Objective: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme extracted from the pineapple plant (Anana... more Objective: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme extracted from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus. L), which has various activities, including as an immunomodulator. Microencapsulation of bromelain is a process by which a layer surrounds bromelain to produce microcapsules to increase its activity. This research intends to see the effect of bromelain microcapsule formulation on total leukocytes count, leukocyte percentage, and the levels of TNF-α in male white mice exposed to the H5N1 Vaccine. Methods: Experimental animals were divided into three groups, specifically a negative control group given Na CMC 0.5%, the comparison group given 200 mg/kgBW bromelain enzyme, and the test group given 200 mg/kgBW bromelain microcapsules for seven days orally. On the eighth day, the total amount and the percentage of leukocytes and the levels of TNF-α were counted. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05). Results: The study showed that the ad...
Objective: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is one of the herbs used in ethnomedic... more Objective: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is one of the herbs used in ethnomedicines as an immunostimulant during the COVID-19 pandemic. This present study aims to discover the potential toxicity effect of pegagan embun extract through sub-acute administration on the SGPT and SGOT levels of Wistar white male rats. Methods: Thirty-six test animals were divided into four groups: the control group was given Na CMC 0.5%, and the treatment groups were treated with ethanol extract of pegagan embun at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kgBW. All groups were treated orally for 7, 14, and 21 d once daily. On the 8th, 15th, and 22nd day, the SGPT and SGOT of the test animal level were measured. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05). Results: The study revealed that administration of pegagan embun extract did not cause any harmful effect on the liver but significantly decreased the level of SGPT and SGOT influenced by the variety ...
A peptic ulcer is an inflammation of the stomach wall that can cause wounds in the gastric mucosa... more A peptic ulcer is an inflammation of the stomach wall that can cause wounds in the gastric mucosa. Consumption of aspirin over therapeutic doses can cause injury to the stomach. Propolis is known to have an effect to protect stomach damage. This study aims to find out the effect of propolis on male white mice-induced peptic ulcers. A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 experimental groups. The first group was negative control, the second group was positive control (aspirin 350 mg/kg bodyweight for 5 days), the third group was given propolis 500 mg/kg bodyweight for 7 days, and the last group was given propolis then induced with aspirin. The preparations were administered orally. After the treatment, mice were sacrificed to obtain gastric tissue. The tissue was observed macroscopically and microscopically. The data were analyzed descriptively using the average of gastric ulcer index and histopathological analysis. Based on the results of the study, the administration of propolis followed by aspirin has a gastroprotective effect with an average ulcer index of 1, compared to the aspirin group with an ulcer index of 2.5. It can be concluded that the administration of propolis at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has a protective effect against male white mice gastric ulcers induced by aspirin.
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimul... more Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, it can increase the activity and capacity of mice macrophage phagocytosis at optimum dose of 200 mg/kgbw. Aim: This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of pegagan embun on TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups, one group as control was given 0.5% Na CMC suspension, three groups were given pegagan embun extract at a dose of 10 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8 th day, all mice were induced with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously, then left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and then TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types were determined. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (significance was taken at p<0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. Results: The results showed that pegagan embun extract significantly reduce TNF-α levels and total macrophages, also significantly increase total leukocytes and percentage of leukocyte types in mice (p<0.05). Significant increases and decreases occurred on average at doses of 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that pegagan embun extract have immunomodulatory activity.
West Sumatra is one of the largest ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) producing provinces in Indon... more West Sumatra is one of the largest ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) producing provinces in Indonesia. The amount of ginger production in West Sumatra is increasing from year to year. In 2018 the total production of ginger in West Sumatra was estimated at 3,177,549 tons and in 2019 it increased to 4,508,462 tons. Ginger is one of the spice plants in Indonesia which is quite popularly used as traditional medicine. Ginger has a distinctive spicy taste, so it is quite often used as a drink to warm the body (to reject the wind). Nowadays, apart from white ginger which is generally consumed by the public, it turns out that there is another type of ginger which has more properties and a stronger spicy taste, namely red ginger (Zingiber officinale). Red ginger is predicted to be able to inhibit the infection process of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in human host cells and is predicted to be a good oral drug drink. Sudanese people who regularly drink red ginger do not get the flu / COVID-19 and in p...
