Applied Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences
Understanding the impact of hydropower dam construction on adjacent local community water securit... more Understanding the impact of hydropower dam construction on adjacent local community water security is critical for identifying factors that influence water security as well as improving water supplies in rural areas. This study analyzes the impact of hydropower dam construction on the water security of households around the Amerti and Neshe dams in Northwestern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling procedure was followed to select 485 households (268 affected and 217 non-affected) for our analysis. A principal component analysis was applied to five dimensions of water security (access, utilization, affordability, quality, and quantity) and then the households water security index (HWSI) was constructed. An endogenous switching regression model was applied to analyze the impact of dam construction on the water security status at the household level in the study area. Our findings revealed that there is a significant mean difference in HWSI between affected and non-affected households rega...
The paper attempts to estimate household energy demand (fuel choice) using panel data for differe... more The paper attempts to estimate household energy demand (fuel choice) using panel data for different sources of energy consumption. The study contributes to the contemporary literature a coherent view of energy demand (fuel choice) in rural setup. The result of the finding suggests that as household's total expenditure rises, fuel option widens and fuel mix may change. They respond by increasing the number of the fuel they use exhibiting fuel stacking (multiple fuel use) behavior but traditional/inferior fuels are rarely entirely excluded from household energy mix. It also suggests that households do not simply substitute one fuel for another due only to income or expenditure increases, rather diversify their fuel consumption in a process of fuel stacking. To envisage this issue deeply the study used econometric tool of the linear approximation almost ideal demand system (LAAIDS) with normalized prices to compute expenditure elasticities and the multinomial logit model of househo...
Diversifying the sources of livelihood for subsistence farmers beyond agriculture plays a signifi... more Diversifying the sources of livelihood for subsistence farmers beyond agriculture plays a significant role in reducing poverty as well as withstanding the adverse impacts of climate change. A crosssectional survey research design has been employed to examine the factors which determine the participation of rainfed-dependent smallholder farmers in non-farm activities using a mixed methods approach. Data were obtained from 384 randomly selected households in the Woleka sub-basin of Ethiopia. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and interviews were analyzed using mean, percentage, chi-square test, t-test, one-way ANOVA, binary logistic regression model and thematic analysis. Access to adequate capital, poor infrastructure and lack of training are the major constraints which hindered farmers from undertaking non-farm activities. The regression model result revealed that several factors determine the propensity of smallholder farmers' participation to non-farm activities. Better-off households, households led by literate and younger heads, having access to microfinance, having extension services, and having social responsibilities create engagement in non-farm economic activities. We argue that strengthening agricultural extension services, providing microfinance, entrepreneurial training and skill development, and infrastructure development would enhance the participation of smallholder farmers in non-farm activities. To achieve this, policy makers and other stakeholders need to integrate non-farm livelihood strategies into rural farming economies.
Forests provide multiple ecosystem services ranging from local livelihoods and socio-economic ben... more Forests provide multiple ecosystem services ranging from local livelihoods and socio-economic benefits to global ecological services. Despite these benefits, human activities have put immense strain on forest resources, resulting in forest degradation, impoverishment of the environment, and loss of livelihoods. Hence, monitoring forest cover change and identifying its drivers are essential for developing sustainable forest management strategies that restore forest resources and ecosystem services. This study examined the trends of forest cover changes and its drivers in and around the Semien Mountains National Park, Northwest Ethiopia, from 1984 to 2020. Data from Landsat satellite images of 1984, 1996, 2008, and 2020 were used for forest cover mapping and quantifying the changes using remote sensing techniques. A household survey and key informant interviews were also used to identify the drivers of forest cover change. Results showed an overall decline in forest cover and grasslan...
