Background Acute COVID‐19–related myocardial, pulmonary, and vascular pathology and how these rel... more Background Acute COVID‐19–related myocardial, pulmonary, and vascular pathology and how these relate to each other remain unclear. To our knowledge, no studies have used complementary imaging techniques, including molecular imaging, to elucidate this. We used multimodality imaging and biochemical sampling in vivo to identify the pathobiology of acute COVID‐19. Specifically, we investigated the presence of myocardial inflammation and its association with coronary artery disease, systemic vasculitis, and pneumonitis. Methods and Results Consecutive patients presenting with acute COVID‐19 were prospectively recruited during hospital admission in this cross‐sectional study. Imaging involved computed tomography coronary angiography (identified coronary disease), cardiac 2‐deoxy‐2‐[fluorine‐18]fluoro‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (identified vascular, cardiac, and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration), and cardiac magnetic resonance (identified myocardial ...
Background The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) first discovered in December 2019 has infected over 4... more Background The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) first discovered in December 2019 has infected over 400 million people worldwide with over 5 million deaths as of February 2022. Differentiation of the imaging appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia and the endemic seasonal influenza pneumonia is clinically important as it may help give direction on patient care. The aim of this study was to evaluate for differences in radiographic appearances of COVID-19 pneumonia and influenza pneumonia. Methods This was a cross sectional descriptive study comparing patterns of pneumonia on radiographs and CT examinations of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and influenza pneumonia. The comparisons included the predominant radiographic pattern of pneumonia (alveolar, interstitial, ground glass or nodular) and the extent of pneumonia (lobar, multi-lobar or diffuse involvement). The radiographic severity of disease was classified as mild, moderate or severe based on extent of lung involvement. Results A...
Importance: Acute COVID19 related myocardial, pulmonary and vascular pathology, and how these rel... more Importance: Acute COVID19 related myocardial, pulmonary and vascular pathology, and how these relate to each other, remains unclear. No studies have used complementary imaging techniques, including molecular imaging, to elucidate this. Objective: We used multimodality imaging and biochemical sampling in vivo to identify the pathobiology of acute COVID19. Design, Setting and Participants: Consecutive patients presenting with acute COVID19 were recruited during hospital admission in a prospective cross sectional study. Imaging involved computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA - identified coronary disease), cardiac 2deoxy2[fluorine18]fluoroDglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F FDG PET/CT identified vascular, cardiac and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR identified myocardial disease), alongside biomarker sampling. Results: Of 33 patients (median age 51 years, 94% male), 24 (73%) had respiratory symptoms, with t...
Lymphoma in HIV-infected patients is AIDS defining. This is the second most common AIDS defining ... more Lymphoma in HIV-infected patients is AIDS defining. This is the second most common AIDS defining malignancy after Kaposi’s sarcoma. Development of lymphoma in HIV patients is related to immunosuppression and high viral load. Co-infection with other lymphotrophic viruses especially EBV is also strongly associated with development of lymphoma in HIV patients. Despite advances in HAART therapy, incidence of diffuse large B cell lymphoma in HIV-infected patients remains significantly higher than in the general population.Early diagnosis is challenging due to presence of opportunistic infections and atypical presentation of the lymphoma in this subset of patients. Atypical imaging findings are not unusual, and the diagnosis of lymphoma on imaging is on many occasions unexpected as the patient would ideally be initially investigated for presumed opportunistic infection.Lymphoma treatment approaches in HIV patients are complicated by comorbidity with opportunistic infections and performanc...
Purpose Lymphoscintigraphy is the imaging of choice in diagnosis of lymphedema. Diagnosis is made... more Purpose Lymphoscintigraphy is the imaging of choice in diagnosis of lymphedema. Diagnosis is made on the basis of qualitative assessment of tracer distribution at specified time points. A sound knowledge of the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system combined with understanding of tracer propagation and distribution through the lymphatic system is necessary for accurate diagnosis of lymphedema. Technique and image findings Lymphoscintigraphy at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) is performed by intradermal injection of Tc 99m nanocolloid with planar imaging performed at 5, 15 min and 1½ h for reproducibility. Images are analyzed mainly by qualitative parameters that relate to tracer kinetics within the lymphatic system. We describe different image appearances which represent the various patterns of tracer distribution in normal lymphatics and with lymphedema. Conclusion Lymphoscintigraphy is a highly accurate and reproducible technique for the evaluation of the lymphedema. A thorough knowledge of the various imaging appearances on lymphoscintigraphy is necessary for proper interpretation of images. Addition of quantitative parameters would increase the accuracy.