PPUPIK Mooghurt is a business unit that is part of the Entrepreneurship Unit of the Student Assoc... more PPUPIK Mooghurt is a business unit that is part of the Entrepreneurship Unit of the Student Association majoring in Biology, FMIPA UNP. To improve the performance of the PPUPIK Mooghurt business unit, a more reliable marketing strategy is needed. The purpose of PKM PPUPIK Mooghurt: to find out the marketing capability of the KWU HMJ Biology FMIPA UNP unit team and offer solutions to their problems. The marketing ability of the PPUPIK Mooghurt team in general has not been satisfactory, so solutions are given to carry out training and socialize mooghurt products to the public. The results obtained were an increase in marketing capabilities for the PPUPIK Mooghurt team, and the product became better known in the community because teachers were also able to disseminate information to their students.
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many... more Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. Aims: This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun as an anti-inflammatory using the granuloma pouch method. Methods: This experiment used 25 male white mice and were divided into five groups, namely, the positive control group, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract group with concentration 0.5%; 1%; 2%, and the comparison group that given Kaltrofen® gel containing 2.5% ketoprofen. Experimental animals were given carrageenan 2% to induced the inflammation subcutaneously. The dosage form was given as much as 0.2 g topically for four days once a day. Results: Based on the results of one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan's test, there were significant differences in exudate volume and total leukocytes (p<0.05) in the positive control group, extract with concentration 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and the comparator. While the percentage of leukocyte cells showed that they were not significantly different (p>0.05), the number of neutrophil cells decreased. Conclusion: From the overall data obtained, it can be concluded that the extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. at concentration 0.5 %; 1%; 2%, has an anti-inflammatory effect.
The apparatus used in this study were measuring cylinder (Pyrex), erlenmeyer (Pyrex), gavage need... more The apparatus used in this study were measuring cylinder (Pyrex), erlenmeyer (Pyrex), gavage needle (Terumo), rotary evaporator (Ika), filter paper (Whatman), analitical balance (Ohaus), microscope (Olympus), TLC plate (Merck), centrifuge, WBC pipette (Assistant), mice cage, and surgical scissors.
During this time, Moringa leaves are widely used traditionally, including treating conjunctivitis... more During this time, Moringa leaves are widely used traditionally, including treating conjunctivitis, coughing, diarrhea, eye and ear infections, fever, swollen glands, scabies, sore throat, respiratory disorders, asthma, blackheads, and tuberculosis 6. Considering its use is quite broad-spectrum, ABSTRACT Aim: This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5% CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8 th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test. Results: The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, inclu... more Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, including as a blood booster. This study aims to determine the activity of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) on the formation of red blood cells. The parameters include the number of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values in anemic male white mice induced by chloramphenicol 130 mg/kg for 14 days. Methods: Anemic mice consisted of 4 groups, namely the first group was given physiological NaCl, the second, third, and fourth groups were given ethanol extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) at a dose of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kgper oral every day, for 14 days. Observations were made on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Results: The results showed that administration of pegagan embun extracts at a dose of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kgto anemic male white mice significantly increase the number of erythrocyte cells, the number of reticulocytes, the hemoglobin levels, and the hematocrit values (p <0.05). Increasing the dose and duration of pegagan embun extract administration could provide a more significant increase in the hematopoietic parameters (p <0.05). Conclusion:It can be concluded that the extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) can be used to treat anemia in male white mice.
Background: Indonesian pharmacy schools are expected to meet required clinical pharmacy component... more Background: Indonesian pharmacy schools are expected to meet required clinical pharmacy components and the proportion of practical courses according to nationally established standards. This is essential to produce competent Indonesian pharmacists. The implementation of Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory Tract Diseases, and Special Conditions Practice was one of the measures taken to meet this requirement. This case study aims to explore obstacles in Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory Tract Diseases, and Special Conditions Practice. Case discussion: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory Tract Diseases, and Special Conditions (FAF 314) Practice was conducted using group case study with SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) worksheet. During the sixth week of practice, a modified OSCE was conducted to assess the learning process. The skills that were assessed included problem identification, problem-solving, drug information service, eff...