The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisci... more The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisciplinary research institute at the University of Bonn. Research and teaching at ZEF addresses political, economic and ecological development problems. ZEF closely cooperates with national and international partners in research and development organizations. For information, see: www.zef.de. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy are intended to stimulate discussion among researchers, practitioners and policy makers on current and emerging development issues. Each paper has been exposed to an internal discussion within the Center for Development Research (ZEF) and an external review. The papers mostly reflect work in progress. The Editorial Committee of the ZEF-DISCUSSION PAPERS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICY include Joachim von Braun (Chair), Christian Borgemeister, and Eva Youkhana. Tobias Wünscher is Managing Editor of the series.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisci... more The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisciplinary research institute at the University of Bonn. Research and teaching at ZEF addresses political, economic and ecological development problems. ZEF closely cooperates with national and international partners in research and development organizations. For information, see: www.zef.de. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy are intended to stimulate discussion among researchers, practitioners and policy makers on current and emerging development issues. Each paper has been exposed to an internal discussion within the Center for Development Research (ZEF) and an external review. The papers mostly reflect work in progress. The Editorial Committee of the ZEF-DISCUSSION PAPERS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICY include Joachim von Braun (Chair), Solvey Gerke, and Manfred Denich. Tobias Wünscher is Managing Editor of the series.
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research
Land acquisitions for expansion of industries through expropriation have affected means of income... more Land acquisitions for expansion of industries through expropriation have affected means of income generation of evicted people in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and endogenous switching regression. Results showed that the expropriated households have lower total income and higher personal expenditures than the non-expropriated household’s. Besides, the total income of the expropriated households was significantly lower than that of the non-expropriated households. Thus, there should be a restoration mechanisms through the implementation of livelihood improvement fund; provision of share stock from company; training of expropriated people at financial accounting and management system, provision of infrastructure and service facilities, and creation of safe environment for the society.
European journal of sustainable development research, Apr 1, 2023
This study investigated the factors affecting the consent of households dispossessed by industria... more This study investigated the factors affecting the consent of households dispossessed by industrialization to change job in Sabata Town in Central Ethiopia. Questionnaires to 205 dispossessed households, 10 focus group discussion and 19 key informants were analyzed for the study. The data collected were described using qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics. It was found that land acquisition and expropriation for industrial development is on the rise in Sabata Town. The study findings revealed that the expropriated households' has negatively affected by the displacement action through reducing job opportunity, curtailed their subsistence farming, and contributed to upsurge in poverty. Lack of decision power, demolition of property by court decision, and dearth of clean environment were also negatively associated with the expropriated households' to change job. The consent of the expropriated households to change job emanated from the arbitrary nature of property valuation for land acquisition for industrial development that did not offer sustainable income generation. Thus, there should be initiation of property valuation institution and creation of safe environment for the society.
Smallholder dairy farms face enormous challenges of increasing milk production while also mitigat... more Smallholder dairy farms face enormous challenges of increasing milk production while also mitigating associated GHG emission, thereby increasing climate resilience. Carbon foot prints (CF) of smallholder milk production is expected to increase with increasing demand for dairy products under business as usual scenario. This study estimate the carbon foot prints of smallholder milk production and examine variation across farms using data from 480 households in order to identify viable options for mitigating GHG emissions. We applied a cradle to farm-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to examine the effects of farming systems on GHG emissions intensifies across intensification gradients of smallholder farm (SHF) from four dairy potential districts in central highlands of Ethiopia. Our study findings revealed that enteric fermentation was the primary source of GHG emission and CH4 emission from enteric fermentation and manure management comprised the bulk of total emission across...
