Papers by Dr Suresh N Nair
SpringerPlus, 2014
Commercially available preparations of cypermethrin (Clinar and Ectomin) and fenvalerate (Flytik ... more Commercially available preparations of cypermethrin (Clinar and Ectomin) and fenvalerate (Flytik and Ticomax, 20% E.C) were compared for their acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus using adult immersion test. Adult tick mortality was higher with Ectomin compared to Clinar. Complete eclosion blocking was observed at all the tested concentrations with Ectomin while it was observed only at the highest concentration tested for Clinar. Compared to Flytik, adult tick mortality was higher with Ticomax at the tested concentrations. Complete blocking of hatching of laid ova was observed with Flytik at the highest concentration tested. At the manufacture recommended dosage of 200 ppm Ectomin elicited 93.37 per cent inhibition of fecundity, while it was 91.7 per cent for Clinar. For fenvalerate, the recommended concentration was 1200 ppm at which Ticomax showed 86 per cent and Flytik produced 80.05 per cent inhibition of fecundity respectively.
Effect of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>, an age-old ingredient of Indian ayurvedic and trad... more Effect of <i>Moringa oleifera</i>, an age-old ingredient of Indian ayurvedic and traditional medicine, was tested for its effect on age related antioxidant activity in Wistar albino rats of three age groups (6, 12 and 18 months old). Aqueous extract of <i>M. oleifera</i> leaves (MOAE) was administered orally at a dosage of 200 mg/kg body weight for a period of 30 days. MOAE treatment showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and lipofuscin pigmentation along with elevated serotonin and antioxidant enzymes in the brains of treated groups of aged rats. LC-MS-MS analysis revealed blood brain barrier permeable secondary metabolites <i>viz</i>., 9,9-bianthracene, 4-Methoxycinnamic acid, Cinnamic acid, (E)-p-coumaric acid pyrogallol and ostruthin from the extract. 9,9-bianthracene and ostruthin showed better binding affinity to Keap-1 and SERT <i>in silico.</i> The present result suggests the protective efficacy of <i>M oleife...
A sensitive and simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been deve... more A sensitive and simple reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for quantitative analysis of sparfloxacin in rat plasma. The method validation was done with respect to linearity, precision, accuracy and sensitivity. The analysis of sparfloxacin was done on reversed phase C18column [Luna C18 (2), 5μ, 250 X 4.60 mm] using the mobile phase of 1% aqueous acetic acid: acetonitrile at the ratio of 71: 29% (v/v) with a flow rate of 0.7 mL/min and the oven temperature of 300C and was detected at 280 nm. The method showed the linear response with the correlation coefficient of 0.9992. The mean recovery percentage of 3 different concentration (0.1, 0.5 and 1μg/ml) were found to be more than 87±1.547 %. The precision and accuracy was 2.474 to 8.218 % and 0.0035 to 0.0512. The lower limit of detection and quantification of the method was 0.01 μg/ml and 0.025 μg/ml respectively for sparfloxacin in rat plasma. This method was used analyse the plasma concentr...
Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences
Motility of small intestine which determines the efficacy of digestion and assimilation of nutrie... more Motility of small intestine which determines the efficacy of digestion and assimilation of nutrients and thus the rate of growth in the animals and birds is modulated mainly by muscarinic cholinergic receptor system. The efficacy of agonists and antagonists in modulating the gastrointestinal motility is governed by subtypes of muscarinic receptors present in the organs. So far, there are no reports of muscarinic receptors of quail intestine. Hence the current study was conducted for identifying the muscarinic receptor subtypes for better pharmacological management of dysfunctions of the small intestine of Japanese quail. Eight healthy quails of either sex were raised under uniform management conditions. Birds were euthanized and two to three centimetres length ileum was separated from a region five centimetres away from the ileo-caecal junction and transferred to Tyrode solution at 37.2 °C. The ileum tissue was mounted under 1 g tension in an organ bath chamber with constant aeration. The contractile responses to the agonist alone, agonist in presence of antagonists and relaxant effect of muscarinic receptor antagonists with submaximal contraction of ACh were recorded with isometric transducer connected to a recorder. The median effective concentration 50 (EC50) and pD2 values were determined. From the results it is evident that muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are present in the ileum of Japanese quail which, as per our knowledge is the first report of this receptor in Japanese quail intestine. The EC50 values of acetylcholine alone in ileum of Japanese quail varied from 1.235 X 10-7 M to 2.344 X 10-7 M with mean
Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 2012
Commercially available preparations of cypermethrin (Clinar and Ectomin) and fenvalerate (Flytik ... more Commercially available preparations of cypermethrin (Clinar and Ectomin) and fenvalerate (Flytik and Ticomax, 20% E.C) were compared for their acaricidal activity against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus using adult immersion test. Adult tick mortality was higher with Ectomin compared to Clinar. Complete eclosion blocking was observed at all the tested concentrations with Ectomin while it was observed only at the highest concentration tested for Clinar. Compared to Flytik, adult tick mortality was higher with Ticomax at the tested concentrations. Complete blocking of hatching of laid ova was observed with Flytik at the highest concentration tested. At the manufacture recommended dosage of 200 ppm Ectomin elicited 93.37 per cent inhibition of fecundity, while it was 91.7 per cent for Clinar. For fenvalerate, the recommended concentration was 1200 ppm at which Ticomax showed 86 per cent and Flytik produced 80.05 per cent inhibition of fecundity respectively.
Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2016
Toxicological potential of Chromolaena odorata, a fast growing perennial weed was assessed in mic... more Toxicological potential of Chromolaena odorata, a fast growing perennial weed was assessed in mice. Methanolic extract of C. odorata did not cause any mortality of mice. However, the oral feeding of extract resulted in sedation, loss of appetite, enteritis and decreased weight gain in treated mice. Significant elevation (P<0.05) of the serum glutamic oxalo-acetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) was observed along with decrease in the serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. No significant variation in the haematological parameters was observed in the treated mice except for the increase in counts of monocytes, lymphocytes as well as clotting and bleeding times. Gross pathological examination of extract treated mice revealed subcutaneous hemorrhages in different parts of the body, pale and friable liver, soft and congested lungs and kidneys. Histopathology of the liver revealed centrilobular necrosis with varying degrees of degenerative changes ranging from cloudy swelling to vacuolar changes of the periportal hepatic cells, congestion of the portal vein and proliferation of endothelial cells. Hence, the methanolic extract of invasive form of C. odorata found in the Wayanad region of Western Ghats of Indian subcontinent possesses severe toxic potential when given orally in mice.
Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people... more Introduction: C. curviflora, an important ethno-medicinal plant used by the Kurichia local people in Western Ghats region of Wayanad is yet to be explored pharmacologically. It is used as paste on the body of cattle and birds for curing skin diseases. Objectives: To characterize the pharmaco-chemical features and to study the acaricidal effect of ethanolic extract of C. curviflora on engorged female ticks of R. (B.) annutatus. Methods: The pharmaco-chemical features such as physico-chemical, proximate, phytochemical, fluorescence, and HPTLC profiling were carried out using standard techniques. The pulverized leaves were subjected to soxhlet extraction using ethanol. The ethanolic extract at different concentrations (10% to 1.25%) was tested against ticks using adult immersion test (AIT). Result: The preliminary phytochemical investigation showed high contents of saponins, alkaloids and flavonoids. The HPTLC profiling of ethanolic extract showed the presence of 14 polyvalent componen...
