Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting
... Much research focused specifically on the SA construct is needed to create such a list ... an... more ... Much research focused specifically on the SA construct is needed to create such a list ... an inclusive look at all of the pilot's SA requirements, thus providing a global measure of ... In addition to providing a means of evaluating design and training concepts, SAGAT may become quite ...
Background: Situation Awareness(SA) is a crucial factor in effective decision-making, especially ... more Background: Situation Awareness(SA) is a crucial factor in effective decision-making, especially in the dynamic flight environment. Consequently, an understanding of the types of SA errors that occur in this environment is beneficial. Methods: This study uses reports from the ...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2014
ABSTRACT Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) has become part of the standard tool set of cognitive engi... more ABSTRACT Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) has become part of the standard tool set of cognitive engineering. CTAs are routinely used to understand the cognitive and collaborative demands that contribute to performance problems, the basis of expertise, as well as the opportunities to improve performance through new forms of training, user interfaces, or decision aids. While the need to conduct CTAs has become well established, there is little in the way of available guidance with respect to ‘best practice’ for how to conduct a CTA or how to evaluate the quality of a CTA that has been conducted by others. This is an important gap as the range of consumers of CTAs is expanding to include program managers and regulators who may need to make decisions based on CTA findings. This panel brings together some of the leaders in development and application of CTA methods to address the question: Given the variety of methods available, and the lack of rigid guidance on how to perform a CTA, how does one judge the quality of a CTA?” The goal of the panel is to explore points of consensus with respect to ‘best practice’ in conducting and evaluating a CTA, in spite of differences in particular CTA methods, as well as to draw insights from unique and provocative perspectives.
The overall objective of this exploratory study was to investigate how varying collaboration tech... more The overall objective of this exploratory study was to investigate how varying collaboration techniques would differentially influence team communication processes and task performance. Participants, as part of two-member teams, coordinated their efforts to perform three collaborative planning tasks using one of three collaboration techniques (face-to-face, voice telephone, instant messenger). Overall, results revealed that collaboration using instant messenger took significantly longer
Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2015
ABSTRACT A response is provided to the many authors who commented on my initial paper for this sp... more ABSTRACT A response is provided to the many authors who commented on my initial paper for this special issue on situation awareness (SA) addressing remaining questions and observations on the Endsley 1995 model of SA. A discussion on historical perspectives on cognitive engineering and SA is included, along with future research needs for the construct. New models on sensemaking, distributed SA, and situated SA are also discussed, with remaining comments on their differences with the Endsley 1995 model of SA. Finally, a short discussion of SA measurement approaches is provided, addressing key issues raised in the commentaries.
Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation
The use of three-dimensional auditory technology that provides localization of auditory cues pres... more The use of three-dimensional auditory technology that provides localization of auditory cues presented through headphones is proposed as a means of providing supplemental information to pilots on the spatial orientation of an aircraft. This technique shows promise for reducing accidents due to spatial disorientation associated with high visual load. A study was conducted using United States Air Force pilots as subjects to determine desirable¿ cue characteristics for accurately localizing auditory cues using this technique. The study examined the use of 9 different cue types at each of 2 frequency levels. It was found that the accuracy of subjects' localization of cues in elevation was greatly enhanced by the use of multidimensional cues that provided redundant elevation information through varying frequencies and distance from the horizon cues in addition to the inherent spatial location information. Trade-offs in azimuth localization accuracy and response time were noted, howev...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2000
The concept of a mental model is well ensconced in the human factors literature. Mental models ar... more The concept of a mental model is well ensconced in the human factors literature. Mental models are used to explain a wide variety of human behavior and designers are directed to design to fit the mental model of the user. Its real utility in practical application remains beyond our ...
Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2015
Situation awareness (SA) has become a widely used construct within the human factors community, t... more Situation awareness (SA) has become a widely used construct within the human factors community, the focus of considerable research over the past 25 years. This research has been used to drive the development of advanced information displays, the design of automated systems, information fusion algorithms, and new training approaches for improving SA in individuals and teams. In recent years, a number of papers criticized the Endsley model of SA on various grounds. I review those criticisms here and show them to be based on misunderstandings of the model. I also review several new models of SA, including situated SA, distributed SA, and sensemaking, in light of this discussion and show how they compare to existing models of SA in individuals and teams.
