Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay... more Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay area in more than three decades already. They were observed to have no improvement in terms of production capacities due to inefficient use the bamboo poles as artificial substrate and could not withstand wind-induced waves due to typhoon. The Bamboo Tray Module was developed to improve farm productivity, efficient use of material and resistance to typhoons. This innovation has been tested in almost three years and compared its performance with the staking method in mussel farming. It was found out and concluded that the performance of the Bamboo Tray Module is more efficient in terms productivity, use of bamboo materials and resistant to typhoon and big waves compared to the staking and wigwam methods. This new technology in mussel farming will serve as an option to the recurring industry and environmental problem in Maqueda Bay area. Paradigm shift in mussel farming technology and policy redirection towards a sustainable environment were recommended.
The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathere... more The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathered through face to face survey to 1,043 households engaged in green mussel farming, post-production and selling. Results have shown that the age of farmers is positively skewed with a mean age of 47.02 and σ of 8.83 years. More than half of the farmers are found in Villareal (58.10%); Maqueda and Cambatutay have 32.9% and 9.01% share of farmers respectively. Farmers' educational attainment is the secondary level where 32.3%, 26.1% and 6.2% elementary, secondary and college graduate. Frequency distribution in terms of farming experience is negatively skewed with a mean of 11.73 and σ of 8.47 years. About 1/3 of farmers attended training and other forms of a capacity building about green mussel farming and management while the rest don't have. About 86.96% are members of community organizations that were organized or recognized by the Department of Labor and Employment and Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (FARMC). Despite the negative reports about the staking method, the number of farmers using it has almost tripled, wigwam farmers reduced by almost half. There were fewer farmers who used bamboo tray module method. Green mussel farmers are getting older with the fewer younger individual taking over the industry. There is a need to promote the industry to encourage new green mussel farmers and adopt newer methods that are more environments friendly.
Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issue... more Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issues cited by authorities that has resulted in mass mortality of green mussel in Samar, Philippines in the year 2006 and 2007. A hypothesis floated that sediments were trapped and water circulation was affected because of green mussel farms built using staking method. This study tried testing this hypothesis by observing several farms with various farming methodologies. It measured the volume of sediments and the water circulation using sediment traps and Eulerian method via drifter (drogue). There is no enough evidence to say that sediment accumulation is associated with the type of farming. Data analysis suggests that there is a possibility that amount of sediments is more related to the density of mussel in the farm. Farms with higher productivity have more deposits than farms using staking method. Water circulation was not also significantly affected by the kind of farming techniques used.
Samar's bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major source... more Samar's bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major sources in the country. In 2007, Samar green mussel industry was almost wiped out due to mass mortality of the bivalve. Its survival depends on many variables, one of which is the environmental parameters such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, chlorophyll, water current, and depth. This paper presents the characteristics of the green mussel belts including the seawater physicochemical parameters as well as a qualitative assessment of water quality from 2004 to 2013 as observed by 92 residents. Results have shown that during normal conditions, the bays the mussel belts are sandy to sandy-muddy substrates. The seabed especially near river mouths are heavily silted and have dark muddy substrates believed to be carried by river waters. During heavy precipitation, the water in the bays changes to brown color. Contaminated water flows from agricultural farms as well as fish ponds. Communities along the river and the coast of the bays dispose their domestic wastes directly into the body of water. The physicochemical parameter varies from in the three bays studied attributed to the different configuration of the bay. Average seawater temperature, salinity, DO, and pH is 26.56 o C, 32.13 ppt, 7.03 ppm and 7.32 respectively. The variation is attributed to the volume of water flowing into the bays and the bay's configuration. Residents believe that seawater quality was at its worst state in the years 2007 and 2008 and have improved since then.