The acaricidal activity from alkaloid and non-alkaloid fractions of Leucas indica were studied ag... more The acaricidal activity from alkaloid and non-alkaloid fractions of Leucas indica were studied against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus tick using adult immersion test under laboratory conditions. For this purpose, the engorged female R.(B.) annulatus tick were exposed to two fold serial dilutions of alkaloid extract (50 mg/ml, 25 mg/ml, 12.5 mg/ml, 6 mg/ml and 3 mg/ml) using 'dipping method' in vitro. The efficacy was assessed by measuring the percentage of adult mortality, inhibition of fecundity and hatching rate. The alkaloid fraction of the extract produced concentration dependent delayed adult tick mortality. The extract at a concentration of 50 mg/ml demonstrated 66.67 per cent mortality and 55.16 per cent inhibition of fecundity. Nicotine was identified as one of the compounds of alkaloid fraction. However, it did not reveal any acaricidal activity when tested in vitro at concentrations ranging from 62.5-1000 μg/mL. Hence, the acaricidal action of L. indica is not...
Artemisia nilagirica commonly known as Indian Wormwood,is a tall aromatic perennial shrub belongi... more Artemisia nilagirica commonly known as Indian Wormwood,is a tall aromatic perennial shrub belonging to family Asteraceae.The present study was undertaken to investigate the phytochemical constituents of crude ethanolic extract and its fractions,proximate contents and fluorescence characteristics. The crude ethanolic extract was positive for saponins , steroids, phenols, tannins, flavonoids,terpenoids,fixed oils and fats.The biochemical quantification of the aerial parts revealed a dry matter content of 93.22%. The carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fibre, crude fat and ash contents were 53.16%, 30. 62%, 19.50%, 3.59% and 12.17% respectively. The moisture content was 6.78%.Characteristic colour changes were elicited by the powdered plant, crude extract and fractions of A. nilagirica under visible and UV light.
International Journal of Biological & Pharmaceutical Research
Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale is a shrub plant which is reported in folklore medicine to have wound... more Leea asiatica (L.) Ridsdale is a shrub plant which is reported in folklore medicine to have wound healing property, but so far, no pharmacological validation is done in the plant. The present study was conducted to assess the wound healing activity and anti inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Leea asiatica in rats. Before conducting the study the phytochemical analysis of extracts, acute oral toxicity@ 2000mg/kg and acute dermal toxicity using 100% extract was ascertained and found to be safe to use by both routes. The wound healing activity was measured using excisional wound healing using 10% extract, using boric acid as control. Anti inflammatory activity was measured using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats compared to aspirin. It has been found that the plant possess significant wound healing activity, though not as effective as boric acid. The plant also possess anti inflammatory activity comparable to that of aspirin. Besides, the plant does not produce oral to...
Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer, a member of the family Verbenaceae, is a semi-woody shrub widel... more Clerodendrum philippinum Schauer, a member of the family Verbenaceae, is a semi-woody shrub widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics of India. The present study was conducted forphytochemical evaluation, proximate analysis and fluorescent characteristicsof leaves of C. philippinumcollected from Western Ghats of Wayanad. The ethanolic extract and its different fractions subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis by standard procedures. The extract revealed alkaloids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids,fixed oils and fats.The proximateanalysis of the plant leaves revealed dry matter (94.54%), moisture (5.47%), carbohydrates(56.86%), crude fibre (11.36%), ash (8.80%), crude protein (26.25%) and crude fat (2.62%).Fluorescence analysis showed difference in characteristic colour when examined with specificchemical reagents in powdered plant leaves, crude extract and fractions of C. philippinum under visible light and UV light.
Tropical biomedicine, 2011
As per the report published by FAO (2004), the tick population in India has developed resistance ... more As per the report published by FAO (2004), the tick population in India has developed resistance against all the available acaricides. Hence, newer methods of control including potential herbal agents are required to reduce the problems caused by the ticks. Most of the herbal extracts or their fractions are dissolved in polar or non-polar solvents or detergents before tested for acaricidal activity and these diluents should be of little acaricidal activity. In the present study, adult immersion test (AIT) was carried out on adult engorged female Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks to detect the acaricidal activity of different solvents viz., nbutanol, glycerol, acetone, ethanol, methanol and surfactants (at 1 per cent dilution) like dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), tween 20 and triton X- 100. The study revealed that methanol was the least toxic solvent while tween 20 (1 per cent) was the least toxic detergent against H. bispinosa.
