We present results from our recent development of a multi-beam Doppler lidar system for accurate ... more We present results from our recent development of a multi-beam Doppler lidar system for accurate 3-dimensional wind measurements. The eye-safe all-fibre system consists of a single seed laser that is amplified in multiple stages and shared between the three emitters. Steps towards wind turbine blade integration will be outlined.
View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of no... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of novel laser techniques for enhancing agricultural production
IEA Wind Task 32 coordinates a range of research and development activities for wind lidar for wi... more IEA Wind Task 32 coordinates a range of research and development activities for wind lidar for wind energy applications. In order to help Task members and others keep an overview of what's happening in the Task, we have created a visual road map showing these activities. To find out more about specific activities, see the Task 32 website at https://community.ieawind.org/task32/home. This repository includes: A PDF of the roadmap: "IEA_Wind_Task_32__Collaborative_RD_Roadmap.pdf". All of the files required to produce the roadmap using the LaTeX document preparation system: <br> IEA Wind Task 32_ Collaborative RD Roadmap.zip. Please note that this document will be updated regularly. Please check for new versions at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3374354.
Participants in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 32, Wind Lidar Systems for Wind E... more Participants in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 32, Wind Lidar Systems for Wind Energy Deployment (Task 32), prepared this report. A goal of Task 32 was to create (or support the creation of) recommended practices for the use of lidar for various applications. These applications include, but are not limited to, resource assessment, turbine control and operation, and floating lidar use.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2008
View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of no... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of novel laser techniques for enhancing agricultural production
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2005
The bremsstrahlung emitted as a result of scattering electrons in thin diamond crystals provides ... more The bremsstrahlung emitted as a result of scattering electrons in thin diamond crystals provides a useful source of high energy photons for use in photonuclear experiments, since the coherent bremsstrahlung produced is linearly polarized. Techniques for selecting the most favorable diamonds have been investigated. These are optical polaroid analysis, X-ray topography and rocking curve measurements. The diamonds are characterized with a view to determining their performance as radiators, and bremsstrahlung spectra from a diamond radiator used at the Mainz MAMI-B facility are presented. The changes caused by high energy electrons to the crystal properties of the diamond and to the resulting coherent bremsstrahlung spectra are discussed.
The possible m ethods of optim ising the use of diam ond radiators in producing photon beam s to ... more The possible m ethods of optim ising the use of diam ond radiators in producing photon beam s to be used in photonuclear experim ents was investigated. The pho tons em itted as a result of scattering electrons in diam ond crystals, or radiators, is a useful source of high energy photons for use in photonuclear experiments. A pri m ary electron beam is directed onto the diam ond a t an angle which produces co herent scattering known as coherent brem sstrahlung, which results in a polarised peak in the photon spectrum. Techniques for selecting the most favourable dia monds have been investigated, using optical and X-ray techniques such as crossed Polaroid analysis and X-ray topography to characterise the diam onds w ith a view to correlating their attrib u tes w ith their perform ance as radiators. The conse quences which the irradiation the diam onds undergo have for the useful lifetime of the radiators were also investigated, using additional spectroscopic techniques to a tte m p t identification of the crystal defects caused by the radiation damage. Rocking curve analysis, the m easurem ent of the angular spread of X-ray reflec tions, was used to determ ine the quality of the lattice structure of the crystals as a predictor of rad iato r perform ance in coherent brem sstrahlung experiments. Elec tron scattering processes not formerly used in this context were investigated to determ ine their utility; channeling radiation, which is em itted when the electrons' trajectories are confined to directions close to the crystal axis, was generated and found to be useful as a photon beam source, when collimated. A ridge-like struc ture similar to channeling radiation, but occurring a t angles w ith respect to the crystal axis greater th an those consistent w ith the channeling regime, was ob served, which has no precedent described in the literature. Further avenues of investigation are proposed. I would like to extend my thanks to my fellow students for their tolerance of my various foibles and their good companionship. R uth Sanderson, Lotte Fogg, Steven M acLaughlin, Westley Ingram , D uncan M iddleton, Derek Glazier, Finlay MacKay, A ndreas Reiter, David H am ilton , Chris G ordon and Joseph Melone have helped sustain me and been forthcoming a t those head-scratching times with suggestions and solutions. My fellow students Stephen M acAllister, Stefan Franczuk, Farooq Sadiq, Andrew Scott, Iskender A kkurt and Calum Powrie have moved on to pastures new but their companionship was enjoyed while they were in the group. Chris and Joseph's help in relation to assessing the quality of the Mainz diam ond is very much appreciated. Finally I would like to thank E.P.S.R.C. who funded the studentship. iii Declaration The experim ental results presented herein were obtained by th e Experim ental Nuclear Physics group a t Glasgow in collaboration w ith the group a t Mainz. Ex perim ental work was perform ed in Glasgow, Mainz and D aresbury and I partici pated fully in all such research. The analysis of the d a ta acquired was perform ed by me and this thesis was w ritten by myself.