Modern bioenergy is a core ingredient of sustainable economic development as it plays an importan... more Modern bioenergy is a core ingredient of sustainable economic development as it plays an important role in poverty reduction and green growth. This makes bioenergy innovations critical, especially in developing countries where many households and rural communities rely on traditional bioenergy. Managing the multiple tradeoffs among bioenergy use, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem functions is a major development challenge. Addressing this challenge requires the identification of the drivers, tradeoffs and impacts of bioenergy production, trade and use in the Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. The key
Abstract This paper presents the technical design, market penetration, costs, and greenhouse gas ... more Abstract This paper presents the technical design, market penetration, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions of three types of stoves for baking Injera, which is a traditional flat bread and staple food in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The investigated stoves are an improved biomass (Mirt), an electric, and a solar stove. As solar stove, a steam based concentrating high temperature device suitable for indoor cooking, was selected for economic evaluations. Since it is not available on the market yet, material prices and labor costs are considered. After a review of traditional and high temperature solar stoves, a thorough cost analysis is presented. Various economic parameters are quantified, like the discounted payback period for the replacement of a traditional stove by a solar stove. The analysis yields that the levelized cost of useful heat for baking (LCoEuseful) with the Mirt stove is almost 2.5 times as high, and for baking with an electric stove (with domestic electricity prices) it is about 1.1 times as high as baking with the selected solar stove. This is because of fuel costs and very different efficiencies of the stoves. The saving potential of the annual CO2 emissions for substituting all the Mirt and open fire Injera stoves in Ethiopia for solar devices yields about 32.74 million tons. The equivalent CO2 emission reduction from these replacements corresponds to about 22% of the 2010 total CO2e emissions in Ethiopia.
Though Ethiopia is one of the major sesame producing countries in the world, studies have shown t... more Though Ethiopia is one of the major sesame producing countries in the world, studies have shown that its sesame sector is performing far below its full potential. This study examines the factors that impact smallholders’ decisions about sesame production and the intensity of their production in the western part of Ethiopia using cross-sectional data collected from 400 sampled households. The study uses the double-hurdle model to empirically identify the factors that affect households’ separate decision-making processes regarding their participation in sesame production (using the probit model) and the intensity of their production (using a truncated model). The results show that decisions about opting for sesame production are significantly constrained by farmers’ resource endowments and market information. Smallholders with more education, land, food availability, and access to credit are more likely to plant sesame. Among the sesame producers, the level of production is also posit...
Applied Journal of Economics, Management and Social Sciences
Understanding the impact of hydropower dam construction on adjacent local community water securit... more Understanding the impact of hydropower dam construction on adjacent local community water security is critical for identifying factors that influence water security as well as improving water supplies in rural areas. This study analyzes the impact of hydropower dam construction on the water security of households around the Amerti and Neshe dams in Northwestern Ethiopia. A multistage sampling procedure was followed to select 485 households (268 affected and 217 non-affected) for our analysis. A principal component analysis was applied to five dimensions of water security (access, utilization, affordability, quality, and quantity) and then the households water security index (HWSI) was constructed. An endogenous switching regression model was applied to analyze the impact of dam construction on the water security status at the household level in the study area. Our findings revealed that there is a significant mean difference in HWSI between affected and non-affected households rega...
The paper attempts to estimate household energy demand (fuel choice) using panel data for differe... more The paper attempts to estimate household energy demand (fuel choice) using panel data for different sources of energy consumption. The study contributes to the contemporary literature a coherent view of energy demand (fuel choice) in rural setup. The result of the finding suggests that as household's total expenditure rises, fuel option widens and fuel mix may change. They respond by increasing the number of the fuel they use exhibiting fuel stacking (multiple fuel use) behavior but traditional/inferior fuels are rarely entirely excluded from household energy mix. It also suggests that households do not simply substitute one fuel for another due only to income or expenditure increases, rather diversify their fuel consumption in a process of fuel stacking. To envisage this issue deeply the study used econometric tool of the linear approximation almost ideal demand system (LAAIDS) with normalized prices to compute expenditure elasticities and the multinomial logit model of househo...
