. While statistical techniques have long been applied to the textual analysis of manuscripts, e.g., Lebart and Salem (1994), no corresponding pictorial analysis can be found in the art history literature. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the field can benefit from statistical methods. As an example, graphical loglinear models are used to construct the genealogy of illustrated manuscripts based on counts of their common pictorial traits. The method is applied to 9 Persian illustrated manuscripts of the 14th and early 15th centuries, and the results are commented in relation to the current art historic knowledge of these manuscripts. 2. Graphical loglinear models. The aim is to formalize the intuitive notion that, everything else constant, if two or more illustrated manuscripts have a significant number of pictorial traits in common, they are likely to be related to...
Labour accounts provide an orderly manner to compare, reconcile and built-on data from different ... more Labour accounts provide an orderly manner to compare, reconcile and built-on data from different sources. The procedures may in principle be applied to topics other than labour. As part of a research project at the Statistical Research and Training Center of Iran, an attempt was made for the first time to develop labour accounts for Iran for the reference year 1390 (March 2011–February 2012). The procedure is described in the first part of the paper. In the second part, comparative tables for Australia, Denmark and Iran are constructed on each of the three main elements (employment, hours of work and employment-related income). In the process of comparing the data, the differences in the underlying methodologies are reviewed and an assessment is made on the way forward. To date, very few countries have attempted to construct labour accounts. The three countries discussed in this paper represent a diverse set of statistical systems, but have in common, particularly, Iran and Australi...
The changing values of the indicators obtained from national labour force surveys provide analyst... more The changing values of the indicators obtained from national labour force surveys provide analysts and planners with valuable information on the fluctuations of the labour market of the country. Labour force surveys in many countries follow the standards established by the International Labour Organization, and, as a result, tend to be similar in various respects. Given these similarities, the procedures used by the statistical organizations of Canada and the European Union are examined in this paper for the development of variance estimates of changes of the labour force indicators in Iran. While the survey in Iran and those in the countries under study have many similarities, they also differ in certain respects, namely, in terms of the periodicity of the survey, the rotation pattern as well as the unit of rotation, and the possible existence of non-response among the primary sampling units. Here, first, the methodologies of Statistics Canada and Eurostat are modified and adapted ...
Economic Alternatives for Growth, Employment and Poverty Reduction, 2009
This Country Study seeks to identify em ploym ent policies for Yem en that w ould support an am b... more This Country Study seeks to identify em ploym ent policies for Yem en that w ould support an am bitious M DG-based Developm ent Strategy. Based principally on Labour Force and Labour Dem and Surveys, it analyzes Yem en' s labour force, structure of em ploym ent and unem ploym ent, dem and for labour, and hours and w ages. The study show s that the country is caught in a scissors betw een slow econom ic grow th and rapid grow th of the labour force. The result is w idespread underem ploym ent and poverty. W hile Yem en currently enjoys a boon in oil revenues, its econom y rem ains undiversified and suffers from low productivity and incom es. A s a result, the Country Study proposes a four-pronged M DG-oriented G row th, Em ploym ent and Poverty Reduction Strategy that w ould help the country reach the M DG s. This strategy is designed to accelerate econom ic grow th, im prove the em ploym ent intensity of grow th, focus m ore resources on the poor and stim ulate private-sector expansion, particularly in sectors w ith strong potential for grow th and em ploym ent.
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology based on Markov chains for fitting longit... more The purpose of this paper is to introduce a methodology based on Markov chains for fitting longitudinal data with categorical values. The methodology, referred to as infinite-lag Markov models, is a generalisation of the autoregressive Markov models developed in the context of stochastic reservoir theory by Pegram [1] and Raftery [2]. Infinite-lag Markov models have infinite memory and, therefore, can usefully serve to describe processes for which in principle the complete past should be taken into account and not just the recent past. Infinte-lag Markov models are not constrained by the length of the longitudinal sequence obtained from the survey. They can be used to fit longitudinal sequences of any length, possibly with missing values and non-consecutive data points.
Using 2004 data of the Philippines' labour force survey, evaluates the hours of work at all j... more Using 2004 data of the Philippines' labour force survey, evaluates the hours of work at all jobs, hourly pay among time-rated wage and salary workers, informal employment etc., with the aim to quantify a decent-work situation (i.e. acceptable productive employment, social protection, social dialogue, and rights at work).
The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour marke... more The informal sector represents an important part of the economy and certainly of the labour market in many countries, especially developing countries, and thus plays a major role in employment creation, production and income generation. In countries with high rates of population growth and/or urbanization, the informal sector tends to absorb most of the growing labour force in the urban areas. Informal sector employment is a necessary survival strategy in countries that lack social safety nets such as unemployment insurance or where wages, especially in the public sector, and pensions are low. In such situations, indicators such as the unemployment rate and time-related underemployment are not sufficient to describe the labour market situation. In other countries, the process of industrial restructuring in the formal sector is seen as leading to a greater decentralization of production through subcontracting to small enterprises, many of which are in the informal sector.