Lidar is a versatile wind measurement instrument that can both emulate the capabilities of conven... more Lidar is a versatile wind measurement instrument that can both emulate the capabilities of conventional met mast mounted anemometry and go beyond those capabilities to acquire data that would not otherwise be available. While these additional data may be useless for the purposes of strict implementation of wind resource assessment procedures based on met mast capabilities, they give us a pathway to full digitisation of wind data during the earliest stages wind power projects, such as resource assessment, and their integration into digital workflows that achieve a lifetime of successful project performance. The limitations of met mast methodologies are now apparent. We are confronting issues such as global blockage effects. The real implications of this are that we can no longer apply simple terrain approximations or distinguish between pre- and post- construction phases of project delivery: the circumstances that determine wind conditions on which project performance is based only a...
Lidar is playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation of the incident wind resource a... more Lidar is playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation of the incident wind resource at offshore wind power assets for the purposes of power performance testing. Lidar provides low-cost data acquisition opportunities compared to established methods based on the capabilities of met masts. In addition, lidar provides richer datasets which allow the investigation of wind phenomena that would otherwise be neglected if reliance was placed entirely on the more limited capabilities of met masts. Therefore, the information necessary not only to evaluate power performance, but to understand it in relation to complex wind conditions, can be acquired at the cost of barely one hundredth of what would have been necessary were met masts used. IEA Wind Task 32 has elaborated a "use case" framework for describing lidar applications in wind energy assessments. Different offshore wind lidar use cases, corresponding to the different data requirements that arise in relation to part...
The integration of wind resource assessment into the digital workflow of a wind power project pro... more The integration of wind resource assessment into the digital workflow of a wind power project provides an opportunity to minimise uncertainty, but only once all contributions to uncertainty are acknowledged and methodologies are revised to minimise them. The technical limitations of wind measurements hitherto have introduced constraints that have been accommodated in different ways during different phases of project delivery. This has led to a misalignment of data requirements between pre-construction wind resource assessment, turbine design, and wind farm operations. For example, incomplete information, limited to hub height wind speed, 10-minute 1-point statistics, and so on, have resulted in a variety of incompatible approximations the different stages of project delivery. Key data requirements have been neglected and left unfulfilled due to the misalignment of data requirements arising at each stage. Always there has been an assumption that this is inevitable and the underlying ...
In general, in our economies as a whole, we need a feedback mechanism to allow the low incrementa... more In general, in our economies as a whole, we need a feedback mechanism to allow the low incremental cost of renewable energy to drive down all other costs, and establish renewables as the only economically viable way of generating energy, especially as we approach a subsidy free world, and need to eliminate carbon emissions. Can short selling future power production of renewable energy facilities unlock low incremental cost to fund their construction and reduce cost of energy? Is this a mechanism that would establish the required feedback loop? It is possible to make a virtue of necessity here. The recently developed appreciation of issues such as wind farm blockage demonstrates we have to dispense with ideas such as simple terrain & pre-construction resource assessment: the circumstances that determine the wind conditions on which generation is based only arise after construction. Therefore, it is necessary to revise procedures towards wind power project development methodologies th...
A presentation discussion the current status of floating lidar measurements, IEA Wind RP 18, and ... more A presentation discussion the current status of floating lidar measurements, IEA Wind RP 18, and the future of standards and guidance for lidar
A review of the remarkably diversity and utility of measurement use cases made available to offsh... more A review of the remarkably diversity and utility of measurement use cases made available to offshore wind farm developers and operators by scanning lidar.
Remote sensing technologies such as SoDAR and LiDAR have proved to be cost-effective methods of a... more Remote sensing technologies such as SoDAR and LiDAR have proved to be cost-effective methods of acquiring critical project datasets from locations that present access challenges. As a result they are increasingly being adopted in the offshore environment where their compact, portable and robust characteristics can be maximally leveraged to acquire data that previously would have represented greater cost or would not have been available at all. The codification of best practice in relation to remote sensing has made significant progress and currently is the focus of efforts made by, for example, the IEC, the IEA and MeasNet, among others. This process is providing both informative recommended guidelines and a regulatory framework of normative procedures which remote sensing practitioners will need to comply with to ensure, for example, the robustness of calculations of project uncertainty, representing in a complete and unbiassed manner all sources of project uncertainty. This paper ...