Proceedings of the 15th European conference on Cognitive ergonomics the ergonomics of cool interaction - ECCE '08, 2008
Motivation -To investigate ways to support humanautomation teams with real-world, imperfect autom... more Motivation -To investigate ways to support humanautomation teams with real-world, imperfect automation where many system failures are the result of systematic failure. Research approach -An experimental approach was used to investigate how variance in agent reliability may influence human's trust and subsequent reliance on agent's decision aids. Sixty command and control (C2) teams, each consisting of a human operator and two cognitive agents, were asked to detect and respond to battlefield threats in six ten-minute scenarios. At the end of each scenario, participants completed the SAGAT queries, followed by the NASA TLX queries. Findings/Design -Results revealed that teams with experienced human operators accepted significantly less inappropriate recommendations from agents than teams with inexperienced operators. More importantly, the knowledge of agent's reliability and the ratio of unreliable tasks have significant effects on human's trust, as manifested in both team performance and human operators' rectification of inappropriate recommendations from agents. Originality/Value -It represents an important step toward uncovering the nature of human trust in humanagent collaboration.
In future Army operations, soldiers may be required to remotely operate multiple robotic vehicles... more In future Army operations, soldiers may be required to remotely operate multiple robotic vehicles and participate in collaborative tasks with these systems. The ability to acquire and maintain situation awareness in tasking and controlling robots will be critical to human-robot interaction. Understanding the critical information requirements for robotics tasks will be important, particularly when operators must work with multiple systems across aerial and ground platforms, and must perform under what will likely be varying levels of system autonomy. Here, we examine SA needs in the context of a collaborative military task involving deployment of a single UAV that is coordinating with multiple UGVs to identify "safe lanes" for advancing troops. Cognitive task analysis was conducted for the task, along with an examination of potential function allocations that may require operator multi-tasking and frequent task switching. Issues in developing and maintaining situation awareness are discussed.
Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting
... Much research focused specifically on the SA construct is needed to create such a list ... an... more ... Much research focused specifically on the SA construct is needed to create such a list ... an inclusive look at all of the pilot's SA requirements, thus providing a global measure of ... In addition to providing a means of evaluating design and training concepts, SAGAT may become quite ...
Background: Situation Awareness(SA) is a crucial factor in effective decision-making, especially ... more Background: Situation Awareness(SA) is a crucial factor in effective decision-making, especially in the dynamic flight environment. Consequently, an understanding of the types of SA errors that occur in this environment is beneficial. Methods: This study uses reports from the ...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2014
ABSTRACT Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) has become part of the standard tool set of cognitive engi... more ABSTRACT Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) has become part of the standard tool set of cognitive engineering. CTAs are routinely used to understand the cognitive and collaborative demands that contribute to performance problems, the basis of expertise, as well as the opportunities to improve performance through new forms of training, user interfaces, or decision aids. While the need to conduct CTAs has become well established, there is little in the way of available guidance with respect to ‘best practice’ for how to conduct a CTA or how to evaluate the quality of a CTA that has been conducted by others. This is an important gap as the range of consumers of CTAs is expanding to include program managers and regulators who may need to make decisions based on CTA findings. This panel brings together some of the leaders in development and application of CTA methods to address the question: Given the variety of methods available, and the lack of rigid guidance on how to perform a CTA, how does one judge the quality of a CTA?” The goal of the panel is to explore points of consensus with respect to ‘best practice’ in conducting and evaluating a CTA, in spite of differences in particular CTA methods, as well as to draw insights from unique and provocative perspectives.
The overall objective of this exploratory study was to investigate how varying collaboration tech... more The overall objective of this exploratory study was to investigate how varying collaboration techniques would differentially influence team communication processes and task performance. Participants, as part of two-member teams, coordinated their efforts to perform three collaborative planning tasks using one of three collaboration techniques (face-to-face, voice telephone, instant messenger). Overall, results revealed that collaboration using instant messenger took significantly longer
Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2015
ABSTRACT A response is provided to the many authors who commented on my initial paper for this sp... more ABSTRACT A response is provided to the many authors who commented on my initial paper for this special issue on situation awareness (SA) addressing remaining questions and observations on the Endsley 1995 model of SA. A discussion on historical perspectives on cognitive engineering and SA is included, along with future research needs for the construct. New models on sensemaking, distributed SA, and situated SA are also discussed, with remaining comments on their differences with the Endsley 1995 model of SA. Finally, a short discussion of SA measurement approaches is provided, addressing key issues raised in the commentaries.