Tropical biomedicine, 2012
Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole family insecticide which mainly affects the nervous system of insect... more Fipronil is a phenylpyrazole family insecticide which mainly affects the nervous system of insects. In the present study, the in vitro acaricidal effects of the compound against the widely prevalent multihost tick, Haemaphysalis bispinosa was assessed. The lowest concentration at which complete adult tick mortality was observed was at 25 ppm while complete absence of egg mass observed at 10 ppm. Hundred per cent inhibition of fecundity was observed at 1 ppm while complete blocking of hatching of the laid ova was observed even at 500 ppb.
The Scientific World Journal, 2015
The present communication describes the detailed day wise study of histological changes of the ov... more The present communication describes the detailed day wise study of histological changes of the ovary of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus in the postengorgement period together with the systematic classification of their oocytes. The ovary of R. (B.) annulatus is panoistic type with an asynchronous development of oocytes. All the stages (II, III, IV, and V) of oocytes except stage I were similar to R. (B.) microplus. The stage I oocytes showed basophilia, which was not reported earlier in other species of ticks. Day wise changes were in the form of presence of oogonia in partially fed and day one engorged adults, considerable degeneration of oocytes on day two, emergence of new wave of oocytes on day three, presence of mature oocytes up to day eight, and complete degeneration of ovarian tissue from day eight onwards. The degenerative changes in the ovary appeared initially in the oocytes followed by germinal epithelium.
Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 2012
The pattern of mortality of Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks against fipronil was studied based on a... more The pattern of mortality of Haemaphysalis bispinosa ticks against fipronil was studied based on adult immersion test. Mortality occurred during 10-19 days post-treatment. The LC50 and LC95 values were calculated as 0.53 and 7.045 ppm, respectively.
BioMed Research International, 2014
A very high prevalence of microfilaremia of 42.68 per cent out of 164 canine blood samples examin... more A very high prevalence of microfilaremia of 42.68 per cent out of 164 canine blood samples examined was observed in Cherthala (of Alappuzha district of Kerala state), a known human Brugia malayi endemic area of south India. The species of canine microfilariae were identified as Dirofilaria repens, Brugia malayi, and Acanthocheilonema reconditum. D. repens was the most commonly detected species followed by B. pahangi. D. immitis was not detected in any of the samples examined. Based on molecular techniques, microfilariae with histochemical staining pattern of "local staining at anal pore and diffuse staining at central body" was identified as D. repens in addition to those showing acid phosphatase activity only at the anal pore. Even though B. malayi like acid phosphatase activity was observed in few dogs examined, they were identified as genetically closer to B. pahangi. Hence, the possibility of dogs acting as reservoirs of human B. malayi in this area was ruled out.
Veterinary Parasitology, 2014
The deltamethrin resistance status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus t... more The deltamethrin resistance status in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus and R. (B.) microplus ticks collected from cattle of five organized farms of Kerala, south India was evaluated. Resistance was characterized using biological (larval packet test), biochemical (esterase enzyme activity assay) and molecular tools (PCR amplification and sequencing of deltamethrin resistance-associated genes). Characterization of field isolates revealed level I resistance in ticks collected from four out of five farms. Elevated level of α/β esterase activity was not recorded in isolates showing level I resistance. Previously reported point mutations in the carboxyl esterase (G1120A) and sodium channel (T2134A and C190A) genes were not observed in any of the field isolates. The present study showed a low level (level I) resistance is developed in the most economically important ticks infesting cattle of this state and it cautions the development of large scale resistance in future.
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Papers by Dr Suresh N Nair