Qualitative analysis of lymphoscintigrams is subject to wide variability and may miss subtle diff... more Qualitative analysis of lymphoscintigrams is subject to wide variability and may miss subtle differences in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. This study compared quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis of lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy in diagnosing lymphedema. Fifty-two lymphoscintigrams performed using standardized protocol, 99-metastable technetium nanocolloid intradermal injection at the first interdigital space, were analyzed quantitatively. Fifty-three normal and 51 abnormal limbs were analyzed. For each limb, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the injection site, and ilioinguinal nodes on the 1.5 h static images and the counts in these ROIs were recorded. Percentage ilioinguinal nodes uptake was then computed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated and the figures were used to plot a receiver operator characte...
Background 8–28% of patients infected with COVID-19 have evidence of cardiac injury, and this is ... more Background 8–28% of patients infected with COVID-19 have evidence of cardiac injury, and this is associated with an adverse prognosis. The cardiovascular mechanisms of injury are poorly understood and speculative. We aim to use multimodality cardiac imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) and positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-d-glucose integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) to identify the cardiac pathophysiological mechanisms related to COVID-19 infections. Methods This is a single-centre exploratory observational study aiming to recruit 50 patients with COVID-19 infection who will undergo cardiac biomarker sampling. Of these, 30 patients will undergo combined CTCA and 18F-FDG-PET/CT, followed by CMR. Prevalence of obstructive and non-obstructive atherosclerotic coronary disease will be assessed using CTCA. CMR will be used to identify and characterise myocardial disease ...
Background Acute COVID‐19–related myocardial, pulmonary, and vascular pathology and how these rel... more Background Acute COVID‐19–related myocardial, pulmonary, and vascular pathology and how these relate to each other remain unclear. To our knowledge, no studies have used complementary imaging techniques, including molecular imaging, to elucidate this. We used multimodality imaging and biochemical sampling in vivo to identify the pathobiology of acute COVID‐19. Specifically, we investigated the presence of myocardial inflammation and its association with coronary artery disease, systemic vasculitis, and pneumonitis. Methods and Results Consecutive patients presenting with acute COVID‐19 were prospectively recruited during hospital admission in this cross‐sectional study. Imaging involved computed tomography coronary angiography (identified coronary disease), cardiac 2‐deoxy‐2‐[fluorine‐18]fluoro‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (identified vascular, cardiac, and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration), and cardiac magnetic resonance (identified myocardial ...
Background The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) first discovered in December 2019 has infected over 4... more Background The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) first discovered in December 2019 has infected over 400 million people worldwide with over 5 million deaths as of February 2022. Differentiation of the imaging appearance of COVID-19 pneumonia and the endemic seasonal influenza pneumonia is clinically important as it may help give direction on patient care. The aim of this study was to evaluate for differences in radiographic appearances of COVID-19 pneumonia and influenza pneumonia. Methods This was a cross sectional descriptive study comparing patterns of pneumonia on radiographs and CT examinations of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 pneumonia and influenza pneumonia. The comparisons included the predominant radiographic pattern of pneumonia (alveolar, interstitial, ground glass or nodular) and the extent of pneumonia (lobar, multi-lobar or diffuse involvement). The radiographic severity of disease was classified as mild, moderate or severe based on extent of lung involvement. Results A...
Importance: Acute COVID19 related myocardial, pulmonary and vascular pathology, and how these rel... more Importance: Acute COVID19 related myocardial, pulmonary and vascular pathology, and how these relate to each other, remains unclear. No studies have used complementary imaging techniques, including molecular imaging, to elucidate this. Objective: We used multimodality imaging and biochemical sampling in vivo to identify the pathobiology of acute COVID19. Design, Setting and Participants: Consecutive patients presenting with acute COVID19 were recruited during hospital admission in a prospective cross sectional study. Imaging involved computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA - identified coronary disease), cardiac 2deoxy2[fluorine18]fluoroDglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (18F FDG PET/CT identified vascular, cardiac and pulmonary inflammatory cell infiltration) and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR identified myocardial disease), alongside biomarker sampling. Results: Of 33 patients (median age 51 years, 94% male), 24 (73%) had respiratory symptoms, with t...