Indonesia is an island country located in the equatorial zone and known as a country that has nat... more Indonesia is an island country located in the equatorial zone and known as a country that has natural wealth with a lot of diversity of plants. With the richness of this plant, it supports the development of new drugs from plants. Various types of plants have been widely used for generations to prevent and treat diseases, including cancer treatment. One cancer drug obtained from plants is vinblastine obtained from Vinca rosea, podophyllin obtained from the plant roots of Podophyllum peltatum, and paclitaxel that brought from the skin of the pine tree Taxus breviflora1.
The materials used were pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.), distilled water (Andeska... more The materials used were pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.), distilled water (Andeska Laboratory), 70% ethanol (Andeska Laboratory),
Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conduc... more Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1%; 0.5%; 1%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase of blood gluc... more Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase of blood glucose levels. Macrovascular and microvascular complication of T2DM can increase the risk of death in patient. SNP rs11196205 Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene has been associated with T2DM in several regions like Iceland, Denmark, United State and Thailand. SNP rs11196205 is characterized by polymorphism at position 113.047.288 from nucleotide Guanine to Cytosine. Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polimerase Chain Reaction (ARMS PCR) is a method that can be used to detect mutation or polymorphism in a DNA. The aim of this research was to design a specific primer to detect SNP rs11196205 TCF7L2 gene using ARMS PCR. Design of study was a descriptive study to determine the specific primer. The method of the research includes DNA isolation, primer design using Geneious software, amplification of targeted area using ARMS PCR, and DNA sequencing method for bioinformatic study. Based on the research, four primers to detect SNP rs11196205 TCF7L2 gene have been successfully constructed. The primers were rs11196205-F, rs11196205-R, rs11196205-F(C) as a specific primer for C allele, and rs11196205-R(G) to detect G allele, the reaction produced 3 fragments of 856bp, 559bp, and 339bp.
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria that influence human health. Staphylococcus aur... more Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria that influence human health. Staphylococcus aureus becomes a more serious problem if it is resistant to methicillin. This phenomenon is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to elucidate the chemical compounds, antioxidant activity and efficacy of Aloe vera (AV), Apium graveolens (AG), Sauropus androgynus (SA) extracts and its combinations against MRSA. All the herbs were extracted and determined its antioxidant constituent and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity using a standard laboratory procedure. The MRSA isolates were tested against AV, AG, SA extracts and its combinations using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Further exploration was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse the MRSA membrane after the treatment with 10,000× of magnification. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test. The result showed that AG extract has the highest phytochemical screening and antimicrobial effects compared to the other single extract (AV and SA), even though, it has the lowest DPPH scavenging activity. The extract combinations did not consistently increase phytochemical content, antimicrobial effect, and DPPH scavenging activity of the herb extracts. However, one mg/mL of dose of herbal extracts and its combinations could be used as the minimum dose to inhibit colonisation of MRSA in vitro. Further, SEM examination showed that 1 mg/mL of dose destructed the MRSA membrane rigidity which was proved by non-uniformity of bacterial cell architecture. This in vitro study indicated that AV, AG and SA extracts and its combinations can utilize as the therapy against MRSA.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high glucose levels because of the lack of i... more Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high glucose levels because of the lack of insulin hormone in the body. Prevalence of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with the variant of the TCF7L2 gene polymorphism, or SNP. The purpose of this study was to construct a specific primer to amplify the TCF7L2 gene fragment and their capabilities to detect the targeted area. This research was a descriptive study that design the primers using Geneious software version 5.4.7. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology FMIPA Universitas Negeri Padang. Based on this research, a 10qF forward primer (NG_012631.1) and 10qR reverse primers (NG_012631.1) has successfully designed. The primers can amplify the targeted area of the TCF7L2 gene with 1208 bp length. The amplified gene region has many variants that are strictly related to the appearance of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
Objective: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme extracted from the pineapple plant (Anana... more Objective: Bromelain is a sulfhydryl proteolytic enzyme extracted from the pineapple plant (Ananas comosus. L), which has various activities, including as an immunomodulator. Microencapsulation of bromelain is a process by which a layer surrounds bromelain to produce microcapsules to increase its activity. This research intends to see the effect of bromelain microcapsule formulation on total leukocytes count, leukocyte percentage, and the levels of TNF-α in male white mice exposed to the H5N1 Vaccine. Methods: Experimental animals were divided into three groups, specifically a negative control group given Na CMC 0.5%, the comparison group given 200 mg/kgBW bromelain enzyme, and the test group given 200 mg/kgBW bromelain microcapsules for seven days orally. On the eighth day, the total amount and the percentage of leukocytes and the levels of TNF-α were counted. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05). Results: The study showed that the ad...
