Under the critical environmental conditions of the White Sea, Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe... more Under the critical environmental conditions of the White Sea, Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe imbricata coexist in the same habitat, often showing recurrent alternations in dominance. L. squamatus is a long-living, slow growing broadcast spawner, while H. imbricata is a short-living and quick growing species, with complex reproductive behaviour. These different life strategies may allow them to respond in a different way to the environmental limitations of the study site, this likely being the most appropriate explanation to the observed alternation in dominance.
In the current educational conception, foreign languages' learning (especially English) is gainin... more In the current educational conception, foreign languages' learning (especially English) is gaining importance and presence in the classrooms. Furthermore, the educational theories emphasize the relevance of fostering critical thinking in students rather than the memoristic learning characteristic of the traditional school. The objective is to form citizens capable of thinking for themselves and to participate actively in the society. Therefore, it seems evident that critical thinking has to be developed through English as much or even more than through other subjects and it must be taught in the primary stage from its very beginning. This will require teachers able to design and implement materials that enable students not only to improve their English communicative competence but also to develop their critical thinking skills. This essay is precisely about the design of materials to foster in lower primary the critical thinking through English lessons.
To describe outcomes 5 years after initiating treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab for neova... more To describe outcomes 5 years after initiating treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cohort study. Patients enrolled in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials. Patients were assigned randomly to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. After 2 years, patients were released from the clinical trial protocol. At 5 years, patients were recalled for examination. Visual acuity (VA) and morphologic retinal features. Visual acuity was obtained for 647 of 914 (71%) living patients with average follow-up of 5.5 years. The mean number of examinations for AMD care after the clinical trial ended was 25.3, and the mean number of treatments was 15.4. Most patients (60%) were treated 1 time or more with a drug other than their assigned drug. At the 5-year visit, 50% of eyes had VA of 20/40 or better and 20% had VA of 20/200 or worse. Mean change in VA was -3 letters from baseline and -11 letters from 2 years. Among 467 eye...
To present data from an established mobile screening program for children in the amblyogenic age ... more To present data from an established mobile screening program for children in the amblyogenic age group using gold-standard examination techniques by eye care professionals. Retrospective 12-year, cross-sectional study. Setting: Single center. All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and first grades in public schools in Cleveland, OH were eligible for evaluations. Intervention Procedure: An ophthalmic technician and/or optometrist examined children in a customized van that visits all elementary schools. The initial screening included testing of monocular near and distance visual acuity, stereoacuity, ocular alignment, motility, pupils, and external abnormalities. Children meeting the 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics vision screening referral criteria underwent cycloplegic retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy by the onsite optometrist and received glasses. In addition, these children were referred to pediatric ophthalmology for ongoing care. Determination of the proportion of children with refractive errors, amblyopia, and/or strabismus. Between 2002 and 2014, 63,841 evaluations were performed, representing approximately 55% of eligible children. Overall, 6,386 (10.0%) of children met one or more referral criteria: 5,355 (8.39%) received glasses, 873 (1.37%) had amblyopia, and 1125 (1.76%) had strabismus. Over the 12-year period, there was no statistically significant change in the prevalence of strabismus (1.73-2.24%, p=0.91) or amblyopia (0.9%-2.08%, p=0.13) among first grade students. Amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors are common in young children. During the study period, the rates of amblyopia and strabismus remained stable indicating the need for continued vision screening and treatment services. A van-based model, traveling directly to schools, appears to be effective in reaching young children in underserved communities.
To evaluate the association of baseline characteristics and early visual acuity (VA) response wit... more To evaluate the association of baseline characteristics and early visual acuity (VA) response with visual outcomes at years 1 or 2 in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Treatments Trials (CATT). Secondary analysis of CATT. The 1185 CATT participants with baseline VA of 20/25 to 20/320. Participants were assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. Associations of baseline characteristics and early VA response (week 4 or 12) with VA response at years 1 or 2 were assessed by R(2) from linear regression analyses. Patients who had a poor initial response (VA 20/40 or worse with persistent fluid and without ≥1-line VA gain) were defined as candidates for changing treatment. Visual acuity change from baseline. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) baseline predictors for less VA gain at year 2 were older age, VA of 20/40 or better, larger choroidal neovascularization area, presence of geographic atrophy, total foveal thickness ≤325 μm or ≥4...
ABSTRACT It is necessary to monitor the water content of the paper insulation (WCP) within a powe... more ABSTRACT It is necessary to monitor the water content of the paper insulation (WCP) within a power transformer because, if it becomes too large, the paper insulation may age prematurely or the transformer may fail on overload. It is nearly always unfeasible to extract a paper insulation sample from a transformer for a laboratory measurement of its water content because it involves removing part of the insulation.