We present results from our recent development of a multi-beam Doppler lidar system for accurate ... more We present results from our recent development of a multi-beam Doppler lidar system for accurate 3-dimensional wind measurements. The eye-safe all-fibre system consists of a single seed laser that is amplified in multiple stages and shared between the three emitters. Steps towards wind turbine blade integration will be outlined.
View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of no... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of novel laser techniques for enhancing agricultural production
IEA Wind Task 32 coordinates a range of research and development activities for wind lidar for wi... more IEA Wind Task 32 coordinates a range of research and development activities for wind lidar for wind energy applications. In order to help Task members and others keep an overview of what's happening in the Task, we have created a visual road map showing these activities. To find out more about specific activities, see the Task 32 website at https://community.ieawind.org/task32/home. This repository includes: A PDF of the roadmap: "IEA_Wind_Task_32__Collaborative_RD_Roadmap.pdf". All of the files required to produce the roadmap using the LaTeX document preparation system: <br> IEA Wind Task 32_ Collaborative RD Roadmap.zip. Please note that this document will be updated regularly. Please check for new versions at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3374354.
Participants in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 32, Wind Lidar Systems for Wind E... more Participants in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Task 32, Wind Lidar Systems for Wind Energy Deployment (Task 32), prepared this report. A goal of Task 32 was to create (or support the creation of) recommended practices for the use of lidar for various applications. These applications include, but are not limited to, resource assessment, turbine control and operation, and floating lidar use.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2008
View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of no... more View the article online for updates and enhancements. You may also like Recent applications of novel laser techniques for enhancing agricultural production
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, 2005
The bremsstrahlung emitted as a result of scattering electrons in thin diamond crystals provides ... more The bremsstrahlung emitted as a result of scattering electrons in thin diamond crystals provides a useful source of high energy photons for use in photonuclear experiments, since the coherent bremsstrahlung produced is linearly polarized. Techniques for selecting the most favorable diamonds have been investigated. These are optical polaroid analysis, X-ray topography and rocking curve measurements. The diamonds are characterized with a view to determining their performance as radiators, and bremsstrahlung spectra from a diamond radiator used at the Mainz MAMI-B facility are presented. The changes caused by high energy electrons to the crystal properties of the diamond and to the resulting coherent bremsstrahlung spectra are discussed.
The possible m ethods of optim ising the use of diam ond radiators in producing photon beam s to ... more The possible m ethods of optim ising the use of diam ond radiators in producing photon beam s to be used in photonuclear experim ents was investigated. The pho tons em itted as a result of scattering electrons in diam ond crystals, or radiators, is a useful source of high energy photons for use in photonuclear experiments. A pri m ary electron beam is directed onto the diam ond a t an angle which produces co herent scattering known as coherent brem sstrahlung, which results in a polarised peak in the photon spectrum. Techniques for selecting the most favourable dia monds have been investigated, using optical and X-ray techniques such as crossed Polaroid analysis and X-ray topography to characterise the diam onds w ith a view to correlating their attrib u tes w ith their perform ance as radiators. The conse quences which the irradiation the diam onds undergo have for the useful lifetime of the radiators were also investigated, using additional spectroscopic techniques to a tte m p t identification of the crystal defects caused by the radiation damage. Rocking curve analysis, the m easurem ent of the angular spread of X-ray reflec tions, was used to determ ine the quality of the lattice structure of the crystals as a predictor of rad iato r perform ance in coherent brem sstrahlung experiments. Elec tron scattering processes not formerly used in this context were investigated to determ ine their utility; channeling radiation, which is em itted when the electrons' trajectories are confined to directions close to the crystal axis, was generated and found to be useful as a photon beam source, when collimated. A ridge-like struc ture similar to channeling radiation, but occurring a t angles w ith respect to the crystal axis greater th an those consistent w ith the channeling regime, was ob served, which has no precedent described in the literature. Further avenues of investigation are proposed. I would like to extend my thanks to my fellow students for their tolerance of my various foibles and their good companionship. R uth Sanderson, Lotte Fogg, Steven M acLaughlin, Westley Ingram , D uncan M iddleton, Derek Glazier, Finlay MacKay, A ndreas Reiter, David H am ilton , Chris G ordon and Joseph Melone have helped sustain me and been forthcoming a t those head-scratching times with suggestions and solutions. My fellow students Stephen M acAllister, Stefan Franczuk, Farooq Sadiq, Andrew Scott, Iskender A kkurt and Calum Powrie have moved on to pastures new but their companionship was enjoyed while they were in the group. Chris and Joseph's help in relation to assessing the quality of the Mainz diam ond is very much appreciated. Finally I would like to thank E.P.S.R.C. who funded the studentship. iii Declaration The experim ental results presented herein were obtained by th e Experim ental Nuclear Physics group a t Glasgow in collaboration w ith the group a t Mainz. Ex perim ental work was perform ed in Glasgow, Mainz and D aresbury and I partici pated fully in all such research. The analysis of the d a ta acquired was perform ed by me and this thesis was w ritten by myself.