beginning of the Middle Ages at 600. A second chapter takes the reader from 600 to 1050 (covering... more beginning of the Middle Ages at 600. A second chapter takes the reader from 600 to 1050 (covering ‘the conversion of the West’ and the ‘emergence of Celtic Christianity’). From this point the book concentrates on the mid to ‘high’ Middle Ages and becomes partly thematic, taking in succession monasticism and mission; Charlemagne and the Carolingian world; parochial life; various ‘reforms’, notably the Church–State disputes of the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. With the late Middle Ages the book moves into its stride and from p. 119, for more than three hundred pages, it covers a variety of aspects of later medieval religious life. There is much here that is rich and interesting and most of what needs to be touched on is explored. The author has set himself a formidable task and it is perhaps invidious to note how often the reader wants to be taken closer to events through more direct contact with original texts. It is puzzling in a book with this title to find the Greek-speaking half of medieval Christianity almost entirely missing. The index notes only two mentions of ‘Greek churches’, including a passing glance at the schism of 1054 and another at the attempt to mend fences at the Council of Florence three centuries later. This omission is the more startling because of the welcome appearance of a discussion of relations with Jews, 400–1100 and 1096–1492 (Chapters 6 and 17) and relations with Islam c.600–1450 (Chapter 7). This is the main weakness of a good and useful book.
Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issue... more Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issues cited by authorities that has resulted in mass mortality of green mussel in Samar, Philippines in the year 2006 and 2007. A hypothesis floated that sediments were trapped and water circulation was affected because of green mussel farms built using staking method. This study tried testing this hypothesis by observing several farms with various farming methodologies. It measured the volume of sediments and the water circulation using sediment traps and Eulerian method via drifter (drogue). There is no enough evidence to say that sediment accumulation is associated with the type of farming. Data analysis suggests that there is a possibility that amount of sediments is more related to the density of mussel in the farm. Farms with higher productivity have more deposits than farms using staking method. Water circulation was not also significantly affected by the kind of farming techniques used.
Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay... more Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay area in more than three decades already. They were observed to have no improvement in terms of production capacities due to inefficient use the bamboo poles as artificial substrate and could not withstand wind-induced waves due to typhoons. The Bamboo Tray Module was developed to improve farm productivity, efficient use of material and resistance to typhoons. This innovation has been tested in almost three years and compared its performance with the staking method in mussel farming. It was found out and concluded that the performance of the Bamboo Tray Module is more efficient in terms productivity, use of bamboo materials and resistant to typhoons and big waves compared to the staking and wigwam methods. This new technology in mussel farming will serve as an option to the recurring industry and environmental problem in Maqueda Bay area. Paradigm-shift in mussel farming technology...
The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathere... more The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathered through face to face survey to 1,043 households engaged in green mussel farming, post-production and selling. Results have shown that the age of farmers is positively skewed with a mean age of 47.02 and σ of 8.83 years. More than half of the farmers are found in Villareal (58.10%); Maqueda and Cambatutay have 32.9% and 9.01% share of farmers respectively. Farmers' educational attainment is the secondary level where 32.3%, 26.1% and 6.2% elementary, secondary and college graduate. Frequency distribution in terms of farming experience is negatively skewed with a mean of 11.73 and σ of 8.47 years. About 1/3 of farmers attended training and other forms of a capacity building about green mussel farming and management while the rest don't have. About 86.96% are members of community organizations that were organized or recognized by the Department of Labor and Employment and Fisherie...
Samar’s bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major source... more Samar’s bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major sources in the country. In 2007, Samar green mussel industry was almost wiped out due to mass mortality of the bivalve. Its survival depends on many variables, one of which is the environmental parameters such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, chlorophyll, water current, and depth. This paper presents the characteristics of the green mussel belts including the seawater physicochemical parameters as well as a qualitative assessment of water quality from 2004 to 2013 as observed by 92 residents. Results have shown that during normal conditions, the bays the mussel belts are sandy to sandy-muddy substrates. The seabed especially near river mouths are heavily silted and have dark muddy substrates believed to be carried by river waters. During heavy precipitation, the water in the bays changes to brown color. Contaminated water flows from agricultural farms as well as fish ponds. Comm...
Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay... more Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay area in more than three decades already. They were observed to have no improvement in terms of production capacities due to inefficient use the bamboo poles as artificial substrate and could not withstand wind-induced waves due to typhoon. The Bamboo Tray Module was developed to improve farm productivity, efficient use of material and resistance to typhoons. This innovation has been tested in almost three years and compared its performance with the staking method in mussel farming. It was found out and concluded that the performance of the Bamboo Tray Module is more efficient in terms productivity, use of bamboo materials and resistant to typhoon and big waves compared to the staking and wigwam methods. This new technology in mussel farming will serve as an option to the recurring industry and environmental problem in Maqueda Bay area. Paradigm shift in mussel farming technology and policy redirection towards a sustainable environment were recommended.
The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathere... more The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathered through face to face survey to 1,043 households engaged in green mussel farming, post-production and selling. Results have shown that the age of farmers is positively skewed with a mean age of 47.02 and σ of 8.83 years. More than half of the farmers are found in Villareal (58.10%); Maqueda and Cambatutay have 32.9% and 9.01% share of farmers respectively. Farmers' educational attainment is the secondary level where 32.3%, 26.1% and 6.2% elementary, secondary and college graduate. Frequency distribution in terms of farming experience is negatively skewed with a mean of 11.73 and σ of 8.47 years. About 1/3 of farmers attended training and other forms of a capacity building about green mussel farming and management while the rest don't have. About 86.96% are members of community organizations that were organized or recognized by the Department of Labor and Employment and Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (FARMC). Despite the negative reports about the staking method, the number of farmers using it has almost tripled, wigwam farmers reduced by almost half. There were fewer farmers who used bamboo tray module method. Green mussel farmers are getting older with the fewer younger individual taking over the industry. There is a need to promote the industry to encourage new green mussel farmers and adopt newer methods that are more environments friendly.
Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issue... more Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issues cited by authorities that has resulted in mass mortality of green mussel in Samar, Philippines in the year 2006 and 2007. A hypothesis floated that sediments were trapped and water circulation was affected because of green mussel farms built using staking method. This study tried testing this hypothesis by observing several farms with various farming methodologies. It measured the volume of sediments and the water circulation using sediment traps and Eulerian method via drifter (drogue). There is no enough evidence to say that sediment accumulation is associated with the type of farming. Data analysis suggests that there is a possibility that amount of sediments is more related to the density of mussel in the farm. Farms with higher productivity have more deposits than farms using staking method. Water circulation was not also significantly affected by the kind of farming techniques used.
Samar's bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major source... more Samar's bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major sources in the country. In 2007, Samar green mussel industry was almost wiped out due to mass mortality of the bivalve. Its survival depends on many variables, one of which is the environmental parameters such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, chlorophyll, water current, and depth. This paper presents the characteristics of the green mussel belts including the seawater physicochemical parameters as well as a qualitative assessment of water quality from 2004 to 2013 as observed by 92 residents. Results have shown that during normal conditions, the bays the mussel belts are sandy to sandy-muddy substrates. The seabed especially near river mouths are heavily silted and have dark muddy substrates believed to be carried by river waters. During heavy precipitation, the water in the bays changes to brown color. Contaminated water flows from agricultural farms as well as fish ponds. Communities along the river and the coast of the bays dispose their domestic wastes directly into the body of water. The physicochemical parameter varies from in the three bays studied attributed to the different configuration of the bay. Average seawater temperature, salinity, DO, and pH is 26.56 o C, 32.13 ppt, 7.03 ppm and 7.32 respectively. The variation is attributed to the volume of water flowing into the bays and the bay's configuration. Residents believe that seawater quality was at its worst state in the years 2007 and 2008 and have improved since then.