... Corresponding author: W. Clint Hoffmann, USDA‐ARS, 2771 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 7784... more ... Corresponding author: W. Clint Hoffmann, USDA‐ARS, 2771 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 77845; phone: 979‐260‐9521; fax: 979‐260‐9386 ... Increased turbulence at the site of deposition may en‐ train smaller droplets and influence deposition at the target site (Lawson and Uk ...
The purpose of the study was to report the clinicopathologic features of four patients with uveal... more The purpose of the study was to report the clinicopathologic features of four patients with uveal lymphoid infiltration who were diagnosed by a conjunctival biopsy. A case series. Four patients at four institutions participated. The histopathologic findings of the conjunctival and episcleral biopsy specimens from four patients with the diagnosis of uveal lymphoid infiltration were recorded. The conjunctival specimens were placed in 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde solution or B5 solution and processed routinely for light microscopic examination and immunohistochemical analysis for B cells and T cells and kappa and lambda light chains. The clinical and histopathologic findings were compared with 47 previously reported cases of uveal lymphoid infiltration. Two men and two women (average age = 57 years) presented with diffuse punctate to coalescent yellow uveal infiltrates and epibulbar pink fleshy lesions. Ultrasonography of the lesions showed diffuse choroidal thickening and a lack of choroidal or scleral excavation. The conjunctival biopsy specimens showed diffuse infiltration of the substantia propria with B lymphocytes with variable kappa and lambda restriction. Scattered T lymphocytes also were present. Plasmacytoid cells and a prominent Grenz zone were present. Patients with solitary or multiple yellow uveal infiltrates should have careful conjunctival evaluation for the presence of pink conjunctival lesions. Biopsy specimens of the conjunctival lesion may establish the diagnosis of uveal lymphoid infiltration.
2008 12th International IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, 2008
Web service orchestrations expressed in the Web Ser-vice Business Process Execution Language (W... more Web service orchestrations expressed in the Web Ser-vice Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL or BPEL for short) are a manifestation of the two-level-programming paradigm where services, ie the business functions used by the composite application, are composed ...
To determine the prevalence of, risk factors for, and visual acuity (VA) correlations with outer ... more To determine the prevalence of, risk factors for, and visual acuity (VA) correlations with outer retinal tubulation (ORT) seen on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. Prospective cohort study within a randomized clinical trial. Patients with SD OCT images at weeks 56 and 104 in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT). Participants in the CATT were assigned randomly to ranibizumab (0.5 mg) or bevacizumab (1.25 mg) treatment and to a monthly or pro re nata (PRN) injection-dosing regimen. A subset of eyes was imaged with SD OCT beginning at week 56. Cirrus 512×128 or Spectralis 20°×20° volume cube scan protocols were used to acquire SD OCT images. Two independent readers at the CATT OCT reading center graded scans, and a senior reader arbitrated discrepant grades. The prevalence of ORT, identified as tubular structures seen on at least 3 consecutive Cirrus B scans or 2 consecutive Spectralis B scans, was determined. The associations of patient-specific and ocular features at baseline and follow-up with ORT were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Outer retinal tubulations. Seven of 69 eyes (10.1%) at 56 weeks and 64 of 368 eyes (17.4%) at week 104 had ORTs. Absence of diabetes, poor VA, blocked fluorescence, geographic atrophy, greater lesion size, and presence of subretinal hyperreflective material at baseline were associated independently with greater risk of ORT at 104 weeks (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Neither drug nor dosing regimen were associated significantly with ORT. The mean VA of eyes with ORT at week 104 (58.5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) was worse than the mean VA of eyes without ORT (68.8 letters; P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.0001). At 2 years after initiation of anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD, ORTs are present in a substantial proportion of eyes. We identified baseline features that independently predict ORTs. It is important to identify ORTs because eyes with ORTs have worse VA outcomes than those without this finding.