Objective: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is one of the herbs used in ethnomedic... more Objective: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is one of the herbs used in ethnomedicines as an immunostimulant during the COVID-19 pandemic. This present study aims to discover the potential toxicity effect of pegagan embun extract through sub-acute administration on the SGPT and SGOT levels of Wistar white male rats. Methods: Thirty-six test animals were divided into four groups: the control group was given Na CMC 0.5%, and the treatment groups were treated with ethanol extract of pegagan embun at doses of 7, 35, and 150 mg/kgBW. All groups were treated orally for 7, 14, and 21 d once daily. On the 8th, 15th, and 22nd day, the SGPT and SGOT of the test animal level were measured. The data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA followed by Duncan’s multiple range test (p<0.05). Results: The study revealed that administration of pegagan embun extract did not cause any harmful effect on the liver but significantly decreased the level of SGPT and SGOT influenced by the variety ...
A peptic ulcer is an inflammation of the stomach wall that can cause wounds in the gastric mucosa... more A peptic ulcer is an inflammation of the stomach wall that can cause wounds in the gastric mucosa. Consumption of aspirin over therapeutic doses can cause injury to the stomach. Propolis is known to have an effect to protect stomach damage. This study aims to find out the effect of propolis on male white mice-induced peptic ulcers. A total of 20 mice were divided into 4 experimental groups. The first group was negative control, the second group was positive control (aspirin 350 mg/kg bodyweight for 5 days), the third group was given propolis 500 mg/kg bodyweight for 7 days, and the last group was given propolis then induced with aspirin. The preparations were administered orally. After the treatment, mice were sacrificed to obtain gastric tissue. The tissue was observed macroscopically and microscopically. The data were analyzed descriptively using the average of gastric ulcer index and histopathological analysis. Based on the results of the study, the administration of propolis followed by aspirin has a gastroprotective effect with an average ulcer index of 1, compared to the aspirin group with an ulcer index of 2.5. It can be concluded that the administration of propolis at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight has a protective effect against male white mice gastric ulcers induced by aspirin.
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimul... more Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) has been known to have immunostimulatory activity, it can increase the activity and capacity of mice macrophage phagocytosis at optimum dose of 200 mg/kgbw. Aim: This study aims to determine the activity of the ethanol extract of pegagan embun on TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types. Methods: Mice were divided into four groups, one group as control was given 0.5% Na CMC suspension, three groups were given pegagan embun extract at a dose of 10 mg/kgbw, 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw orally for 7 days. On the 8 th day, all mice were induced with 0.3 mL H5N1 vaccine subcutaneously, then left for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the mice were sacrificed and then TNF-α levels, total macrophages, total leukocytes, and percentage of leukocytes types were determined. The research data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA (significance was taken at p<0.05) and continued with the Duncan test. Results: The results showed that pegagan embun extract significantly reduce TNF-α levels and total macrophages, also significantly increase total leukocytes and percentage of leukocyte types in mice (p<0.05). Significant increases and decreases occurred on average at doses of 50 mg/kgbw and 200 mg/kgbw. Conclusion: Based on these results, it can be concluded that pegagan embun extract have immunomodulatory activity.
