Abstract Background Childhood abuse and homelessness are independently associated with substance ... more Abstract Background Childhood abuse and homelessness are independently associated with substance use. Though childhood abuse and homelessness are strongly correlated, research on the joint effect of exposure to both traumatic life events on substance use is limited. Objective: To estimate independent and joint effects of childhood abuse and homelessness on substance use risk during emerging adulthood and adulthood. Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,288), we measured associations between exposure to physical or sexual abuse in childhood, homelessness in childhood or emerging adulthood, or exposure to both traumas and outcomes of binge drinking, marijuana use, cocaine use, methamphetamine use, and prescription opioid misuse during emerging adulthood (Wave III, ages 18–26 years) and adulthood (Wave IV, ages 24–32 years). Results: In adjusted analyses, exposure to childhood abuse alone, homelessness alone, and both childhood abuse and homelessness were significant correlates of most substance use indicators in emerging adulthood. Those jointly exposed to childhood abuse and homelessness had disproportionate risk of substance use, particularly use of cocaine (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.70, 6.71) and methamphetamine (AOR = 6.59, 95% CI: 3.87, 11.21). The independent and combined effects of abuse and homelessness generally persisted into adulthood though associations tended to weaken. Conclusions/Importance: Those with exposure to abuse, homelessness, and both adverse outcomes constitute a high-risk population for substance use. Addressing abuse and homelessness should be a component of preventing drug risk for screening, treatment, and prevention efforts.
Objective: With nearly 11 million people in the United States arrested in 2015, the need to ident... more Objective: With nearly 11 million people in the United States arrested in 2015, the need to identify antecedent risk factors driving criminal justice involvement (CJI) and possible mitigating factors is crucial. This study examines the relation between childhood trauma and CJI in adolescence and adulthood and assesses how this relation is moderated by mentoring during young adulthood. Methods: We analyzed three waves of data-adolescents, young adults, and adults-collected from 1995 to 2008 from 12,288 adolescents who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally-representative study of adolescents in grades seven to 12. We used logistic regression to examine how having a close mentor in adolescence moderated the relation between criminal justice involvement and nine childhood traumatic events: (1) neglect; (2) emotional, (3) physical, and (4) sexual abuse; (5) parental incarceration; (6) parental binge drinking; (7) witnessed, (8) threatened with, and (9) experienced violence. Results: Cumulative exposure to childhood trauma was associated with CJI in adolescence (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) ranging from 1.44-2.69) and adulthood (AORs 1.35-6.39), and parental incarceration was consistently one of the, if not the, most strongly associated with each form of CJI; the strength of these associations was weakened for those who reported a close mentor compared to those who did not.
International Journal of Services Operations and Informatics, 2020
Information Security is considered one of the main concerns for many organisations with no signs ... more Information Security is considered one of the main concerns for many organisations with no signs of decreasing urgency in the coming years. To address this concern a structured approach required, with the ISO 27000 series-Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) being one of the most popular practices for assessing and managing Information Security. However, assessing the effectiveness of a security management approach in order to further develop it is far from straightforward. Many organisations still do not share information about their security incidents or breaches, while many breaches go unnoticed, making enhancing an ISMS process a challenge. In this work, we used a combination of research methods (interviews and workshops) to conduct a SWOT analysis on ISMS. The findings from the SWOT were then validated using a survey covering auditors, consultants and researchers in the field. Finally, the results were validated and analysed using various statistical methods. Our findings show that there was a generally positive view on the 'Strengths' and 'Opportunities' compared to that of 'Weaknesses' and 'Threats'. We identified statistically significant differences in the perception of 'Strengths' and 'Opportunities' across the groups but also found that there is no significant variance in the perception of 'Threats'. The SWOT produced will help practitioners and researchers tailor ways to enhance ISMS using existing techniques such as TOWS matrix.
Abstract Background Childhood abuse and homelessness are independently associated with substance ... more Abstract Background Childhood abuse and homelessness are independently associated with substance use. Though childhood abuse and homelessness are strongly correlated, research on the joint effect of exposure to both traumatic life events on substance use is limited. Objective: To estimate independent and joint effects of childhood abuse and homelessness on substance use risk during emerging adulthood and adulthood. Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (N = 12,288), we measured associations between exposure to physical or sexual abuse in childhood, homelessness in childhood or emerging adulthood, or exposure to both traumas and outcomes of binge drinking, marijuana use, cocaine use, methamphetamine use, and prescription opioid misuse during emerging adulthood (Wave III, ages 18–26 years) and adulthood (Wave IV, ages 24–32 years). Results: In adjusted analyses, exposure to childhood abuse alone, homelessness alone, and both childhood abuse and homelessness were significant correlates of most substance use indicators in emerging adulthood. Those jointly exposed to childhood abuse and homelessness had disproportionate risk of substance use, particularly use of cocaine (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=4.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.70, 6.71) and methamphetamine (AOR = 6.59, 95% CI: 3.87, 11.21). The independent and combined effects of abuse and homelessness generally persisted into adulthood though associations tended to weaken. Conclusions/Importance: Those with exposure to abuse, homelessness, and both adverse outcomes constitute a high-risk population for substance use. Addressing abuse and homelessness should be a component of preventing drug risk for screening, treatment, and prevention efforts.
Objective: With nearly 11 million people in the United States arrested in 2015, the need to ident... more Objective: With nearly 11 million people in the United States arrested in 2015, the need to identify antecedent risk factors driving criminal justice involvement (CJI) and possible mitigating factors is crucial. This study examines the relation between childhood trauma and CJI in adolescence and adulthood and assesses how this relation is moderated by mentoring during young adulthood. Methods: We analyzed three waves of data-adolescents, young adults, and adults-collected from 1995 to 2008 from 12,288 adolescents who participated in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, a nationally-representative study of adolescents in grades seven to 12. We used logistic regression to examine how having a close mentor in adolescence moderated the relation between criminal justice involvement and nine childhood traumatic events: (1) neglect; (2) emotional, (3) physical, and (4) sexual abuse; (5) parental incarceration; (6) parental binge drinking; (7) witnessed, (8) threatened with, and (9) experienced violence. Results: Cumulative exposure to childhood trauma was associated with CJI in adolescence (adjusted odds ratios (AOR) ranging from 1.44-2.69) and adulthood (AORs 1.35-6.39), and parental incarceration was consistently one of the, if not the, most strongly associated with each form of CJI; the strength of these associations was weakened for those who reported a close mentor compared to those who did not.
International Journal of Services Operations and Informatics, 2020
Information Security is considered one of the main concerns for many organisations with no signs ... more Information Security is considered one of the main concerns for many organisations with no signs of decreasing urgency in the coming years. To address this concern a structured approach required, with the ISO 27000 series-Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) being one of the most popular practices for assessing and managing Information Security. However, assessing the effectiveness of a security management approach in order to further develop it is far from straightforward. Many organisations still do not share information about their security incidents or breaches, while many breaches go unnoticed, making enhancing an ISMS process a challenge. In this work, we used a combination of research methods (interviews and workshops) to conduct a SWOT analysis on ISMS. The findings from the SWOT were then validated using a survey covering auditors, consultants and researchers in the field. Finally, the results were validated and analysed using various statistical methods. Our findings show that there was a generally positive view on the 'Strengths' and 'Opportunities' compared to that of 'Weaknesses' and 'Threats'. We identified statistically significant differences in the perception of 'Strengths' and 'Opportunities' across the groups but also found that there is no significant variance in the perception of 'Threats'. The SWOT produced will help practitioners and researchers tailor ways to enhance ISMS using existing techniques such as TOWS matrix.
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Papers by Daniel Schatz