Background: Emergency medicine (EM) is a young specialty and only recently has a recommended medi... more Background: Emergency medicine (EM) is a young specialty and only recently has a recommended medical student curriculum been developed. Currently, many schools do not require students to complete a mandatory clerkship in EM, and if one is required, it is typically an overview of the specialty. Objectives: We developed a 10-month longitudinal elective to teach subject matter and skills in EM to fourth-year medical students interested in the specialty. Our goal was producing EM residents with the knowledge and skills to excel at the onset of their residency. We hoped to prove that students participating in this rigorous 10-month longitudinal EM elective would feel well prepared for residency. Methods: We studied the program with an end-of-the-year, Internet-based, comprehensive course evaluation completed by each participant of the first 2 years of the course. Graduates rated each of the course components by using a 5-point Likert format from ''strongly disagree'' to ''strongly agree,'' either in terms of whether the component was beneficial to them or whether the course expectations were appropriate, or their perceptions related to the course. Results: Graduates of this elective have reported feeling well prepared to start residency. The resident-led teaching shifts, Advanced Pediatric Life Support certification, Grand Rounds presentations, Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support proficiency testing, and ultrasound component, were found to be beneficial by all students. Conclusions: Our faculty believes that participating students will be better prepared for an EM residency than those students just completing a 1-month clerkship. Our data, although limited, lead us to believe that a longitudinal, immersion-type experience assists fourth-year medical students in preparation for residency. [West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(4):543-550.] a recommended curriculum for medical students. 2,3 The EM clerkship offered at most medical schools is an overview of the specialty designed for students of all skill levels and career aspirations. Medical student educators are challenged with the task of creating ways to improve upon the educational opportunities available to future EM residents. In the Society of Academic
Permissive hypoxaemia describes a concept in which a lower level of arterial oxygenation (PaO2) t... more Permissive hypoxaemia describes a concept in which a lower level of arterial oxygenation (PaO2) than usual is accepted to avoid the detrimental effects of high fractional inspired oxygen and invasive mechanical ventilation. Currently however, no specific threshold is known that defines permissive hypoxaemia, and its use in adults remains formally untested. The importance of this systematic review is thus to determine whether any substantial evidence is available to support the notion that permissive hypoxaemia may improve clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. We assessed whether permissive hypoxaemia (accepting a lower PaO2 than is current practice) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients affects patient morbidity and mortality. We planned to conduct subgroup and sensitivity analyses and to examine the role of bias to determine the level of evidence provided. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) 2013, Issue 11, part of The Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (1954 to November 2013); EMBASE (1980 to November 2013); CINAHL (1982 to November 2013) and ISI Web of Science (1946 to November 2013). We combined the sensitive search strategies described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in MEDLINE and EMBASE. For ongoing trials, we also searched the following databases: MetaRegister of ControlledTrials and the National Research Register. We applied no language restrictions. RCTs and quasi-RCTs that compared outcomes for mechanically ventilated critically ill participants, in which the intervention group was targeted to be hypoxaemic relative to the control group, and the control group was normoxaemic or was mildly hypoxaemic, were eligible for inclusion in this review. Exact values defining &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;conventional&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; and &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;permissive…
Breast cancers often progress from a hormone-dependent, nonmetastatic, antiestrogen-sensitive phe... more Breast cancers often progress from a hormone-dependent, nonmetastatic, antiestrogen-sensitive phenotype to a hormone-independent, antiestrogen-and chemotherapy-resistant phenotype with highly invasive and metastatic growth properties. This progression is usually accompanied by altered function of the estrogen receptor (ER) or outgrowth of ER-negative cancer cells. To understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for metastatic growth of ER-negative breast cancers, the activities of the transcription factor NF-B (which modulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metastasis) were compared in ER-positive (MCF-7 and T47-D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435) human breast cancer cell lines. NF-B, which is usually maintained in an inactive state by protein-protein interaction with inhibitor IBs, was found to be constitutively active in ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. Constitutive DNA binding of NF-B was also observed with extracts from ER-negative, poorly differentiated primary breast tumors. Progression of the rat mammary carcinoma cell line RM22-F5 from an ER-positive, nonmalignant phenotype (E phenotype) to an ER-negative, malignant phenotype (F phenotype) was also accompanied by constitutive activation of NF-B. Analysis of individual subunits of NF-B revealed that all ER-negative cell lines, including RM22-F5 cells of F phenotype, contain a unique 37-kDa protein which is antigenically related to the RelA subunit. Cell-type-specific differences in IB␣,-, and-␥ were also observed. In transient-transfection experiments, constitutive activity of an NF-B-dependent promoter was observed in MDA-MB-231 and RM22-F5 cells of F phenotype, and this activity was efficiently repressed by cotransfected ER. Since ER inhibits the constitutive as well as inducible activation function of NF-B in a dose-dependent manner, we propose that breast cancers that lack functional ER overexpress NF-B-regulated genes. Furthermore, since recent data indicate that NF-B protects cells from tumor necrosis factor alpha-, ionizing radiation-, and chemotherapeutic agent daunorubicin-mediated apoptosis, our results provide an explanation for chemotherapeutic resistance in ER-negative breast cancers. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have established that estrogen plays a major role in the initiation and progression of breast cancers (37, 44, 49). Estrogen receptor (ER), which mediates the action of estrogen, is expressed in ϳ70% of breast cancers and is required for estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancers. As the cancer progresses, tumor cells acquire growth autonomy, no longer require estrogen, and become resistant to antiestrogens such as tamoxifen. Tumor heterogeneity and clonal selection of ER-negative cells, downregulation of ER expression, mutations of ER, altered regulation of ER-responsive genes, and generation of ER variants that function as dominant positive and estrogen-independent transcription factor are believed to be responsible for antiestrogen-resistant growth of breast cancers (9, 10, 28, 37, 58). These antiestrogen-resistant tumors are generally invasive and metastatic and respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation treatment (10, 26). Invasion and metastasis of cancer cells is a complex multistep process that involves cell adhesion, proteolytic enzyme degradation of the extracellular matrix, and motility factors that influence cell migration (21, 32). Genes involved in this process are members of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) fam
This article assesses the processes through which emotion, body, and experience are formulated wi... more This article assesses the processes through which emotion, body, and experience are formulated within the context of appearance organizations. Fieldwork within Weight Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous, and the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance yielded data that suggest that the formulation of the shame experience in these three organizations occurs through two primary organizational activities: "shame work" and "body announcements." Through these activities, members and personnel mold meanings of the body and the shame experience in accordance with the primary frames of the organizations. The kind of shame work conducted within Overeaters Anonymous includes the strategies of shame avowal; the shame work that takes place in Weight Watchers represents a form of shame management; and the shame work within the National Association to Advance Fat is a form of shame contestation. In recent studies of emotion, sociologists have explored the nature of emotion work (Hochschild 1983) in social encounters involving detectives and criminals (Stenross and Kleinman 1989), attorneys and paralegal aids (Pierce 199.59, bill collectors (Sutton 1991), police officers (Hunt 1985), prison guards (Zimmer 1987), and sales personnel (Rafaeli and Sutton 1990). These studies have yielded significant insights into organizations as "emotional arenas" (Fineman 1993b; Van Maanen and Kundra 1989) where people creatively formulate various interaction strategies to deal with problematic features of organizations (Goffman 1961; 1986; Hochschild 1983; Meyer and Rowan 1977). A small but burgeoning collection of studies has assessed the presence and management of specific emotions in organizations, including the fear of job loss (Flam 1993), anger and sadness
Progressive outer retinal necrosis is a destructive retinopathy found in patients with acquired i... more Progressive outer retinal necrosis is a destructive retinopathy found in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Treatment of this disorder has been unsuccessful in reported patient series, with the patients experiencing profound bilateral loss of vision. We treated six patients with combination antiviral therapy, usually with intravenous foscarnet and either ganciclovir or acyclovir. These six patients retained a visual acuity of 20/100 or better in at least one eye for the remainder of their lives (a period &gt; 4 months for each patient). Retinal detachments developed in four patients, for which vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade were required. A combination of intravenous antiviral therapy and aggressive vitrectomy techniques to repair any associated detachments may allow the preservation of useful visual acuity in patients with progressive outer retinal necrosis. This is the first reported series of successful long-term treatment of patients with this disorder.
We present the results of numerical simulations of the fluctuations of the electrostatic potentia... more We present the results of numerical simulations of the fluctuations of the electrostatic potential and electric field inside cavities created in the fluid of dipolar hard spheres. We found that the thermodynamics of polar solvation changes dramatically when the cavity size becomes about 4-5 times larger than the size of the liquid particle. The range of small cavities can be reasonably understood within the framework of current solvation models. On the contrary, the regime of large cavities is characterized by a significant softening of the cavity interface resulting in a decay of the fluctuation variances with the cavity size much faster than anticipated by both the continuum electrostatics and microscopic theories. For instance, the variance of the electrostatic potential at the cavity center decays with the cavity radius R 0 approximately as 1 / R 0 4−6 instead of the 1 / R 0 scaling expected from the standard electrostatics. Our results suggest that cores of nonpolar molecular assemblies in polar liquids lose solvation strength much faster than is traditionally anticipated.
This paper reports on a specimen of Haplosyllides (Polychaeta: Syllidae) living attached to the p... more This paper reports on a specimen of Haplosyllides (Polychaeta: Syllidae) living attached to the pleopod of a female of the pontoniine shrimp Platycaris latirostris Holthuis, 1952, which in turn lives symbiotically with the scleractinian coral Galaxea astreata (Lamarck, 1816) on the Vietnamese coasts of the South China Sea. The worm-shrimp association is considered as ectoparasitic, thus representing the first of its kind observed between polychaetes and shrimps, but also between syllids and crustaceans in general. This mode of life strongly differs from that of the single Haplosyllides species currently accepted as valid, H. floridana Augener, 1924 from Florida and Cuba (a strict sponge endosymbiont). The discrepancy casts some doubt on the synonymy of H. floridana with Syllis (Haplosyllis) aberrans (described from Vietnam).
Under the critical environmental conditions of the White Sea, Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe... more Under the critical environmental conditions of the White Sea, Lepidonotus squamatus and Harmothoe imbricata coexist in the same habitat, often showing recurrent alternations in dominance. L. squamatus is a long-living, slow growing broadcast spawner, while H. imbricata is a short-living and quick growing species, with complex reproductive behaviour. These different life strategies may allow them to respond in a different way to the environmental limitations of the study site, this likely being the most appropriate explanation to the observed alternation in dominance.