West Sumatra is one of the largest ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) producing provinces in Indon... more West Sumatra is one of the largest ginger (Zingiber Officinale Rosc) producing provinces in Indonesia. The amount of ginger production in West Sumatra is increasing from year to year. In 2018 the total production of ginger in West Sumatra was estimated at 3,177,549 tons and in 2019 it increased to 4,508,462 tons. Ginger is one of the spice plants in Indonesia which is quite popularly used as traditional medicine. Ginger has a distinctive spicy taste, so it is quite often used as a drink to warm the body (to reject the wind). Nowadays, apart from white ginger which is generally consumed by the public, it turns out that there is another type of ginger which has more properties and a stronger spicy taste, namely red ginger (Zingiber officinale). Red ginger is predicted to be able to inhibit the infection process of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in human host cells and is predicted to be a good oral drug drink. Sudanese people who regularly drink red ginger do not get the flu / COVID-19 and in p...
PPUPIK Mooghurt is a business unit that is part of the Entrepreneurship Unit of the Student Assoc... more PPUPIK Mooghurt is a business unit that is part of the Entrepreneurship Unit of the Student Association majoring in Biology, FMIPA UNP. To improve the performance of the PPUPIK Mooghurt business unit, a more reliable marketing strategy is needed. The purpose of PKM PPUPIK Mooghurt: to find out the marketing capability of the KWU HMJ Biology FMIPA UNP unit team and offer solutions to their problems. The marketing ability of the PPUPIK Mooghurt team in general has not been satisfactory, so solutions are given to carry out training and socialize mooghurt products to the public. The results obtained were an increase in marketing capabilities for the PPUPIK Mooghurt team, and the product became better known in the community because teachers were also able to disseminate information to their students.
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many... more Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.) is traditionally known to have many benefits, including anti-inflammatory. Aims: This study aimed to determine the activity of ethanol extract of Pegagan Embun as an anti-inflammatory using the granuloma pouch method. Methods: This experiment used 25 male white mice and were divided into five groups, namely, the positive control group, Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. extract group with concentration 0.5%; 1%; 2%, and the comparison group that given Kaltrofen® gel containing 2.5% ketoprofen. Experimental animals were given carrageenan 2% to induced the inflammation subcutaneously. The dosage form was given as much as 0.2 g topically for four days once a day. Results: Based on the results of one-way ANOVA analysis and Duncan's test, there were significant differences in exudate volume and total leukocytes (p<0.05) in the positive control group, extract with concentration 0.5%, 1%, 2%, and the comparator. While the percentage of leukocyte cells showed that they were not significantly different (p>0.05), the number of neutrophil cells decreased. Conclusion: From the overall data obtained, it can be concluded that the extract of Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. at concentration 0.5 %; 1%; 2%, has an anti-inflammatory effect.
The apparatus used in this study were measuring cylinder (Pyrex), erlenmeyer (Pyrex), gavage need... more The apparatus used in this study were measuring cylinder (Pyrex), erlenmeyer (Pyrex), gavage needle (Terumo), rotary evaporator (Ika), filter paper (Whatman), analitical balance (Ohaus), microscope (Olympus), TLC plate (Merck), centrifuge, WBC pipette (Assistant), mice cage, and surgical scissors.