beginning of the Middle Ages at 600. A second chapter takes the reader from 600 to 1050 (covering... more beginning of the Middle Ages at 600. A second chapter takes the reader from 600 to 1050 (covering ‘the conversion of the West’ and the ‘emergence of Celtic Christianity’). From this point the book concentrates on the mid to ‘high’ Middle Ages and becomes partly thematic, taking in succession monasticism and mission; Charlemagne and the Carolingian world; parochial life; various ‘reforms’, notably the Church–State disputes of the late eleventh and twelfth centuries. With the late Middle Ages the book moves into its stride and from p. 119, for more than three hundred pages, it covers a variety of aspects of later medieval religious life. There is much here that is rich and interesting and most of what needs to be touched on is explored. The author has set himself a formidable task and it is perhaps invidious to note how often the reader wants to be taken closer to events through more direct contact with original texts. It is puzzling in a book with this title to find the Greek-speaking half of medieval Christianity almost entirely missing. The index notes only two mentions of ‘Greek churches’, including a passing glance at the schism of 1054 and another at the attempt to mend fences at the Council of Florence three centuries later. This omission is the more startling because of the welcome appearance of a discussion of relations with Jews, 400–1100 and 1096–1492 (Chapters 6 and 17) and relations with Islam c.600–1450 (Chapter 7). This is the main weakness of a good and useful book.
Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issue... more Entrapment of sediments and poor water circulation in the green mussel farms were among the issues cited by authorities that has resulted in mass mortality of green mussel in Samar, Philippines in the year 2006 and 2007. A hypothesis floated that sediments were trapped and water circulation was affected because of green mussel farms built using staking method. This study tried testing this hypothesis by observing several farms with various farming methodologies. It measured the volume of sediments and the water circulation using sediment traps and Eulerian method via drifter (drogue). There is no enough evidence to say that sediment accumulation is associated with the type of farming. Data analysis suggests that there is a possibility that amount of sediments is more related to the density of mussel in the farm. Farms with higher productivity have more deposits than farms using staking method. Water circulation was not also significantly affected by the kind of farming techniques used.
Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay... more Mussel farming technologies such as staking and wigwam methods have been practiced in Maqueda Bay area in more than three decades already. They were observed to have no improvement in terms of production capacities due to inefficient use the bamboo poles as artificial substrate and could not withstand wind-induced waves due to typhoons. The Bamboo Tray Module was developed to improve farm productivity, efficient use of material and resistance to typhoons. This innovation has been tested in almost three years and compared its performance with the staking method in mussel farming. It was found out and concluded that the performance of the Bamboo Tray Module is more efficient in terms productivity, use of bamboo materials and resistant to typhoons and big waves compared to the staking and wigwam methods. This new technology in mussel farming will serve as an option to the recurring industry and environmental problem in Maqueda Bay area. Paradigm-shift in mussel farming technology...
The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathere... more The paper presents the green mussel industry of Samar Philippines from 2004 to 2014. Data gathered through face to face survey to 1,043 households engaged in green mussel farming, post-production and selling. Results have shown that the age of farmers is positively skewed with a mean age of 47.02 and σ of 8.83 years. More than half of the farmers are found in Villareal (58.10%); Maqueda and Cambatutay have 32.9% and 9.01% share of farmers respectively. Farmers' educational attainment is the secondary level where 32.3%, 26.1% and 6.2% elementary, secondary and college graduate. Frequency distribution in terms of farming experience is negatively skewed with a mean of 11.73 and σ of 8.47 years. About 1/3 of farmers attended training and other forms of a capacity building about green mussel farming and management while the rest don't have. About 86.96% are members of community organizations that were organized or recognized by the Department of Labor and Employment and Fisherie...
Samar’s bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major source... more Samar’s bays are among the few areas where green mussel thrives making it one of the major sources in the country. In 2007, Samar green mussel industry was almost wiped out due to mass mortality of the bivalve. Its survival depends on many variables, one of which is the environmental parameters such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, chlorophyll, water current, and depth. This paper presents the characteristics of the green mussel belts including the seawater physicochemical parameters as well as a qualitative assessment of water quality from 2004 to 2013 as observed by 92 residents. Results have shown that during normal conditions, the bays the mussel belts are sandy to sandy-muddy substrates. The seabed especially near river mouths are heavily silted and have dark muddy substrates believed to be carried by river waters. During heavy precipitation, the water in the bays changes to brown color. Contaminated water flows from agricultural farms as well as fish ponds. Comm...
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