In the current educational conception, foreign languages' learning (especially English) is gainin... more In the current educational conception, foreign languages' learning (especially English) is gaining importance and presence in the classrooms. Furthermore, the educational theories emphasize the relevance of fostering critical thinking in students rather than the memoristic learning characteristic of the traditional school. The objective is to form citizens capable of thinking for themselves and to participate actively in the society. Therefore, it seems evident that critical thinking has to be developed through English as much or even more than through other subjects and it must be taught in the primary stage from its very beginning. This will require teachers able to design and implement materials that enable students not only to improve their English communicative competence but also to develop their critical thinking skills. This essay is precisely about the design of materials to foster in lower primary the critical thinking through English lessons.
To describe outcomes 5 years after initiating treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab for neova... more To describe outcomes 5 years after initiating treatment with bevacizumab or ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Cohort study. Patients enrolled in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials. Patients were assigned randomly to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. After 2 years, patients were released from the clinical trial protocol. At 5 years, patients were recalled for examination. Visual acuity (VA) and morphologic retinal features. Visual acuity was obtained for 647 of 914 (71%) living patients with average follow-up of 5.5 years. The mean number of examinations for AMD care after the clinical trial ended was 25.3, and the mean number of treatments was 15.4. Most patients (60%) were treated 1 time or more with a drug other than their assigned drug. At the 5-year visit, 50% of eyes had VA of 20/40 or better and 20% had VA of 20/200 or worse. Mean change in VA was -3 letters from baseline and -11 letters from 2 years. Among 467 eye...
To present data from an established mobile screening program for children in the amblyogenic age ... more To present data from an established mobile screening program for children in the amblyogenic age group using gold-standard examination techniques by eye care professionals. Retrospective 12-year, cross-sectional study. Setting: Single center. All children enrolled in pre-kindergarten, kindergarten, and first grades in public schools in Cleveland, OH were eligible for evaluations. Intervention Procedure: An ophthalmic technician and/or optometrist examined children in a customized van that visits all elementary schools. The initial screening included testing of monocular near and distance visual acuity, stereoacuity, ocular alignment, motility, pupils, and external abnormalities. Children meeting the 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics vision screening referral criteria underwent cycloplegic retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy by the onsite optometrist and received glasses. In addition, these children were referred to pediatric ophthalmology for ongoing care. Determination of the proportion of children with refractive errors, amblyopia, and/or strabismus. Between 2002 and 2014, 63,841 evaluations were performed, representing approximately 55% of eligible children. Overall, 6,386 (10.0%) of children met one or more referral criteria: 5,355 (8.39%) received glasses, 873 (1.37%) had amblyopia, and 1125 (1.76%) had strabismus. Over the 12-year period, there was no statistically significant change in the prevalence of strabismus (1.73-2.24%, p=0.91) or amblyopia (0.9%-2.08%, p=0.13) among first grade students. Amblyopia, strabismus, and refractive errors are common in young children. During the study period, the rates of amblyopia and strabismus remained stable indicating the need for continued vision screening and treatment services. A van-based model, traveling directly to schools, appears to be effective in reaching young children in underserved communities.
To evaluate the association of baseline characteristics and early visual acuity (VA) response wit... more To evaluate the association of baseline characteristics and early visual acuity (VA) response with visual outcomes at years 1 or 2 in the Comparison of Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) Treatments Trials (CATT). Secondary analysis of CATT. The 1185 CATT participants with baseline VA of 20/25 to 20/320. Participants were assigned to ranibizumab or bevacizumab and to 1 of 3 dosing regimens. Associations of baseline characteristics and early VA response (week 4 or 12) with VA response at years 1 or 2 were assessed by R(2) from linear regression analyses. Patients who had a poor initial response (VA 20/40 or worse with persistent fluid and without ≥1-line VA gain) were defined as candidates for changing treatment. Visual acuity change from baseline. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) baseline predictors for less VA gain at year 2 were older age, VA of 20/40 or better, larger choroidal neovascularization area, presence of geographic atrophy, total foveal thickness ≤325 μm or ≥4...
ABSTRACT It is necessary to monitor the water content of the paper insulation (WCP) within a powe... more ABSTRACT It is necessary to monitor the water content of the paper insulation (WCP) within a power transformer because, if it becomes too large, the paper insulation may age prematurely or the transformer may fail on overload. It is nearly always unfeasible to extract a paper insulation sample from a transformer for a laboratory measurement of its water content because it involves removing part of the insulation.
... Corresponding author: W. Clint Hoffmann, USDA‐ARS, 2771 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 7784... more ... Corresponding author: W. Clint Hoffmann, USDA‐ARS, 2771 F&B Rd., College Station, TX 77845; phone: 979‐260‐9521; fax: 979‐260‐9386 ... Increased turbulence at the site of deposition may en‐ train smaller droplets and influence deposition at the target site (Lawson and Uk ...
