Papers by Endamana Dominique
The aim of this paper is to determine the characteristics and preferences of cocoa farmers in the... more The aim of this paper is to determine the characteristics and preferences of cocoa farmers in the humid forest zone of Cameroon who are actively diversifying their cocoa agroforests by planting Dacryodes edulis. A survey conducted amongst 300 farmers revealed that about 80 percent of them grow Dacryodes edulis in cocoa agroforests. More than half of them have completed primary school, half belong to farmer associations and only 10 percent have contact with extension services. This demonstrates the independent initiative of farmers to grow Dacryodes edulis and underlines the importance of capturing their knowledge and experience in integrating this fruit tree into cocoa agroforests. The number of cocoa agroforests per farmer decreases as one moves from a more forested area to one where pressure on land is greater. Dacryodes edulis is frequently associated with other planted fruit trees. However, in areas of higher land pressure it is often also planted together with other tree specie...
Despite persistent efforts by Central African governments and the international community to redu... more Despite persistent efforts by Central African governments and the international community to reduce poverty in rural areas, local and indigenous populations are still very poor. Triggered by continuous poverty and failures of policymakers and economic operators to bring about meaningful developmental changes in their lives, a cross section of indigenous and local populations is increasingly questioning the motives of conservation49 and development initiatives (Pullin et al., 2001). This is catalyzed by the paradox that even though Central Africa is so rich in terms of natural resources, its population remains very poor and this is manifested in the absence of socioeconomic and health infrastructure especially in rural communities, despite the presence of numerous conservation and development projects (CEFDHAC, 2007).
Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 2018
Reliable data on the contribution of forests to the livelihoods of households in the Congo Basin ... more Reliable data on the contribution of forests to the livelihoods of households in the Congo Basin are not always readily available to governments and decision-makers. This paper assesses the value of forest resources on livelihoods in Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Gabon, Central Africa Republic and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Data were collected using the Forest Poverty Linkages Toolkit, between 2012 and 2014 on stratified samples of 616 Bantu and indigenous people's households in 15 villages. The study reveals that forest resources account for 48% to 63% of the total revenue of rural households. In Bantu households, estimates of the gross income from the forest per capita/day range from $US 0.18 to $US 1.3. This value is about double that received by indigenous people except in Congo. Non-cash income is about twice as high as cash income. On average, cash income reaches only about 23% of the World Bank $1.25 a day income level for chronic poverty. However, non-cash income-about twice as high as cash incomemitigates these profound poverty levels to some extent. The paper concludes by considering the importance of the findings for policy-making in Central Africa and the Congo Basin, and more widely. It is suggested that much more data of this kind is need to shape appropriate approaches to sustainable forest management, with a better understanding of the economic security and the livelihood resilience of the chronic poor increasingly kept in mind.
Tropical Conservation Science, 2010
An integrated framework for assessing conservation and development changes at the scale of a larg... more An integrated framework for assessing conservation and development changes at the scale of a large forest landscape in the Congo Basin is described. The framework allows stakeholders to assess progress in achieving the often conflicting objectives of alleviating poverty and conserving global environmental values. The study shows that there was little change in either livelihood or conservation indicators over the period 2006 to 2008, and that the activities of conservation organizations had only modest impacts on either. The global economic down-turn in 2008 had immediate negative consequences for both local livelihoods and for biodiversity as people lost their employment in the cash economy and reverted to illegal harvesting of forest products. Weakness of institutions, and corruption were the major obstacles to achieving either conservation or development objectives. External economic changes had more impact on this forest landscape than either the negative or positive interventio...