Lidar is a versatile wind measurement instrument that can both emulate the capabilities of conven... more Lidar is a versatile wind measurement instrument that can both emulate the capabilities of conventional met mast mounted anemometry and go beyond those capabilities to acquire data that would not otherwise be available. While these additional data may be useless for the purposes of strict implementation of wind resource assessment procedures based on met mast capabilities, they give us a pathway to full digitisation of wind data during the earliest stages wind power projects, such as resource assessment, and their integration into digital workflows that achieve a lifetime of successful project performance. The limitations of met mast methodologies are now apparent. We are confronting issues such as global blockage effects. The real implications of this are that we can no longer apply simple terrain approximations or distinguish between pre- and post- construction phases of project delivery: the circumstances that determine wind conditions on which project performance is based only a...
Lidar is playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation of the incident wind resource a... more Lidar is playing an increasingly important role in the evaluation of the incident wind resource at offshore wind power assets for the purposes of power performance testing. Lidar provides low-cost data acquisition opportunities compared to established methods based on the capabilities of met masts. In addition, lidar provides richer datasets which allow the investigation of wind phenomena that would otherwise be neglected if reliance was placed entirely on the more limited capabilities of met masts. Therefore, the information necessary not only to evaluate power performance, but to understand it in relation to complex wind conditions, can be acquired at the cost of barely one hundredth of what would have been necessary were met masts used. IEA Wind Task 32 has elaborated a "use case" framework for describing lidar applications in wind energy assessments. Different offshore wind lidar use cases, corresponding to the different data requirements that arise in relation to part...
The integration of wind resource assessment into the digital workflow of a wind power project pro... more The integration of wind resource assessment into the digital workflow of a wind power project provides an opportunity to minimise uncertainty, but only once all contributions to uncertainty are acknowledged and methodologies are revised to minimise them. The technical limitations of wind measurements hitherto have introduced constraints that have been accommodated in different ways during different phases of project delivery. This has led to a misalignment of data requirements between pre-construction wind resource assessment, turbine design, and wind farm operations. For example, incomplete information, limited to hub height wind speed, 10-minute 1-point statistics, and so on, have resulted in a variety of incompatible approximations the different stages of project delivery. Key data requirements have been neglected and left unfulfilled due to the misalignment of data requirements arising at each stage. Always there has been an assumption that this is inevitable and the underlying ...
In general, in our economies as a whole, we need a feedback mechanism to allow the low incrementa... more In general, in our economies as a whole, we need a feedback mechanism to allow the low incremental cost of renewable energy to drive down all other costs, and establish renewables as the only economically viable way of generating energy, especially as we approach a subsidy free world, and need to eliminate carbon emissions. Can short selling future power production of renewable energy facilities unlock low incremental cost to fund their construction and reduce cost of energy? Is this a mechanism that would establish the required feedback loop? It is possible to make a virtue of necessity here. The recently developed appreciation of issues such as wind farm blockage demonstrates we have to dispense with ideas such as simple terrain & pre-construction resource assessment: the circumstances that determine the wind conditions on which generation is based only arise after construction. Therefore, it is necessary to revise procedures towards wind power project development methodologies th...
A presentation discussion the current status of floating lidar measurements, IEA Wind RP 18, and ... more A presentation discussion the current status of floating lidar measurements, IEA Wind RP 18, and the future of standards and guidance for lidar
A review of the remarkably diversity and utility of measurement use cases made available to offsh... more A review of the remarkably diversity and utility of measurement use cases made available to offshore wind farm developers and operators by scanning lidar.
Remote sensing technologies such as SoDAR and LiDAR have proved to be cost-effective methods of a... more Remote sensing technologies such as SoDAR and LiDAR have proved to be cost-effective methods of acquiring critical project datasets from locations that present access challenges. As a result they are increasingly being adopted in the offshore environment where their compact, portable and robust characteristics can be maximally leveraged to acquire data that previously would have represented greater cost or would not have been available at all. The codification of best practice in relation to remote sensing has made significant progress and currently is the focus of efforts made by, for example, the IEC, the IEA and MeasNet, among others. This process is providing both informative recommended guidelines and a regulatory framework of normative procedures which remote sensing practitioners will need to comply with to ensure, for example, the robustness of calculations of project uncertainty, representing in a complete and unbiassed manner all sources of project uncertainty. This paper ...
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