Papers by Barbara De Marco
The three documents published here, for the first time in Spanish so far as we know, record two e... more The three documents published here, for the first time in Spanish so far as we know, record two early explorations of the country around the Zuni and Hopi pueblos ordered by Juan de Oñate, not long after he took possession of New Mexico on April 30, 1598. From his headquarters at San Juan de los Caballeros (the Tewa pueblo Okhe), Oñate made a progress westward, receiving Acts of Obedience and Vassalage from various pueblos, including Zuni on Novermber 9, 1598 and the Hopi (Mohoqui) on November 15, 1598. Oñate then returned to Zuni, from where he intended to explore further west to the Pacific Ocean (Mar del Sur). While still at Zuni he sent Marcos Farfán de los Godos, his captain of the guard, with four companions to explore the salt flats to the west of Zuni; on November 8, 1598, his captain brought back an extremely favorable report indeed, calling the salt he found the best in the Indies. The following month he sent Farfán de los Godos with eight companions to verify a report of silver mines to the west of the Hope pueblos; again the report, given on December 11, 1598, was extremely favorable. The third document, dated February 18, 1599, records the results of assays of the ores collected on that occasion by the nine expeditionaries. The delay in making this report was no doubt occasioned by the conflict with Acoma Pueblo during December,1598 and January, 1599. The assays, supposedly most promising of mineral wealth, proved eventually to be illusory.
Students of New Mexican documents of this time, i.e., between the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the r... more Students of New Mexican documents of this time, i.e., between the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 and the reconquest of New Mexico in 1692-1696, can hardly fail to be astonished that the colony survived at all. In the Fall of 1682, Governor Otermín decided to take stock of the able-bodied men residing in El Paso and its environs, which was in fact all that was left of the New Mexican settlements. The muster roll reveals that the settlers and soldiers had received basic military equipment and farming implements at the expense of the crown in order to establish a permanent fort and town at El Paso, but that many of them had sold the supplies they had received, while many others had gambled them away. All in all, the muster roll reveals a state of almost complete destitution among the soldiers and settlers. From this feckless rabble, Otermín was expected to form an effective military force as well as a well-armed citizenry prepared to do battle at any time. In his summing up of the muster, Otermín reiterates his intention to establish the town and fort of El Paso in the face of all difficulties and repeats the penalties to be applied to all deserters, whether soldiers or settlers. Various minor matters occupy the remaining documents, including the governor's disputes with various members of the town council and the theft of livestock by the deserters. The documents transcribed here (henceforth AGIGuad138) have not been published or translated so far as we are aware. They were studied in detail by Vina Walz in her unpublished dissertation (1951:97ff.). The microfilm of AGIGuad138 is of poor quality; fortunately there exists a copy of the muster in the Biblioteca Nacional de México, Archivo Franciscano, caja 21, expediente 441 (henceforth AF21-441), fols. 18v-53v, which allowed us to decipher the more difficult passages in the microfilm of AGIGuad138. The documents of AGIGuad183 are all copies, certified by Francisco Javier, secretario de governación y guerra, at the end (fol. 855r). The text seems to have been entirely copied by him and indeed bears traces of his peculiar command of written Spanish, as indicated in the textual notes that follow the transcription (for further examples of his scribal peculiarities, see Craddock 2016). AF21-441 was copied independently from the presumed original, which, if extant, its location is unknown to us; see AGIGuad138 fol. 833r15 for an omission that we restored from AF21-441 fol. 25r17. The two texts have been collated and facsimiles of both versions, provided from microfilms, have been included. In an appendix a transcription of the initial portion of AF21-441, fols. 1r-18v, has been added since the corresponding documents provide a background for the calling of the muster, and, in fact, both Otermín's introductory letter dated 29 October 1682 and the fiscal's analysis refer to the muster as having taken place. Viridiana Rivera Alvarez, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, kindly supplied scans of two pages that were missing from the microfilm of AF21-441, which have been incorporated into the facsimiles reproduced for this edition. Editorial Criteria The transcription of the Spanish text maintains the orthography and the formatting (marginalia and other emendations) of the original text, except that the abbreviations have been resolved tacitly. Editorial deletions are enclosed in parentheses (.. .), editorial emendations and additions in brackets, [.. .]; scrabble deletions are signaled with a caret inside the parentheses (^. . .), scrabble emendations and additions with a caret inside the brackets [^. . .]