Lymphoma in HIV-infected patients is AIDS defining. This is the second most common AIDS defining ... more Lymphoma in HIV-infected patients is AIDS defining. This is the second most common AIDS defining malignancy after Kaposi’s sarcoma. Development of lymphoma in HIV patients is related to immunosuppression and high viral load. Co-infection with other lymphotrophic viruses especially EBV is also strongly associated with development of lymphoma in HIV patients. Despite advances in HAART therapy, incidence of diffuse large B cell lymphoma in HIV-infected patients remains significantly higher than in the general population.Early diagnosis is challenging due to presence of opportunistic infections and atypical presentation of the lymphoma in this subset of patients. Atypical imaging findings are not unusual, and the diagnosis of lymphoma on imaging is on many occasions unexpected as the patient would ideally be initially investigated for presumed opportunistic infection.Lymphoma treatment approaches in HIV patients are complicated by comorbidity with opportunistic infections and performanc...
Purpose Lymphoscintigraphy is the imaging of choice in diagnosis of lymphedema. Diagnosis is made... more Purpose Lymphoscintigraphy is the imaging of choice in diagnosis of lymphedema. Diagnosis is made on the basis of qualitative assessment of tracer distribution at specified time points. A sound knowledge of the anatomy and function of the lymphatic system combined with understanding of tracer propagation and distribution through the lymphatic system is necessary for accurate diagnosis of lymphedema. Technique and image findings Lymphoscintigraphy at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH) is performed by intradermal injection of Tc 99m nanocolloid with planar imaging performed at 5, 15 min and 1½ h for reproducibility. Images are analyzed mainly by qualitative parameters that relate to tracer kinetics within the lymphatic system. We describe different image appearances which represent the various patterns of tracer distribution in normal lymphatics and with lymphedema. Conclusion Lymphoscintigraphy is a highly accurate and reproducible technique for the evaluation of the lymphedema. A thorough knowledge of the various imaging appearances on lymphoscintigraphy is necessary for proper interpretation of images. Addition of quantitative parameters would increase the accuracy.
Qualitative analysis of lymphoscintigrams is subject to wide variability and may miss subtle diff... more Qualitative analysis of lymphoscintigrams is subject to wide variability and may miss subtle differences in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. This study compared quantitative analysis to qualitative analysis of lower-limb lymphoscintigraphy in diagnosing lymphedema. Fifty-two lymphoscintigrams performed using standardized protocol, 99-metastable technetium nanocolloid intradermal injection at the first interdigital space, were analyzed quantitatively. Fifty-three normal and 51 abnormal limbs were analyzed. For each limb, a region of interest (ROI) was drawn around the injection site, and ilioinguinal nodes on the 1.5 h static images and the counts in these ROIs were recorded. Percentage ilioinguinal nodes uptake was then computed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to determine the difference in ilioinguinal uptake between normal and abnormal limbs. Specificity and sensitivity were calculated and the figures were used to plot a receiver operator characte...
Background 8–28% of patients infected with COVID-19 have evidence of cardiac injury, and this is ... more Background 8–28% of patients infected with COVID-19 have evidence of cardiac injury, and this is associated with an adverse prognosis. The cardiovascular mechanisms of injury are poorly understood and speculative. We aim to use multimodality cardiac imaging including cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging, computed tomography coronary angiography (CTCA) and positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-d-glucose integrated with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) to identify the cardiac pathophysiological mechanisms related to COVID-19 infections. Methods This is a single-centre exploratory observational study aiming to recruit 50 patients with COVID-19 infection who will undergo cardiac biomarker sampling. Of these, 30 patients will undergo combined CTCA and 18F-FDG-PET/CT, followed by CMR. Prevalence of obstructive and non-obstructive atherosclerotic coronary disease will be assessed using CTCA. CMR will be used to identify and characterise myocardial disease ...
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Papers by Edward Nganga