Estimates of world and regional employment and unemployment serve a number of purposes. First, th... more Estimates of world and regional employment and unemployment serve a number of purposes. First, they provide a comprehensive view of the employment situation in the world and its major geographical regions. Its evolution through time may be analysed in conjunction with other economic and social variables to draw conclusions on future trends in various aspects of the global economy, and of regional and national labour markets. Another role of world and regional estimates is the provision of global benchmarks against which the economic and labour market performance of individual countries may be compared and assessed. This aspect should not be underestimated as countries are increasingly in competition for foreign investment and local production of global goods, and information on their relative performance plays a significant role in many trade and financial decisions. Still another aspect of world and regional estimates is their high visibility by the media and their effect on public policy. A single number alone, like “250 million working children”, is sufficient to draw the attention of the world to a major social problem and to invite everyone to do something about it.
... Economically active population estimates and projections (5th edition, revision 2009). by Jam... more ... Economically active population estimates and projections (5th edition, revision 2009). by James Brown, Fiifi Amoako Johnson, Farhad Mehran, Ferdinand Lepper, Christophe Vittorelli. ...
This manual is based on the international standards adopted by the Thirteenth International Confe... more This manual is based on the international standards adopted by the Thirteenth International Conference of Labour Statisticians in October 1982. Its two main objectives are to explain the international concepts and definitions in more detail than in the 1982 conference resolution, and to provide technical guide-lines on the application of international standards for collecting data on the economically active population through household surveys. To make it as self-contained as possible, general methodological issues (such as sampling, questionnaire design, field operations, data processing and data evaluation), with particular focus on surveys of economically active population, are also discussed.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1975
Using a geometric approach, we derive sharp upper and lower bounds on the Gini index of income in... more Using a geometric approach, we derive sharp upper and lower bounds on the Gini index of income inequality based on data which are grouped into intervals and consist of percentages of recipients in each income interval together with the corresponding percentages of income these recipients receive. The proposed method requires neither any assumption regarding the functional form of the underlying distribution function nor the knowledge of the mean income or the limits of the income intervals.
Journal of the American Statistical Association, 1973
We derive the exact variance of the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) of the mean of a l... more We derive the exact variance of the minimum variance unbiased estimator (MVUE) of the mean of a lognormal distribution. We apply our result to compute the efficiency of the sample mean relative to the MVUE.
Partant de la contribution precedente, les auteurs cherchent a verifier si un sous-ensemble de se... more Partant de la contribution precedente, les auteurs cherchent a verifier si un sous-ensemble de sept indicateurs mesurant les deficits de travail decent - «faible remuneration horaire», «duree excessive du travail», «ecart entre le taux d'activite des hommes et celui des femmes», etc. - serait utilisable. Chaque indicateur est presente, illustre par des exemples et discute quant aux conditions a remplir aux fins de comparaison internationale. Les valeurs des sept indicateurs obtenues par chaque pays peuvent etre additionnees pour mesurer son resultat global. Cela permet d'etablir un classement provisoire, a vocation illustrative, sujet aux reserves des auteurs sur la qualite et la comparabilite des donnees nationales
ayuda prestada recopilando las publicaciones de encuestas nacionales de población activa necesari... more ayuda prestada recopilando las publicaciones de encuestas nacionales de población activa necesarias para este artículo.
Four years after the publication of its last detailed global estimates of children's involvement ... more Four years after the publication of its last detailed global estimates of children's involvement in various forms of work, the ILO is now presenting new data, together with an analysis of child labour trends from 2000 to 2004. The estimates are based on an extrapolation of child labour data from 60 national household surveys. Key results are presented according to • form of children's work, • age group, • sector of activity, and • region. New estimates on the unconditional worst forms of child labour, such as children in bonded labour or trafficked children, are not available. Working children. The incidence of children's work in the sense of economic activity declined among all major age groups (see Table 1). About one-sixth of the total child population-i.e. 191 million children aged 5-14 years-was involved in some kind of economic activity in 2004. In total, there were some 20 million fewer working children in this age group than there had been four years earlier. Boys continue to be slightly more exposed to work than girls, especially in the older age groups. Child labour. Child labour, a more restricted category than is "working children", excludes all children working legally in accordance with ILO Conventions Nos. 138 and 182. The global number of child labourers aged 5-17 years declined by 28 million from 246 million in 2000 to 218 million in 2004 (see Table 1). The incidence dropped to an average rate of 13.9 per cent. We note that gender differentials with regard to child labour become more pronounced with increasing age. Significantly more boys than girls are exposed to child labour in the older, 12-to 14-year and 15-to 17-year age groups. Children in hazardous work. The number of children in this worst form of child labour (WFCL) dropped considerably, from an estimated 171 million in 2000 to 126 million in 2004 (see Table 1). The decrease was particularly strong among children in the 5-to 14-year-old age cohort. Boys continue to be more involved in dangerous jobs than girls. Sectoral distribution of working children. Much of children's work is agricultural and rural in nature. We estimate that more than two-thirds (69 per cent) of all working children are involved in agriculture, compared to 22 per cent in services and 9 per cent in industry. 