Diversifying the sources of livelihood for subsistence farmers beyond agriculture plays a signifi... more Diversifying the sources of livelihood for subsistence farmers beyond agriculture plays a significant role in reducing poverty as well as withstanding the adverse impacts of climate change. A crosssectional survey research design has been employed to examine the factors which determine the participation of rainfed-dependent smallholder farmers in non-farm activities using a mixed methods approach. Data were obtained from 384 randomly selected households in the Woleka sub-basin of Ethiopia. Data were collected using survey questionnaires and interviews were analyzed using mean, percentage, chi-square test, t-test, one-way ANOVA, binary logistic regression model and thematic analysis. Access to adequate capital, poor infrastructure and lack of training are the major constraints which hindered farmers from undertaking non-farm activities. The regression model result revealed that several factors determine the propensity of smallholder farmers' participation to non-farm activities. Better-off households, households led by literate and younger heads, having access to microfinance, having extension services, and having social responsibilities create engagement in non-farm economic activities. We argue that strengthening agricultural extension services, providing microfinance, entrepreneurial training and skill development, and infrastructure development would enhance the participation of smallholder farmers in non-farm activities. To achieve this, policy makers and other stakeholders need to integrate non-farm livelihood strategies into rural farming economies.
Forests provide multiple ecosystem services ranging from local livelihoods and socio-economic ben... more Forests provide multiple ecosystem services ranging from local livelihoods and socio-economic benefits to global ecological services. Despite these benefits, human activities have put immense strain on forest resources, resulting in forest degradation, impoverishment of the environment, and loss of livelihoods. Hence, monitoring forest cover change and identifying its drivers are essential for developing sustainable forest management strategies that restore forest resources and ecosystem services. This study examined the trends of forest cover changes and its drivers in and around the Semien Mountains National Park, Northwest Ethiopia, from 1984 to 2020. Data from Landsat satellite images of 1984, 1996, 2008, and 2020 were used for forest cover mapping and quantifying the changes using remote sensing techniques. A household survey and key informant interviews were also used to identify the drivers of forest cover change. Results showed an overall decline in forest cover and grasslan...
The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisci... more The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisciplinary research institute at the University of Bonn. Research and teaching at ZEF addresses political, economic and ecological development problems. ZEF closely cooperates with national and international partners in research and development organizations. For information, see: www.zef.de. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy are intended to stimulate discussion among researchers, practitioners and policy makers on current and emerging development issues. Each paper has been exposed to an internal discussion within the Center for Development Research (ZEF) and an external review. The papers mostly reflect work in progress. The Editorial Committee of the ZEF-DISCUSSION PAPERS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICY include Joachim von Braun (Chair), Christian Borgemeister, and Eva Youkhana. Tobias Wünscher is Managing Editor of the series.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisci... more The CENTER FOR DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (ZEF) was established in 1995 as an international, interdisciplinary research institute at the University of Bonn. Research and teaching at ZEF addresses political, economic and ecological development problems. ZEF closely cooperates with national and international partners in research and development organizations. For information, see: www.zef.de. ZEF-Discussion Papers on Development Policy are intended to stimulate discussion among researchers, practitioners and policy makers on current and emerging development issues. Each paper has been exposed to an internal discussion within the Center for Development Research (ZEF) and an external review. The papers mostly reflect work in progress. The Editorial Committee of the ZEF-DISCUSSION PAPERS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICY include Joachim von Braun (Chair), Solvey Gerke, and Manfred Denich. Tobias Wünscher is Managing Editor of the series.
European Journal of Sustainable Development Research
Land acquisitions for expansion of industries through expropriation have affected means of income... more Land acquisitions for expansion of industries through expropriation have affected means of income generation of evicted people in Ethiopia. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and endogenous switching regression. Results showed that the expropriated households have lower total income and higher personal expenditures than the non-expropriated household’s. Besides, the total income of the expropriated households was significantly lower than that of the non-expropriated households. Thus, there should be a restoration mechanisms through the implementation of livelihood improvement fund; provision of share stock from company; training of expropriated people at financial accounting and management system, provision of infrastructure and service facilities, and creation of safe environment for the society.
