<p>This chapter describes the maternal figure's connection to the etymological developm... more <p>This chapter describes the maternal figure's connection to the etymological development of a key religious term, the Hebrew root <italic>'mn</italic>, which is commonly translated as 'faithfulness' or 'constancy'. It talks about the abstract meanings of faithfulness and constancy as outgrowths of concrete maternal associations and provision of an infant's physical needs. The chapter recovers cultural traces of the maternal activities involved in childrearing in biblical terminology and traces maternal disappearance through the ways in which the meanings 'to rear, nurse' become muted abstractions. The chapter emphasizes how culture is embedded within language and how the physical activities of childrearing had a linguistic impact on the elite literature of ancient Israel. It then examines the subjectivity of mothers over their bodies and their own physical experiences as mothers.</p>
One of the most used component in our daily life is paper. According to a survey, on an average, ... more One of the most used component in our daily life is paper. According to a survey, on an average, a human use 27kgs of paper annually and this thesis is about impact of usage of paper on our environment. Historically pulp and paper production has ranked among the most resource-intensive and highly polluting of all manufacturing industries. Besides fibre, the primary inputs into the paper making process are water, energy and chemicals I.
A Gay Who Speaks Yiddish is an illuminating study of the literature that pro vided Christian read... more A Gay Who Speaks Yiddish is an illuminating study of the literature that pro vided Christian readers with a titillating peek into Yiddish, the language of the Jewish minority in German lands. Elyada's title invokes the absurdist nature of this enterprise, violating as it does the socio-religious boundaries that Yiddish, at least in part, served to maintain (xi). Indeed, the word " gay" (meaning non-Jew), is a classic example of lehavdL loshen, a term coined by Max Weinreich for Yiddish words that maintain Jewish social distinction. It is impossible for a goy to speak Yiddish; a gay is, by definition, someone else. And in fact, Elyada's volume is not about Christians who spoke Yiddish but about the Christian fascination with Yiddish and the way in which Christian depictions of the language served as a means by which to articulate the place of Jews in the shifting theological, cultural, economic, and social landscape of early modern Europe (9). Elyada's volume is rich with descriptions of the manuals and lexicons that provided a basic Yiddish vocabulary or grammar for Christian readers; these works often decried the degeneracy of the language (99), its use as an instru ment of deception and crime (12), its tendency to muddy Biblical truth (74), and its role in strengthening Jewish resistance to conversion (42). As Elyada points out, Christian Yiddishism was as much about cracking the code of the Yiddish language as it was about positing the nature of the Jews and their place in society. As such, Christian Yiddishism is part of the longer history of Christian evaluation of Jews and Judaism in efforts towards Christian self-def inition. The phenomenon of Christian Yiddishism also has a distinctive early modern flavor; it is part of what could be called an "ethnographic turn" in Christian evaluation of Judaism (4), a growing interest in Jewish customs, hab its and lifestyle. This type of ethnographic inquiry into Jewish life was a com plex blend of detailed description and condemnation. A Goy Who Speaks Yiddish, therefore, joins the good company of Elisheva Carlebach's work,
Elijah Levita’s (c. 1469–1558) study of Hebrew was part of the longtime Jewish occupation with th... more Elijah Levita’s (c. 1469–1558) study of Hebrew was part of the longtime Jewish occupation with the language of Scripture. Yet much of Levita’s scholarship was at odds with prior Jewish approaches to Biblical language and the transmission of the Biblical text. In his many works, Levita provides a critical account of the development of Hebrew, Aramaic, and the masoretic scribal traditions. This article examines the relationship between Levita’s critical approach to the Bible and the Christian context within which he worked. With the rise of Christian Hebraism, an increasingly sophisticated and sustained discourse on Hebrew developed outside of Jewish circles. This created an alternative setting within which Levita could produce scholarship that challenged prior Jewish notions of language and the Bible. The viability of Levita’s scholarship was no longer contingent on Jewish reception alone, allowing him to express critical ideas without fear of internal censure and without assuming the hermeneutical posture typical of pre-modern Jewish scholarly expression.
