In the late 1960s, the first Tehran Master Plan (TMP) was envisioned by a constellation of local ... more In the late 1960s, the first Tehran Master Plan (TMP) was envisioned by a constellation of local and foreign experts. The TMP, which has been extensively studied, is usually credited to big-name planner and architect Victor Gruen. Scholars have neglected the contributions of local professionals in shaping the plan. Many depict the TMP as the product of Cold War geopolitics and a scheme directly exported to Tehran to facilitate top-down modernization promoted by the pro-American Shah. This popular narrative flattens the complexity of transnational urbanism and obscures the transformative role performed by locals therein. Through archival studies and conducting interviews with local planners involved in the TMP, this paper aims to discover the complex nexus between national and international actors and unravel how Iranian planners collaborated with foreign counterparts to negotiate Tehran's urban problems and project the future of the city. This paper argues that Gruen served as a figurehead to validate the formation of the first planning document for Tehran by young local planners who had their own planning agenda. The conclusion argues that the transnationalism of planning practices in Iran grew out of an attempt to institutionalize a modern planning regime compatible with global standards while nurturing local experts.
International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 2022
In 1966, the government-sponsored Plan Organization commissioned the first Tehran Master Plan (TM... more In 1966, the government-sponsored Plan Organization commissioned the first Tehran Master Plan (TMP), setting the stage for the Iranian capital’s extensive transformation and its spatial and social re-structuring. In the process, Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian, an Iranian architect, collaborated with Victor Gruen Associates of the United States to implement lessons from Gruen’s urban model, the ‘Cellular Metropolis of Tomorrow’, in a reorganization of the socio-spatial structure of Tehran. After a three-year study of the city’s socio-economic and physical organization, the planners proposed decentralization of the congested old city centre and the development of new ‘modern’ centres of activity along a rapid transit line extending westward. This article engages with ongoing discourses on inclusive cities and reflects upon the segregating effects of boundary-edges to argue that the planners’ emphasis on locating urban facilities in the centre of communities led them to ignore emerging dead ...
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Li... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries ... more While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries was intensified during the Cold War, it brought about new challenges regarding the relationship between imported ideas and the architectural culture of the host countries. The first master plan of Tehran, prepared by Victor Gruen and Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian in the late-1960s, is an example of such cross-cultural dialogue, in particular with reference to the design of housing. This paper aims to examine how the first master plan introduced new low-cost housing strategy for the city of Tehran and how it affected the rapid marginalisation of the urban poor in the capital. Through a short review of the emergence of low-cost housing in Tehran since the 1940s and the examination of the two phases of the master plan, this paper seeks to unravel the complexity in the exchange of planning ideas from Western countries to Iran. In turn, the translation of Western ideas into domestic architectural ...
RESULTS The introduction of fiber posts has made a great impact on the restoration of endodontica... more RESULTS The introduction of fiber posts has made a great impact on the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Since their introduction, technology had modified and further improved fiber post shape and materials; in addition, the use of innovative adhesive systems and cementation techniques has offered the possibility to achieve high level of adhesion within the root canal, producing new posts which ensure dental tissue conservation. This clinical case describes the use of posts during the prosthetic rehabilitation of severely compromised teeth in the anterior segment.
Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the species in the biofilm adjacent to cariogenic lesi... more Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the species in the biofilm adjacent to cariogenic lesions. Photo-activated disinfection (PAD) is a new method which reduces cariogenic bacterial without common side effects. The success of PAD depends on the sensitivity of the organism, type of dyes, a dose of dyes, and the depth of emitted laser. In this study, effect of PAD on S. mutans reduction using indocyanine green (ICG) compared with methylene blue was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The standard turbidity (0.5 McFarland) of S. mutans suspension was prepared. Bacterial suspensions were transferred to the wells. Then, samples were subsequently divided into 7 groups. 1: Negative control, 2: Only methylene blue without laser, 3: Only 640 nm laser, 4: PAD by methylene blue, 5: Indocyanine without laser, 6: Only 810 nm laser, and 7: PAD by ICG. Subsequently, the bacterial suspension from each well was cultured, colony counts were determined, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA a...