European journal of sustainable development research, Apr 1, 2023
This study investigated the factors affecting the consent of households dispossessed by industria... more This study investigated the factors affecting the consent of households dispossessed by industrialization to change job in Sabata Town in Central Ethiopia. Questionnaires to 205 dispossessed households, 10 focus group discussion and 19 key informants were analyzed for the study. The data collected were described using qualitative analysis and descriptive statistics. It was found that land acquisition and expropriation for industrial development is on the rise in Sabata Town. The study findings revealed that the expropriated households' has negatively affected by the displacement action through reducing job opportunity, curtailed their subsistence farming, and contributed to upsurge in poverty. Lack of decision power, demolition of property by court decision, and dearth of clean environment were also negatively associated with the expropriated households' to change job. The consent of the expropriated households to change job emanated from the arbitrary nature of property valuation for land acquisition for industrial development that did not offer sustainable income generation. Thus, there should be initiation of property valuation institution and creation of safe environment for the society.
Smallholder dairy farms face enormous challenges of increasing milk production while also mitigat... more Smallholder dairy farms face enormous challenges of increasing milk production while also mitigating associated GHG emission, thereby increasing climate resilience. Carbon foot prints (CF) of smallholder milk production is expected to increase with increasing demand for dairy products under business as usual scenario. This study estimate the carbon foot prints of smallholder milk production and examine variation across farms using data from 480 households in order to identify viable options for mitigating GHG emissions. We applied a cradle to farm-gate Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach to examine the effects of farming systems on GHG emissions intensifies across intensification gradients of smallholder farm (SHF) from four dairy potential districts in central highlands of Ethiopia. Our study findings revealed that enteric fermentation was the primary source of GHG emission and CH4 emission from enteric fermentation and manure management comprised the bulk of total emission across...
Modern bioenergy is a core ingredient of sustainable economic development as it plays an importan... more Modern bioenergy is a core ingredient of sustainable economic development as it plays an important role in poverty reduction and green growth. This makes bioenergy innovations critical, especially in developing countries where many households and rural communities rely on traditional bioenergy. Managing the multiple tradeoffs among bioenergy use, agricultural productivity, and ecosystem functions is a major development challenge. Addressing this challenge requires the identification of the drivers, tradeoffs and impacts of bioenergy production, trade and use in the Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. The key
Abstract This paper presents the technical design, market penetration, costs, and greenhouse gas ... more Abstract This paper presents the technical design, market penetration, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions of three types of stoves for baking Injera, which is a traditional flat bread and staple food in Ethiopia and Eritrea. The investigated stoves are an improved biomass (Mirt), an electric, and a solar stove. As solar stove, a steam based concentrating high temperature device suitable for indoor cooking, was selected for economic evaluations. Since it is not available on the market yet, material prices and labor costs are considered. After a review of traditional and high temperature solar stoves, a thorough cost analysis is presented. Various economic parameters are quantified, like the discounted payback period for the replacement of a traditional stove by a solar stove. The analysis yields that the levelized cost of useful heat for baking (LCoEuseful) with the Mirt stove is almost 2.5 times as high, and for baking with an electric stove (with domestic electricity prices) it is about 1.1 times as high as baking with the selected solar stove. This is because of fuel costs and very different efficiencies of the stoves. The saving potential of the annual CO2 emissions for substituting all the Mirt and open fire Injera stoves in Ethiopia for solar devices yields about 32.74 million tons. The equivalent CO2 emission reduction from these replacements corresponds to about 22% of the 2010 total CO2e emissions in Ethiopia.
Though Ethiopia is one of the major sesame producing countries in the world, studies have shown t... more Though Ethiopia is one of the major sesame producing countries in the world, studies have shown that its sesame sector is performing far below its full potential. This study examines the factors that impact smallholders’ decisions about sesame production and the intensity of their production in the western part of Ethiopia using cross-sectional data collected from 400 sampled households. The study uses the double-hurdle model to empirically identify the factors that affect households’ separate decision-making processes regarding their participation in sesame production (using the probit model) and the intensity of their production (using a truncated model). The results show that decisions about opting for sesame production are significantly constrained by farmers’ resource endowments and market information. Smallholders with more education, land, food availability, and access to credit are more likely to plant sesame. Among the sesame producers, the level of production is also posit...
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