2.1.1 Children's work by age group 2.1.2 Children's work by sex 2.1.3 Children's work by region 2.2 Trends in child labour 12 2.2.1 Child labour by age group 2.2.2 Child labour by sex 2.3 Trends in hazardous work by children 14 2.3.1 Hazardous work by age group 2.3.2 Hazardous work by sex 2.4 Comparative trends in different categories of work by children 15 2.5 Sectoral distribution of children's work 17 3 GENERAL DEFINITIONS 3.1 Children and their distribution by major age group 18 3.2 Working children 19 3.3 Child labour 20 3.4 Hazardous work and other worst forms of child labour 23 4 ESTIMATION METHODOLOGIES 4.1 Working children and their regional distribution 26 4.1.1 Global trend estimation of the number of working children 4.1.2 Regional breakdown of the trend 4.1.3 Distribution of working children by sector of economic activity 4.1.4 Evaluation of the results 4.2 Child labour and hazardous work 38 4.2.1 Data sources and methodology 4.2.2 Evaluation Annex 1: Standardization of age groups 45 Annex 2 : Calculation of change of the incidence of working children by sex and age group for 16 sample countries (2000-2004) 48 Annex 3: Hazardous occupations and processes in national legislation 50 Annex 4: Datasets underlying the 2004 global child labour estimates 52 List of tables and charts Table No. Estimates of various forms of children's work, 2000 and 2004 Regional trends in children's work, 2000-2004 (5 to year olds) Global trend (2000-2004) in the number of working children 5-17 years old Regional trends in the number of working children 5-14 years old (2000-2004) Global number of child labourers by major age group, 2000 and 2004 Child labour and its sex distribution, 2004 Children in economic activity, child labour, and hazardous work (by sex and age group), 2004 Minimum ages according to ILO Convention No.138 "Child labour" as defined for the purpose of the 2000 and 2004 global estimates Excess of significant increases over significant declines in the incidence of working children in 17 sample countries (2000-2004) Estimated global change in the incidence of working children (2000-2004) Estimated global incidence of working children (2004) Regional change in the incidence of working children (more matched sample countries are showing significant decreases than increases) Matched-sample calculation of the number of working children in 2004 in three regions by sex and age group ('000) Combining the full-sample logistics estimates and matched sample estimates of working children (aged 5-14 years) by region Comparison of annual change in primary education enrolment (%) and estimates of annual change in working children aged 5-14 years (%) Primary and secondary education, change 1998/99 to 2002/03 (%) Primary school-age children out of school by region, 2001/02 Chart No. Children's activity rate by region, 2004 (5-14 years old) Economically active children in the world (5-14 years old), by region (million) Global trends in children's economic activity by region, 2000 (5 to 14 years old) (million) Global trends in children's activity rate by region, 2000-2004 (5-14 years old) (%) Global trends in child labour by age group and year (million) Global trends in hazardous work by age group and year (million) Children in hazardous work by sex and age group (%) Global trends in child labour by form of work and year (million) Working children ages 5-14 by sector (%) References
1. Introduction. Illustrated manuscripts may be analysed in terms of both their texts and their i... more 1. Introduction. Illustrated manuscripts may be analysed in terms of both their texts and their illustrations. While statistical techniques have long been applied to the textual analysis of manuscripts, e.g., Lebart and Salem (1994), no corresponding pictorial analysis can be found in the art history literature. The purpose of this paper is to suggest that the field can benefit from statistical methods. As an example, graphical loglinear models are used to construct the genealogy of illustrated manuscripts based on counts of their common pictorial traits. The method is applied to 9 Persian illustrated manuscripts of the 14th and early 15th centuries, and the results are commented in relation to the current art historic knowledge of these manuscripts. 2. Graphical loglinear models. The aim is to formalize the intuitive notion that, everything else constant, if two or more illustrated manuscripts have a significant number of pictorial traits in common, they are likely to be related to...
Labour accounts provide an orderly manner to compare, reconcile and built-on data from different ... more Labour accounts provide an orderly manner to compare, reconcile and built-on data from different sources. The procedures may in principle be applied to topics other than labour. As part of a research project at the Statistical Research and Training Center of Iran, an attempt was made for the first time to develop labour accounts for Iran for the reference year 1390 (March 2011–February 2012). The procedure is described in the first part of the paper. In the second part, comparative tables for Australia, Denmark and Iran are constructed on each of the three main elements (employment, hours of work and employment-related income). In the process of comparing the data, the differences in the underlying methodologies are reviewed and an assessment is made on the way forward. To date, very few countries have attempted to construct labour accounts. The three countries discussed in this paper represent a diverse set of statistical systems, but have in common, particularly, Iran and Australi...
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