During this time, Moringa leaves are widely used traditionally, including treating conjunctivitis... more During this time, Moringa leaves are widely used traditionally, including treating conjunctivitis, coughing, diarrhea, eye and ear infections, fever, swollen glands, scabies, sore throat, respiratory disorders, asthma, blackheads, and tuberculosis 6. Considering its use is quite broad-spectrum, ABSTRACT Aim: This study aims to determine the activity, capacity of macrophage phagocytosis, and percentage of leukocyte cells of male mice treated with the ethanol extract of moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera Lam). Methods: Twenty male mice were divided into four equal groups. The extract was administered orally for seven days at a dose of 10; 30; 100 mg/kg; and 0.5% CMC Na suspension as a negative control. On the 8 th day, the percentage of blood cell leukocytes in mice tail was calculated using a microscope. Suspension of Staphylococcus aureus was injected intraperitoneally. The peritoneal fluid was taken to figure the activity and capacity of macrophage cell phagocytosis. The activity and capacity of macrophage cells are calculated using a microscope. The data were statistically analyzed by the one-way variance analysis (ANOVA) method and Duncan test. Results: The results showed that giving oral ethanol extract of Moringa leaves on male could increase macrophage activity and capacity, increasing dose, macrophage activity number, and capacity increased. The highest activity and capacity was achieved at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Moringa leaf extract can also increase the percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophil cells and decrease the percentage of neutrophil cell segments and monocytes from male white mice. The highest percentage of banded neutrophil, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and reductions in the percentage of neutrophil cell segments, monocytes present at doses of 100 mg/kg. Conclusion: From the result, it can conclude that ethaol extract of Moringa Leaf can increase the activity and capacity of macrophages and percentage of neutrophils.
Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, inclu... more Introduction: Pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) is known to have many benefits, including as a blood booster. This study aims to determine the activity of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) on the formation of red blood cells. The parameters include the number of erythrocytes, reticulocytes, hemoglobin levels, and hematocrit values in anemic male white mice induced by chloramphenicol 130 mg/kg for 14 days. Methods: Anemic mice consisted of 4 groups, namely the first group was given physiological NaCl, the second, third, and fourth groups were given ethanol extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) at a dose of 10, 50 and 100 mg/kgper oral every day, for 14 days. Observations were made on days 0, 14, 21, and 28. Results: The results showed that administration of pegagan embun extracts at a dose of 10, 50, and 100 mg/kgto anemic male white mice significantly increase the number of erythrocyte cells, the number of reticulocytes, the hemoglobin levels, and the hematocrit values (p <0.05). Increasing the dose and duration of pegagan embun extract administration could provide a more significant increase in the hematopoietic parameters (p <0.05). Conclusion:It can be concluded that the extract of pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides L.) can be used to treat anemia in male white mice.
Background: Indonesian pharmacy schools are expected to meet required clinical pharmacy component... more Background: Indonesian pharmacy schools are expected to meet required clinical pharmacy components and the proportion of practical courses according to nationally established standards. This is essential to produce competent Indonesian pharmacists. The implementation of Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory Tract Diseases, and Special Conditions Practice was one of the measures taken to meet this requirement. This case study aims to explore obstacles in Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory Tract Diseases, and Special Conditions Practice. Case discussion: Pharmacotherapy of Gastrointestinal, Respiratory Tract Diseases, and Special Conditions (FAF 314) Practice was conducted using group case study with SOAP (subjective, objective, assessment, plan) worksheet. During the sixth week of practice, a modified OSCE was conducted to assess the learning process. The skills that were assessed included problem identification, problem-solving, drug information service, eff...
Indonesia is an island country located in the equatorial zone and known as a country that has nat... more Indonesia is an island country located in the equatorial zone and known as a country that has natural wealth with a lot of diversity of plants. With the richness of this plant, it supports the development of new drugs from plants. Various types of plants have been widely used for generations to prevent and treat diseases, including cancer treatment. One cancer drug obtained from plants is vinblastine obtained from Vinca rosea, podophyllin obtained from the plant roots of Podophyllum peltatum, and paclitaxel that brought from the skin of the pine tree Taxus breviflora1.