Decentralization has actively engaged various fields of sociology, economy, and governance in the... more Decentralization has actively engaged various fields of sociology, economy, and governance in the development of urban regions and territories. As a multifaceted strategy, decentralization contributes to enrich our understanding of national and international forces, power struggles, economic factors, and their impacts on the built environment. To frame the discourse of decentralization on urban development, three institutions of
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Li... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
In the late 1960s, the first Tehran Master Plan (TMP) was envisioned by a constellation of local ... more In the late 1960s, the first Tehran Master Plan (TMP) was envisioned by a constellation of local and foreign experts. The TMP, which has been extensively studied, is usually credited to big-name planner and architect Victor Gruen. Scholars have neglected the contributions of local professionals in shaping the plan. Many depict the TMP as the product of Cold War geopolitics and a scheme directly exported to Tehran to facilitate top-down modernization promoted by the pro-American Shah. This popular narrative flattens the complexity of transnational urbanism and obscures the transformative role performed by locals therein. Through archival studies and conducting interviews with local planners involved in the TMP, this paper aims to discover the complex nexus between national and international actors and unravel how Iranian planners collaborated with foreign counterparts to negotiate Tehran's urban problems and project the future of the city. This paper argues that Gruen served as a figurehead to validate the formation of the first planning document for Tehran by young local planners who had their own planning agenda. The conclusion argues that the transnationalism of planning practices in Iran grew out of an attempt to institutionalize a modern planning regime compatible with global standards while nurturing local experts.
International Journal of Islamic Architecture, 2022
In 1966, the government-sponsored Plan Organization commissioned the first Tehran Master Plan (TM... more In 1966, the government-sponsored Plan Organization commissioned the first Tehran Master Plan (TMP), setting the stage for the Iranian capital’s extensive transformation and its spatial and social re-structuring. In the process, Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian, an Iranian architect, collaborated with Victor Gruen Associates of the United States to implement lessons from Gruen’s urban model, the ‘Cellular Metropolis of Tomorrow’, in a reorganization of the socio-spatial structure of Tehran. After a three-year study of the city’s socio-economic and physical organization, the planners proposed decentralization of the congested old city centre and the development of new ‘modern’ centres of activity along a rapid transit line extending westward. This article engages with ongoing discourses on inclusive cities and reflects upon the segregating effects of boundary-edges to argue that the planners’ emphasis on locating urban facilities in the centre of communities led them to ignore emerging dead ...
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Li... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries ... more While the communication of architectural/planning knowledge between core and periphery countries was intensified during the Cold War, it brought about new challenges regarding the relationship between imported ideas and the architectural culture of the host countries. The first master plan of Tehran, prepared by Victor Gruen and Abdolaziz Farmanfarmaian in the late-1960s, is an example of such cross-cultural dialogue, in particular with reference to the design of housing. This paper aims to examine how the first master plan introduced new low-cost housing strategy for the city of Tehran and how it affected the rapid marginalisation of the urban poor in the capital. Through a short review of the emergence of low-cost housing in Tehran since the 1940s and the examination of the two phases of the master plan, this paper seeks to unravel the complexity in the exchange of planning ideas from Western countries to Iran. In turn, the translation of Western ideas into domestic architectural ...
RESULTS The introduction of fiber posts has made a great impact on the restoration of endodontica... more RESULTS The introduction of fiber posts has made a great impact on the restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Since their introduction, technology had modified and further improved fiber post shape and materials; in addition, the use of innovative adhesive systems and cementation techniques has offered the possibility to achieve high level of adhesion within the root canal, producing new posts which ensure dental tissue conservation. This clinical case describes the use of posts during the prosthetic rehabilitation of severely compromised teeth in the anterior segment.
Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the species in the biofilm adjacent to cariogenic lesi... more Background: Streptococcus mutans is one of the species in the biofilm adjacent to cariogenic lesions. Photo-activated disinfection (PAD) is a new method which reduces cariogenic bacterial without common side effects. The success of PAD depends on the sensitivity of the organism, type of dyes, a dose of dyes, and the depth of emitted laser. In this study, effect of PAD on S. mutans reduction using indocyanine green (ICG) compared with methylene blue was evaluated. Materials and Methods: The standard turbidity (0.5 McFarland) of S. mutans suspension was prepared. Bacterial suspensions were transferred to the wells. Then, samples were subsequently divided into 7 groups. 1: Negative control, 2: Only methylene blue without laser, 3: Only 640 nm laser, 4: PAD by methylene blue, 5: Indocyanine without laser, 6: Only 810 nm laser, and 7: PAD by ICG. Subsequently, the bacterial suspension from each well was cultured, colony counts were determined, and data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA a...
Decentralization has actively engaged various fields of sociology, economy, and governance in the... more Decentralization has actively engaged various fields of sociology, economy, and governance in the development of urban regions and territories. As a multifaceted strategy, decentralization contributes to enrich our understanding of national and international forces, power struggles, economic factors, and their impacts on the built environment. To frame the discourse of decentralization on urban development, three institutions of
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Li... more This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
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