The purpose of the study was to report the clinicopathologic features of four patients with uveal... more The purpose of the study was to report the clinicopathologic features of four patients with uveal lymphoid infiltration who were diagnosed by a conjunctival biopsy. A case series. Four patients at four institutions participated. The histopathologic findings of the conjunctival and episcleral biopsy specimens from four patients with the diagnosis of uveal lymphoid infiltration were recorded. The conjunctival specimens were placed in 10% neutral buffered formaldehyde solution or B5 solution and processed routinely for light microscopic examination and immunohistochemical analysis for B cells and T cells and kappa and lambda light chains. The clinical and histopathologic findings were compared with 47 previously reported cases of uveal lymphoid infiltration. Two men and two women (average age = 57 years) presented with diffuse punctate to coalescent yellow uveal infiltrates and epibulbar pink fleshy lesions. Ultrasonography of the lesions showed diffuse choroidal thickening and a lack of choroidal or scleral excavation. The conjunctival biopsy specimens showed diffuse infiltration of the substantia propria with B lymphocytes with variable kappa and lambda restriction. Scattered T lymphocytes also were present. Plasmacytoid cells and a prominent Grenz zone were present. Patients with solitary or multiple yellow uveal infiltrates should have careful conjunctival evaluation for the presence of pink conjunctival lesions. Biopsy specimens of the conjunctival lesion may establish the diagnosis of uveal lymphoid infiltration.
2008 12th International IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference, 2008
Web service orchestrations expressed in the Web Ser-vice Business Process Execution Language (W... more Web service orchestrations expressed in the Web Ser-vice Business Process Execution Language (WS-BPEL or BPEL for short) are a manifestation of the two-level-programming paradigm where services, ie the business functions used by the composite application, are composed ...
To determine the prevalence of, risk factors for, and visual acuity (VA) correlations with outer ... more To determine the prevalence of, risk factors for, and visual acuity (VA) correlations with outer retinal tubulation (ORT) seen on spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD OCT) in eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy. Prospective cohort study within a randomized clinical trial. Patients with SD OCT images at weeks 56 and 104 in the Comparison of AMD Treatments Trials (CATT). Participants in the CATT were assigned randomly to ranibizumab (0.5 mg) or bevacizumab (1.25 mg) treatment and to a monthly or pro re nata (PRN) injection-dosing regimen. A subset of eyes was imaged with SD OCT beginning at week 56. Cirrus 512×128 or Spectralis 20°×20° volume cube scan protocols were used to acquire SD OCT images. Two independent readers at the CATT OCT reading center graded scans, and a senior reader arbitrated discrepant grades. The prevalence of ORT, identified as tubular structures seen on at least 3 consecutive Cirrus B scans or 2 consecutive Spectralis B scans, was determined. The associations of patient-specific and ocular features at baseline and follow-up with ORT were evaluated by univariate and multivariate analyses. Outer retinal tubulations. Seven of 69 eyes (10.1%) at 56 weeks and 64 of 368 eyes (17.4%) at week 104 had ORTs. Absence of diabetes, poor VA, blocked fluorescence, geographic atrophy, greater lesion size, and presence of subretinal hyperreflective material at baseline were associated independently with greater risk of ORT at 104 weeks (P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.05). Neither drug nor dosing regimen were associated significantly with ORT. The mean VA of eyes with ORT at week 104 (58.5 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters) was worse than the mean VA of eyes without ORT (68.8 letters; P &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;lt; 0.0001). At 2 years after initiation of anti-VEGF therapy for neovascular AMD, ORTs are present in a substantial proportion of eyes. We identified baseline features that independently predict ORTs. It is important to identify ORTs because eyes with ORTs have worse VA outcomes than those without this finding.