Journal of vestibular research : equilibrium & orientation
The use of three-dimensional auditory technology that provides localization of auditory cues pres... more The use of three-dimensional auditory technology that provides localization of auditory cues presented through headphones is proposed as a means of providing supplemental information to pilots on the spatial orientation of an aircraft. This technique shows promise for reducing accidents due to spatial disorientation associated with high visual load. A study was conducted using United States Air Force pilots as subjects to determine desirable¿ cue characteristics for accurately localizing auditory cues using this technique. The study examined the use of 9 different cue types at each of 2 frequency levels. It was found that the accuracy of subjects' localization of cues in elevation was greatly enhanced by the use of multidimensional cues that provided redundant elevation information through varying frequencies and distance from the horizon cues in addition to the inherent spatial location information. Trade-offs in azimuth localization accuracy and response time were noted, howev...
Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 2000
The concept of a mental model is well ensconced in the human factors literature. Mental models ar... more The concept of a mental model is well ensconced in the human factors literature. Mental models are used to explain a wide variety of human behavior and designers are directed to design to fit the mental model of the user. Its real utility in practical application remains beyond our ...
Journal of Cognitive Engineering and Decision Making, 2015
Situation awareness (SA) has become a widely used construct within the human factors community, t... more Situation awareness (SA) has become a widely used construct within the human factors community, the focus of considerable research over the past 25 years. This research has been used to drive the development of advanced information displays, the design of automated systems, information fusion algorithms, and new training approaches for improving SA in individuals and teams. In recent years, a number of papers criticized the Endsley model of SA on various grounds. I review those criticisms here and show them to be based on misunderstandings of the model. I also review several new models of SA, including situated SA, distributed SA, and sensemaking, in light of this discussion and show how they compare to existing models of SA in individuals and teams.
Proceedings of the 15th European conference on Cognitive ergonomics the ergonomics of cool interaction - ECCE '08, 2008
Motivation -To investigate ways to support humanautomation teams with real-world, imperfect autom... more Motivation -To investigate ways to support humanautomation teams with real-world, imperfect automation where many system failures are the result of systematic failure. Research approach -An experimental approach was used to investigate how variance in agent reliability may influence human's trust and subsequent reliance on agent's decision aids. Sixty command and control (C2) teams, each consisting of a human operator and two cognitive agents, were asked to detect and respond to battlefield threats in six ten-minute scenarios. At the end of each scenario, participants completed the SAGAT queries, followed by the NASA TLX queries. Findings/Design -Results revealed that teams with experienced human operators accepted significantly less inappropriate recommendations from agents than teams with inexperienced operators. More importantly, the knowledge of agent's reliability and the ratio of unreliable tasks have significant effects on human's trust, as manifested in both team performance and human operators' rectification of inappropriate recommendations from agents. Originality/Value -It represents an important step toward uncovering the nature of human trust in humanagent collaboration.
In future Army operations, soldiers may be required to remotely operate multiple robotic vehicles... more In future Army operations, soldiers may be required to remotely operate multiple robotic vehicles and participate in collaborative tasks with these systems. The ability to acquire and maintain situation awareness in tasking and controlling robots will be critical to human-robot interaction. Understanding the critical information requirements for robotics tasks will be important, particularly when operators must work with multiple systems across aerial and ground platforms, and must perform under what will likely be varying levels of system autonomy. Here, we examine SA needs in the context of a collaborative military task involving deployment of a single UAV that is coordinating with multiple UGVs to identify "safe lanes" for advancing troops. Cognitive task analysis was conducted for the task, along with an examination of potential function allocations that may require operator multi-tasking and frequent task switching. Issues in developing and maintaining situation awareness are discussed.
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Papers by M. Endsley