. Parentheses that actually occur in the text are represented with the special characters ¥... ¦ to differentiate them from editorial deletions. Curly 1 brackets enclose descriptive terms: {rubric}; square brackets also enclose information about format: [left margin], [right margin], etc. The text of marginalia is set off in italics. The line breaks of the manuscript have been maintained, with the exception of marginalia, where line breaks are indicated by a bar (|). The lines are numbered to facilitate references. The editors have systematized the use of the letters u and v, the former for the vowel, and the latter for the consonant. Cedillas are omitted when redundant, that is, before the vowels I and e; conversely, they are added when required, before a, o, and u. The sporadic omission of the tilde over ñ is silently corrected. Punctuation has been adjusted to modern norms, primarily to assist in the comprehension of text. Capitalization has been regularized: proper names of persons and places are set in caps: Consejo de Yndias, Rio de Guadalquivir, Nuevo ~ Nueva Mexico, Barbola ~ Barbara, Joan J uan); names of pueblos are capitalized: La Nueva Tlaxcala, Piastla; names of tribes are not: la nacion concha (but Rio de las Conchas). Dios (Señor when referring to God) is capitalized as well as terms of direct address (Vuestra Señoria, Vuestra Merced). Word division has been adapted to modern usage, with certain exceptions: agglutinations of prepositions with definite articles and personal pronouns (del 'de el', dello 'de ello', deste 'de este', etc.), and agglutinations with the conjunction que, which are signaled with an apostrophe (ques 'que es', transcribed as qu'es). Scribal R, that is, capital R, is transcribed according to a specific set of norms: R is retained only for proper names (Rio de las Conchas); otherwise, at the beginning of words it is transcribed r: recibir, relacion, religiosos; within words, R is transcribed as rr, in accordance with Spanish phonology, that is, scribal R invariably corresponds to the trill /rr/ (algarroba, gorrillas, hierro) and never to the flap /r/ (scribal r): (fueron, Gregorio). Illegible portions of the text are signaled with "??" and dubious readings with yellow highlighting. The editors would be grateful for any assistance in resolving such difficulties. References
El martes 10 de agosto de 1680, dia del santo martir Lorenzo, cayo sobre los espanoles de Nuevo M... more El martes 10 de agosto de 1680, dia del santo martir Lorenzo, cayo sobre los espanoles de Nuevo Mexico una tormenta humana que consumio a fuego y sangre todo lo que habian construido durante casi un siglo: la villa de Santa Fe, los conventos, las misiones y las estancias, pereciendo en el conflicto unos 400 colonos y soldados, y 21 misioneros franciscanos. Fue uno de los levantamientos indigenas mas exitosos que conoce la historia del Imperio espanol; los indios de los pueblos, con algunos aliados nomadas, habian organizado y llevado a cabo con admirable cohesion y sigilo un levantamiento que dejo estupefactas a las autoridades seculares y eclesiasticas, obligandoles a una retirada tan cruenta como vergonzosa a la villa de El Paso del Norte. Como se sabe, los espanoles tardaron hasta 1692 en volver a establecerse en Nuevo Mexico.
Antonio de Otermin’s Preparations for the Attempted Reconquest of New Mexico September-November 1... more Antonio de Otermin’s Preparations for the Attempted Reconquest of New Mexico September-November 1681 Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico, Archivo Franciscano, caja 20, expediente 436 Transcribed by Barbara De Marco Revised by Jerry R. Craddock University of California, Berkeley Published under the auspices of the Cibola Project Research Center for Romance Studies Institute of International Studies University of California, Berkeley Facsimiles published with the permission of Direccion General del Patrimonio Universitario Instituto de Investigaciones Bibliograficas Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Biblioteca Nacional de Mexico
Various Documents concerning the exploration and settlement of New Mexico Second Series 1584-1624... more Various Documents concerning the exploration and settlement of New Mexico Second Series 1584-1624 Transcribed by Jerry R. Craddock and Barbara De Marco Published under the auspices of the Cibola Project Research Center for Romance Studies Institute of International Studies University of California, Berkeley F acsimiles published in accordance with an agreement between the California Digital Library and Espafia: Ministerio de Educacion, Cultura y Deporte Archivo General de Indias, Sevilla and with the permission of the Archivo General de la Nacion, Mexico and The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley Some images courtesy of the Center for Southwest Research, University Libraries, University of New Mexico
Correspondencia de Domingo Gironza Petris de Cruzate, gobernador de Nuevo Mexico Archivo General ... more Correspondencia de Domingo Gironza Petris de Cruzate, gobernador de Nuevo Mexico Archivo General de la Nacion, Mexico Provincias internas 37, expedientes 5-7 (o lim 4), fols. 142r-310r Edited by Barbara De Marco and Jerry R. Craddock http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2k39t8q6 GLOSSARY AND APPENDICES Glossary of non-standard forms and of specialized meanings. Entries marked with an asterisk are Latin or Latinate phrases. For citations marked with # see Polt 2008 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/02w6f5bs For those marked with + see Craddock and Polt 2008 http://escholarship.org/uc/item/6w33k9v5 sources: CORDE Corpus diacronico del espanol, Real Academia Espanola http://corpus.rae.es/cordenet.html DEA Diccionario de Autoridades, edicion facsimil, 3 vols., Madrid: Gredos, 1990. Online at http://www.rae.es/recursos/diccionarios/diccionarios-anteriores-1726-1996/diccionario-de-autoridades DRAE Diccionario de la lengua espanola, Real Academia Espanola. http://dle.rae.es/?w=diccionario ABIADAS...