International Forestry Review, 2016
This paper evaluates the contribution of NTFPs to cash and non-cash income of local communities w... more This paper evaluates the contribution of NTFPs to cash and non-cash income of local communities within the jointly managed Sangha Tri-National and Dja-Odzala-Minkébé Tri-National forest landscapes that lie between Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Gabon and the Central African Republic in Central Africa. Data were collected from respectively 172 and 158 Bantu and IP households by applying the Poverty-Forests Linkages Toolkit method. Ten species of NTFPs that are important sources of cash and non-cash income for the study groups were recorded. More than 45% and 55% of Bantu and IP incomes are respectively derived from NTFPs. NTFPs contribute higher to non-cash income for the Bantu and IP in Cameroon and CAR but contribute more to cash income in Congo. Bantu communities get higher total incomes from NTFPs than IP. In all groups, Bushmeat is the most important income generating NTFP. These results could contribute to resource allocation for implementation of long-term development plans in Central Africa, for instance programmes for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. Keyswords: cash-income, Central Africa, household, non-cash income, NTFP Contribution des produits forestiers non-ligneux aux revenus monétaires et non-monétaire des communautés forestières d'Afrique centrale D. ENDAMANA, K.A. ANGU, G.N AKWAH, G. SHEPHERD et B.C. NTUMWEL Le présent article évalue la contribution des produits forestiers non ligneux (PFNLs) aux revenus monétaires et non-monétaires des communautés riveraines des paysages de la Tri-National de la Sangha et la Tri-National Dja-Odzala-Minkébé, situés entre le Cameroun, le Congo, le Gabon et la République Centrafricaine (RCA), en Afrique centrale. Les données ont été collectées dans 172 ménages Bantu et 158 ménages des peuples autochtones (PA) par l'application de la boîte à outil forêt-pauvreté. Dix espèces de PFNLs importantes sources de revenu monétaire et non-monétaire des riverains ont été enregistrées. Les PFNLs contribuent respectivement au revenu de plus de 45% et 55% des ménages Bantu et PA. Au Cameroun et en RCA, les PFNL contribuent plus au revenu non-monétaire des ménages Bantus et PA. Par contre, ils contribuent plus au revenu monétaire des ménages au Congo. Les Bantus génèrent plus de revenu total que les PA. La viande de brousse est le PFNL qui génère le plus de revenu pour les Bantu et PA. Ces résultats pourront contribuer à guider la répartition des ressources dans le cadre de la mise en oeuvre des mécanismes de développement en Afrique centrale à l'instar du programme de réduction des émissions dues à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts. Contribución de los productos forestales no leñosos a las rentas monetarias y no monetaria comunidades forestales de África central D. ENDAMANA, K.A. ANGU, G.N AKWAH, G. SHEPHERD y B.C. NTUMWEL El artículo presente evalúa la contribución de los productos forestales no leñosos (PFNLs) en las rentas monetarias y no monetarias de las comunidades ribereñas de los paisajes de Selección-Nacional de Sangha y Selección-National Dja-Odzala-Minkébé, situadas entre Camerún, el Congo, Gabón y la República Centroafricana (RCA), en África central. Los datos han sido recolectados en 172 gobiernos de la casa Bantu y 158 gobiernos de la casa de los pueblos autóctonos (PA) por la aplicación de le cojea a herramienta bosque-pobreza. Diez especies de PFNLs que importan para la renta monetaria y no monetaria de los ribereños han sido registradas. PFNLs contribuyen respectivamente a la renta de más del 45 % y el 55 % de los gobiernos de la casa Bantu y EL PA. En Camerún y en RCA, PFNL contribuyen más a la renta no monetaria de los gobiernos de la casa Bantus y PA. En cambio, ellos contribuyen más a la renta monetaria de los gobiernos de la casa en el Congo. Bantus generan más renta total que PA. La carne de selva es PFNL que genera la más renta para Bantu y PA. Estos resultados podrán contribuir a guiar la repartición de los recursos en el ámbito de la puesta en marcha de los mecanismos de desarrollo en África central a semejanza del programa de reducción de las emisiones debidas a desforestación y a la degradación de los bosques.
International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 2015
ABSTRACT
The Extractive Industries and Society, 2015
Please cite this article in press as: Weng, L., et al., Asian investment at artisanal and small-s... more Please cite this article in press as: Weng, L., et al., Asian investment at artisanal and small-scale mines in rural Cameroon. Extr. Ind. Soc.
Les sociétés ruraLes et Les pratiques d'utiLisation muLtipLe des terres : perception des projets ... more Les sociétés ruraLes et Les pratiques d'utiLisation muLtipLe des terres : perception des projets de conservation et de déveLoppement dans Le cadre des systèmes d'utiLisation muLtipLe des terres en afrique centraLe
This paper aims at analyzing fuel consumption in households of forest zones, and at showing the p... more This paper aims at analyzing fuel consumption in households of forest zones, and at showing the place of fuelwood as a source of energy in the region. The study is carried out in Cameroon and it is based on a survey done in 1996. A sample of 400 households from Yaounde, Mbalmayo and Ebolowa was used. The results obtained confirm the importance of fuelwood, in its different forms, as a source of energy in urban areas. This importance is higher in less urbanized town, while the spatial repartition of the others sources of energy (kerosene, gas) is reversed. Finally, the econometric analysis, using of Engel's curves allowed the elasticity of income to be assessed, showing a negative link between income levels and fuelwood consumption.