<p>This chapter describes the maternal figure's connection to the etymological developm... more <p>This chapter describes the maternal figure's connection to the etymological development of a key religious term, the Hebrew root <italic>'mn</italic>, which is commonly translated as 'faithfulness' or 'constancy'. It talks about the abstract meanings of faithfulness and constancy as outgrowths of concrete maternal associations and provision of an infant's physical needs. The chapter recovers cultural traces of the maternal activities involved in childrearing in biblical terminology and traces maternal disappearance through the ways in which the meanings 'to rear, nurse' become muted abstractions. The chapter emphasizes how culture is embedded within language and how the physical activities of childrearing had a linguistic impact on the elite literature of ancient Israel. It then examines the subjectivity of mothers over their bodies and their own physical experiences as mothers.</p>
One of the most used component in our daily life is paper. According to a survey, on an average, ... more One of the most used component in our daily life is paper. According to a survey, on an average, a human use 27kgs of paper annually and this thesis is about impact of usage of paper on our environment. Historically pulp and paper production has ranked among the most resource-intensive and highly polluting of all manufacturing industries. Besides fibre, the primary inputs into the paper making process are water, energy and chemicals I.
A Gay Who Speaks Yiddish is an illuminating study of the literature that pro vided Christian read... more A Gay Who Speaks Yiddish is an illuminating study of the literature that pro vided Christian readers with a titillating peek into Yiddish, the language of the Jewish minority in German lands. Elyada's title invokes the absurdist nature of this enterprise, violating as it does the socio-religious boundaries that Yiddish, at least in part, served to maintain (xi). Indeed, the word " gay" (meaning non-Jew), is a classic example of lehavdL loshen, a term coined by Max Weinreich for Yiddish words that maintain Jewish social distinction. It is impossible for a goy to speak Yiddish; a gay is, by definition, someone else. And in fact, Elyada's volume is not about Christians who spoke Yiddish but about the Christian fascination with Yiddish and the way in which Christian depictions of the language served as a means by which to articulate the place of Jews in the shifting theological, cultural, economic, and social landscape of early modern Europe (9). Elyada's volume is rich with descriptions of the manuals and lexicons that provided a basic Yiddish vocabulary or grammar for Christian readers; these works often decried the degeneracy of the language (99), its use as an instru ment of deception and crime (12), its tendency to muddy Biblical truth (74), and its role in strengthening Jewish resistance to conversion (42). As Elyada points out, Christian Yiddishism was as much about cracking the code of the Yiddish language as it was about positing the nature of the Jews and their place in society. As such, Christian Yiddishism is part of the longer history of Christian evaluation of Jews and Judaism in efforts towards Christian self-def inition. The phenomenon of Christian Yiddishism also has a distinctive early modern flavor; it is part of what could be called an "ethnographic turn" in Christian evaluation of Judaism (4), a growing interest in Jewish customs, hab its and lifestyle. This type of ethnographic inquiry into Jewish life was a com plex blend of detailed description and condemnation. A Goy Who Speaks Yiddish, therefore, joins the good company of Elisheva Carlebach's work,
Elijah Levita’s (c. 1469–1558) study of Hebrew was part of the longtime Jewish occupation with th... more Elijah Levita’s (c. 1469–1558) study of Hebrew was part of the longtime Jewish occupation with the language of Scripture. Yet much of Levita’s scholarship was at odds with prior Jewish approaches to Biblical language and the transmission of the Biblical text. In his many works, Levita provides a critical account of the development of Hebrew, Aramaic, and the masoretic scribal traditions. This article examines the relationship between Levita’s critical approach to the Bible and the Christian context within which he worked. With the rise of Christian Hebraism, an increasingly sophisticated and sustained discourse on Hebrew developed outside of Jewish circles. This created an alternative setting within which Levita could produce scholarship that challenged prior Jewish notions of language and the Bible. The viability of Levita’s scholarship was no longer contingent on Jewish reception alone, allowing him to express critical ideas without fear of internal censure and without assuming the hermeneutical posture typical of pre-modern Jewish scholarly expression.
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