Jerry R. Craddock Barbara De Marco University of California, Berkeley Index to the sources of doc... more Jerry R. Craddock Barbara De Marco University of California, Berkeley Index to the sources of documents translated by Hammond, George P., and Agapito Rey, eds. and trans. 1953. Don Juan de Onate, Colonizer of New Mexico 1595-1628. Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications, 1540-1940, 5-6. 2 vols. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press and editions of the Spanish originals as well as other translations, to which are added indications of Onate documents omitted in Hammond and Rey 1953 Published under the auspices of the Cibola Project Research Center for Romance Studies Institute of International Studies University of California, Berkeley
Romance Philology, 2000
... An English translation has been available since 1942, when Charles Wilson Hackett and Charmio... more ... An English translation has been available since 1942, when Charles Wilson Hackett and Charmion Shelby published, as volumes 8 and 9 in the Coronado Cuarto Centennial Publications series, the Revolt of the Pueblo Indians of New Mexico and Otermin's Attempted ...
The dossier here edited contains the judicial inquiry carried out with regard to a clerical suici... more The dossier here edited contains the judicial inquiry carried out with regard to a clerical suicide in colonial New Mexico, a rare and tragic event. The chief document is a long report by the commissary of the Inquisition in New Mexico, fray Alonso de Posada. In addition to the account of what he knows of the suicide of fray Miguel Sacristán in the convent of Jemez Pueblo, his report also contains a great deal about the remarkable hallucinations that he himself experienced at that time, described in fascinating, even obsessive, detail. Fray Miguel Sacristán confessed to fray Alonso Posada two offenses, both in connection with his special friend Juan Manso, former governor of New Mexico (1656-1659) and subsequently chief officer (alcalde mayor) of the Inquisition in New Mexico. Manso indulged in an adulterous affair with Margarita Márquez, wife of Gerónimo de Carvajal, during her husband's absence. Fray Miguel duly baptized the illegitimate child they produced, then subsequently conspired with Manso to make de Carvajal believe that the child was his by performing a second baptism in the presumed father's presence, with Manso acting as godfather. Fray Miguel admitted that the second baptism was performed fraudulently, i.e., by omitting the proper phrases. He then committed a further deception at the behest of Juan Manso, to wit the feigned death and burial of the twice-baptized infant during another of Gerónimo de Carvajal's absences, so that Manso could take charge of the infant and have it raised by his relatives in Mexico City.
The Spanish text of Oñate's appointment was published by Hammond with a translation into English ... more The Spanish text of Oñate's appointment was published by Hammond with a translation into English in 1938, and a revised version of the translation appeared in Hammond and Rey 1953, 1:59-64. Hammond's transcription of the document modernizes the spelling considerably and contains a number of misreadings, so a fresh transcription is in order. The transcription is basically paleographic, but with abbreviations tacitly resolved. The use of capitals, punctuation, and word division have been adjusted to current norms, except that frequent agglutinations of conjunctions and prepositions with definite articles and personal pronouns have been allowed, i.e., dellos = de ellos, quel = que el, etc. More extreme agglutinations have been signaled with an apostrophe, i.e., qu'es = que es, qu'estavan = que estavan. Modernized capitalization requires an adjustment of scribal practice: when rr appears at the beginning of proper nouns, it is represented as R; when R appears at the beginning of common nouns it is represented as r, and within a word, it is represented as rr, in accordance with Spanish phonology, since R invariably corresponds to the trill /rr/ and never to the flap /r/. The following editorial conventions have been adopted: editorial deletions are enclosed in parentheses, (...), editorial emendations and additions in square brackets, [...]; scribal deletions are signaled with a caret inside the parentheses, (^...) and scribal emendations and additions with a caret inside the square brackets, [^...]. Damaged passages or passages cut off by close binding are enclosed in square brackets with an asterisk [*...]; in such cases, the text is supplied by editorial conjecture. Illegible passages are signaled with a double interrogation: ??. Square brackets also identify marginalia, while curly brackets {...} enclose descriptive terms such as "rubric".
Vicente de Zaldívar's "Memorial" is primarily a detailed summary of the contents of Patronato 22,... more Vicente de Zaldívar's "Memorial" is primarily a detailed summary of the contents of Patronato 22, ramo 4, containing a dossier formed in 1602 by the viceroy Gaspar de Zúñiga y Acevedo, Conde de Monterrey, pursuant to Zaldívar's request, acting for his commanding officer Juan de Oñate, for further reinforcements and supplies to maintain the newly established province of New Mexico.
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Papers by Barbara De Marco