Over-hunting of bushmeat species is one of the largest threats to tropical forest ecosystems in C... more Over-hunting of bushmeat species is one of the largest threats to tropical forest ecosystems in Central Africa. Yet subsistence hunting is also an important activity for the livelihoods of hunter-gatherer and forest-dwelling communities in Central Africa, not only providing an important source of protein and income to families but also forming part of the cultural identity. The bushmeat trade across West and Central Africa has recently been estimated to be worth as much as USD 200 million a year. However, when hunting becomes commercialized or intensified, wildlife populations suffer, and dramatic population declines, and even local extirpations, of large-bodied species have been reported in heavily hunted areas. One of the most widely discussed approaches to increasing the sustainability of hunting is the provision of alternative protein and income-generating sources (or 'alternative livelihoods') to communities that are otherwise dependent on bushmeat for food and/or incom...
International Forestry Review, 2012
The forests of SE Cameroon lie within the Sangha tri-national landscape (TNS), a priority area fo... more The forests of SE Cameroon lie within the Sangha tri-national landscape (TNS), a priority area for biodiversity conservation under the Congo Basin Forest Partnership. A monitoring program showed minimal changes in conservation and local livelihoods indicators from 2006 to 2008. Following the global financial crisis in late 2008 global demand for timber decreased and this led to suspension of logging activities and lay-offs of staff by logging companies; both biodiversity and livelihood indicators deteriorated. The unemployed workers lost their incomes, experienced declining living standards and reverted to poaching and slash and burn agriculture. Pygmies were no longer able to obtain employment in Bantu agricultural plots, sell forest products to logging company employees or sell bushmeat to passing logging trucks. These global economic forces had greater impact on livelihoods and the environment than local interventions by conservation organizations. Livelihood indicators improved in 2010 and 2011 when the economy picked-up but those for environmental values did not recover as rapidly.
Forests, Trees and Livelihoods, 2002
ABSTRACT Dacryodes edulis, or safou, is a fruit tree native to Central Africa and the Gulf of Gui... more ABSTRACT Dacryodes edulis, or safou, is a fruit tree native to Central Africa and the Gulf of Guinea region. It is usually present in agroforestry systems in the region, particularly in homegardens and cocoa and coffee agroforests. It plays an important role in household consumption and the surplus is sold on the rural and urban market. A lack of attention by research and extension services means that there is neither scientific knowledge nor official recommendations for its management in agroforestry systems. The attempt to introduce it into forest fallows in Côte d'Ivoire is a good example of industrial involvement in the development of agroforestry and the expansion of tree production in West Africa. Drawing on experience from Cameroon, Nigeria and Côte d'Ivoire, this paper presents indigenous management techniques and emerging opportunities to promote safou in West and Central African agroforestry systems for food security, income generation and rehabilitation of the environment.
nitiated more than two decades ago through forest legislations and policy reforms in Cameroon, co... more nitiated more than two decades ago through forest legislations and policy reforms in Cameroon, community forestry has experienced mixed opportunities partly due to its evolution. After humble beginnings, it is now better established due to a review of the legal framework. With the demand for environmental standards, it attempts to align with the green economy. In Cameroon, the reforms aimed, among other objectives, at implementing a forestry based on people
Agricultural Water Management, 2007
Water is the major limiting factor for farming, forestry, and animal husbandry in the semiarid Lo... more Water is the major limiting factor for farming, forestry, and animal husbandry in the semiarid Loess region of northwest China. Water is also the key factor for environmental improvement in that region. Limited and erratic precipitation often results in low crop yields or grain failure as well as serious land degradation (Li et al., 1995). Since 1993, rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology have been promoted by research and development agencies in Gansu Province, located within the semiarid region of northwest China, to alleviate water shortages and increase the water available for crops to stabilize agricultural production (Zhao, 1996; Li et al., 1999). As an integrated technological system (Li et al., 1999), rainwater harvesting and supplementary irrigation technology
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Papers by Endamana Dominique