The materials used were pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.), distilled water (Andeska... more The materials used were pegagan embun (Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam.), distilled water (Andeska Laboratory), 70% ethanol (Andeska Laboratory),
Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conduc... more Introduction: Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme found in pineapple plants. Aim: This study conducted to determine the activity of bromelain enzyme as an anti-inflammatory using the Granuloma Pouch method. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into five groups, namely the positive control group, the bromelain concentration group of 0.1%; 0.5%; 1%, and the comparison group. Experimental animals induced carrageenan 2% subcutaneously. The dosage form is given topically for 2, 4, and 6 days. The observation was made by measuring the volume of edema, the total number, and the percentage of leukocyte cells on days 2, 4, and 6. Results: The observation results of a positive control group, bromelain concentration 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%, and the comparators, there was a significant decrease for the volume of exudate on days 2, 4, and 6 (p<0.05). The average total number of leukocytes also decreased significantly (p<0.05) in the positive control, the bromelain, and comparison group in day 2, 4, and 6. At the same time, the mean leucocyte percentage had no effect (p>0.05). Conclusion: From the results of the study, it was concluded that the bromelain enzyme at concentration 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% have an anti-inflammatory effect by suppressing the volume of exudate, and the total number of leucocyte.
Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase of blood gluc... more Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease characterized by an increase of blood glucose levels. Macrovascular and microvascular complication of T2DM can increase the risk of death in patient. SNP rs11196205 Transcription Factor 7 Like 2 (TCF7L2) gene has been associated with T2DM in several regions like Iceland, Denmark, United State and Thailand. SNP rs11196205 is characterized by polymorphism at position 113.047.288 from nucleotide Guanine to Cytosine. Amplification Refractory Mutation System Polimerase Chain Reaction (ARMS PCR) is a method that can be used to detect mutation or polymorphism in a DNA. The aim of this research was to design a specific primer to detect SNP rs11196205 TCF7L2 gene using ARMS PCR. Design of study was a descriptive study to determine the specific primer. The method of the research includes DNA isolation, primer design using Geneious software, amplification of targeted area using ARMS PCR, and DNA sequencing method for bioinformatic study. Based on the research, four primers to detect SNP rs11196205 TCF7L2 gene have been successfully constructed. The primers were rs11196205-F, rs11196205-R, rs11196205-F(C) as a specific primer for C allele, and rs11196205-R(G) to detect G allele, the reaction produced 3 fragments of 856bp, 559bp, and 339bp.
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria that influence human health. Staphylococcus aur... more Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacteria that influence human health. Staphylococcus aureus becomes a more serious problem if it is resistant to methicillin. This phenomenon is known as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). This study aimed to elucidate the chemical compounds, antioxidant activity and efficacy of Aloe vera (AV), Apium graveolens (AG), Sauropus androgynus (SA) extracts and its combinations against MRSA. All the herbs were extracted and determined its antioxidant constituent and 2,2-diphenyl-1picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity using a standard laboratory procedure. The MRSA isolates were tested against AV, AG, SA extracts and its combinations using disc diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) test. Further exploration was conducted using scanning electron microscope (SEM) to analyse the MRSA membrane after the treatment with 10,000× of magnification. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc test. The result showed that AG extract has the highest phytochemical screening and antimicrobial effects compared to the other single extract (AV and SA), even though, it has the lowest DPPH scavenging activity. The extract combinations did not consistently increase phytochemical content, antimicrobial effect, and DPPH scavenging activity of the herb extracts. However, one mg/mL of dose of herbal extracts and its combinations could be used as the minimum dose to inhibit colonisation of MRSA in vitro. Further, SEM examination showed that 1 mg/mL of dose destructed the MRSA membrane rigidity which was proved by non-uniformity of bacterial cell architecture. This in vitro study indicated that AV, AG and SA extracts and its combinations can utilize as the therapy against MRSA.
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high glucose levels because of the lack of i... more Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease characterized by high glucose levels because of the lack of insulin hormone in the body. Prevalence of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus is associated with the variant of the TCF7L2 gene polymorphism, or SNP. The purpose of this study was to construct a specific primer to amplify the TCF7L2 gene fragment and their capabilities to detect the targeted area. This research was a descriptive study that design the primers using Geneious software version 5.4.7. The study was conducted at the Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology FMIPA Universitas Negeri Padang. Based on this research, a 10qF forward primer (NG_012631.1) and 10qR reverse primers (NG_012631.1) has successfully designed. The primers can amplify the targeted area of the TCF7L2 gene with 1208 bp length. The amplified gene region has many variants that are strictly related to the appearance of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.
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