Background: Emergency medicine (EM) is a young specialty and only recently has a recommended medi... more Background: Emergency medicine (EM) is a young specialty and only recently has a recommended medical student curriculum been developed. Currently, many schools do not require students to complete a mandatory clerkship in EM, and if one is required, it is typically an overview of the specialty. Objectives: We developed a 10-month longitudinal elective to teach subject matter and skills in EM to fourth-year medical students interested in the specialty. Our goal was producing EM residents with the knowledge and skills to excel at the onset of their residency. We hoped to prove that students participating in this rigorous 10-month longitudinal EM elective would feel well prepared for residency. Methods: We studied the program with an end-of-the-year, Internet-based, comprehensive course evaluation completed by each participant of the first 2 years of the course. Graduates rated each of the course components by using a 5-point Likert format from ''strongly disagree'' to ''strongly agree,'' either in terms of whether the component was beneficial to them or whether the course expectations were appropriate, or their perceptions related to the course. Results: Graduates of this elective have reported feeling well prepared to start residency. The resident-led teaching shifts, Advanced Pediatric Life Support certification, Grand Rounds presentations, Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support proficiency testing, and ultrasound component, were found to be beneficial by all students. Conclusions: Our faculty believes that participating students will be better prepared for an EM residency than those students just completing a 1-month clerkship. Our data, although limited, lead us to believe that a longitudinal, immersion-type experience assists fourth-year medical students in preparation for residency. [West J Emerg Med. 2011;12(4):543-550.] a recommended curriculum for medical students. 2,3 The EM clerkship offered at most medical schools is an overview of the specialty designed for students of all skill levels and career aspirations. Medical student educators are challenged with the task of creating ways to improve upon the educational opportunities available to future EM residents. In the Society of Academic
Permissive hypoxaemia describes a concept in which a lower level of arterial oxygenation (PaO2) t... more Permissive hypoxaemia describes a concept in which a lower level of arterial oxygenation (PaO2) than usual is accepted to avoid the detrimental effects of high fractional inspired oxygen and invasive mechanical ventilation. Currently however, no specific threshold is known that defines permissive hypoxaemia, and its use in adults remains formally untested. The importance of this systematic review is thus to determine whether any substantial evidence is available to support the notion that permissive hypoxaemia may improve clinical outcomes in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. We assessed whether permissive hypoxaemia (accepting a lower PaO2 than is current practice) in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients affects patient morbidity and mortality. We planned to conduct subgroup and sensitivity analyses and to examine the role of bias to determine the level of evidence provided. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) 2013, Issue 11, part of The Cochrane Library; MEDLINE (1954 to November 2013); EMBASE (1980 to November 2013); CINAHL (1982 to November 2013) and ISI Web of Science (1946 to November 2013). We combined the sensitive search strategies described in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions to search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in MEDLINE and EMBASE. For ongoing trials, we also searched the following databases: MetaRegister of ControlledTrials and the National Research Register. We applied no language restrictions. RCTs and quasi-RCTs that compared outcomes for mechanically ventilated critically ill participants, in which the intervention group was targeted to be hypoxaemic relative to the control group, and the control group was normoxaemic or was mildly hypoxaemic, were eligible for inclusion in this review. Exact values defining &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;conventional&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; and &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39;permissive…
Breast cancers often progress from a hormone-dependent, nonmetastatic, antiestrogen-sensitive phe... more Breast cancers often progress from a hormone-dependent, nonmetastatic, antiestrogen-sensitive phenotype to a hormone-independent, antiestrogen-and chemotherapy-resistant phenotype with highly invasive and metastatic growth properties. This progression is usually accompanied by altered function of the estrogen receptor (ER) or outgrowth of ER-negative cancer cells. To understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for metastatic growth of ER-negative breast cancers, the activities of the transcription factor NF-B (which modulates the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metastasis) were compared in ER-positive (MCF-7 and T47-D) and ER-negative (MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435) human breast cancer cell lines. NF-B, which is usually maintained in an inactive state by protein-protein interaction with inhibitor IBs, was found to be constitutively active in ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. Constitutive DNA binding of NF-B was also observed with extracts from ER-negative, poorly differentiated primary breast tumors. Progression of the rat mammary carcinoma cell line RM22-F5 from an ER-positive, nonmalignant phenotype (E phenotype) to an ER-negative, malignant phenotype (F phenotype) was also accompanied by constitutive activation of NF-B. Analysis of individual subunits of NF-B revealed that all ER-negative cell lines, including RM22-F5 cells of F phenotype, contain a unique 37-kDa protein which is antigenically related to the RelA subunit. Cell-type-specific differences in IB␣,-, and-␥ were also observed. In transient-transfection experiments, constitutive activity of an NF-B-dependent promoter was observed in MDA-MB-231 and RM22-F5 cells of F phenotype, and this activity was efficiently repressed by cotransfected ER. Since ER inhibits the constitutive as well as inducible activation function of NF-B in a dose-dependent manner, we propose that breast cancers that lack functional ER overexpress NF-B-regulated genes. Furthermore, since recent data indicate that NF-B protects cells from tumor necrosis factor alpha-, ionizing radiation-, and chemotherapeutic agent daunorubicin-mediated apoptosis, our results provide an explanation for chemotherapeutic resistance in ER-negative breast cancers. Numerous experimental and clinical studies have established that estrogen plays a major role in the initiation and progression of breast cancers (37, 44, 49). Estrogen receptor (ER), which mediates the action of estrogen, is expressed in ϳ70% of breast cancers and is required for estrogen-dependent growth of breast cancers. As the cancer progresses, tumor cells acquire growth autonomy, no longer require estrogen, and become resistant to antiestrogens such as tamoxifen. Tumor heterogeneity and clonal selection of ER-negative cells, downregulation of ER expression, mutations of ER, altered regulation of ER-responsive genes, and generation of ER variants that function as dominant positive and estrogen-independent transcription factor are believed to be responsible for antiestrogen-resistant growth of breast cancers (9, 10, 28, 37, 58). These antiestrogen-resistant tumors are generally invasive and metastatic and respond poorly to chemotherapy and radiation treatment (10, 26). Invasion and metastasis of cancer cells is a complex multistep process that involves cell adhesion, proteolytic enzyme degradation of the extracellular matrix, and motility factors that influence cell migration (21, 32). Genes involved in this process are members of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) fam
This article assesses the processes through which emotion, body, and experience are formulated wi... more This article assesses the processes through which emotion, body, and experience are formulated within the context of appearance organizations. Fieldwork within Weight Watchers, Overeaters Anonymous, and the National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance yielded data that suggest that the formulation of the shame experience in these three organizations occurs through two primary organizational activities: "shame work" and "body announcements." Through these activities, members and personnel mold meanings of the body and the shame experience in accordance with the primary frames of the organizations. The kind of shame work conducted within Overeaters Anonymous includes the strategies of shame avowal; the shame work that takes place in Weight Watchers represents a form of shame management; and the shame work within the National Association to Advance Fat is a form of shame contestation. In recent studies of emotion, sociologists have explored the nature of emotion work (Hochschild 1983) in social encounters involving detectives and criminals (Stenross and Kleinman 1989), attorneys and paralegal aids (Pierce 199.59, bill collectors (Sutton 1991), police officers (Hunt 1985), prison guards (Zimmer 1987), and sales personnel (Rafaeli and Sutton 1990). These studies have yielded significant insights into organizations as "emotional arenas" (Fineman 1993b; Van Maanen and Kundra 1989) where people creatively formulate various interaction strategies to deal with problematic features of organizations (Goffman 1961; 1986; Hochschild 1983; Meyer and Rowan 1977). A small but burgeoning collection of studies has assessed the presence and management of specific emotions in organizations, including the fear of job loss (Flam 1993), anger and sadness
Progressive outer retinal necrosis is a destructive retinopathy found in patients with acquired i... more Progressive outer retinal necrosis is a destructive retinopathy found in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Treatment of this disorder has been unsuccessful in reported patient series, with the patients experiencing profound bilateral loss of vision. We treated six patients with combination antiviral therapy, usually with intravenous foscarnet and either ganciclovir or acyclovir. These six patients retained a visual acuity of 20/100 or better in at least one eye for the remainder of their lives (a period &gt; 4 months for each patient). Retinal detachments developed in four patients, for which vitrectomy and silicone oil tamponade were required. A combination of intravenous antiviral therapy and aggressive vitrectomy techniques to repair any associated detachments may allow the preservation of useful visual acuity in patients with progressive outer retinal necrosis. This is the first reported series of successful long-term treatment of patients with this disorder.
We present the results of numerical simulations of the fluctuations of the electrostatic potentia... more We present the results of numerical simulations of the fluctuations of the electrostatic potential and electric field inside cavities created in the fluid of dipolar hard spheres. We found that the thermodynamics of polar solvation changes dramatically when the cavity size becomes about 4-5 times larger than the size of the liquid particle. The range of small cavities can be reasonably understood within the framework of current solvation models. On the contrary, the regime of large cavities is characterized by a significant softening of the cavity interface resulting in a decay of the fluctuation variances with the cavity size much faster than anticipated by both the continuum electrostatics and microscopic theories. For instance, the variance of the electrostatic potential at the cavity center decays with the cavity radius R 0 approximately as 1 / R 0 4−6 instead of the 1 / R 0 scaling expected from the standard electrostatics. Our results suggest that cores of nonpolar molecular assemblies in polar liquids lose solvation strength much faster than is traditionally anticipated.
This paper reports on a specimen of Haplosyllides (Polychaeta: Syllidae) living attached to the p... more This paper reports on a specimen of Haplosyllides (Polychaeta: Syllidae) living attached to the pleopod of a female of the pontoniine shrimp Platycaris latirostris Holthuis, 1952, which in turn lives symbiotically with the scleractinian coral Galaxea astreata (Lamarck, 1816) on the Vietnamese coasts of the South China Sea. The worm-shrimp association is considered as ectoparasitic, thus representing the first of its kind observed between polychaetes and shrimps, but also between syllids and crustaceans in general. This mode of life strongly differs from that of the single Haplosyllides species currently accepted as valid, H. floridana Augener, 1924 from Florida and Cuba (a strict sponge endosymbiont). The discrepancy casts some doubt on the synonymy of H. floridana with Syllis (Haplosyllis) aberrans (described from Vietnam).
Uploads
Papers by Daniel Martin