The focusing of biological and synthetic particles in microfluidic devices is a prerequisite for ... more The focusing of biological and synthetic particles in microfluidic devices is a prerequisite for the construction of microstructured materials, as well as for medical applications. In the present study, a microdevice that can effectively focus particles in three dimensions using a combination of insulator-based and metal-electrode dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been designed and fabricated. The DEP force is employed to confine the particles using a negative DEP response. Four insulating microstructures, which form an X-pattern in the microchannel, were employed to distort the electric field between the insulators in a conducting solution, thereby generating regions with a high electric-field gradient. Two strips of microelectrodes on the top and bottom surfaces were placed in the middle of the microchannel and connected to an electric pole. Two sets of dual-planar electrodes connected to the opposite pole were placed at the sides of the microchannel at the top and bottom surfaces. The results of a transient simulation of tracks of polystyrene particles, which was performed using the commercial software package CFD-ACE 1 (ESI Group, France), demonstrate that the three-dimensional focusing of particles was achieved when the applied voltage was larger than 35 V at a frequency of 1 MHz. Furthermore, the focusing performance increased with the increased strength of the applied electric field and decreased inlet flow rate. Experiments on particle focusing, employing polystyrene particles 10 mm in diameter, were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design; the results agree with the trend predicted by numerical simulations.
Depending on the duration of exposure at supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and o... more Depending on the duration of exposure at supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and organelles would suffer structural alternation and irreversible denaturation which may induce cell death. In the present study, a commercial hotplate was used to provide a constant ...
Abstract Hyperthermia affects certain regulatory pro-teins, kinases or cyclins, resulting in alte... more Abstract Hyperthermia affects certain regulatory pro-teins, kinases or cyclins, resulting in alternations to the cell cycle and even to apoptosis. Damage to the cell plasma membrane is a key factor in the killing of a cell by hyperthermia. Analysis at the single-cell level is neces-sary for ...
Current clinical methods for the separation of whole blood into blood cells and cell-free plasma ... more Current clinical methods for the separation of whole blood into blood cells and cell-free plasma are currently based on large facility equipment. The disadvantage of this process is that the patients must have assays performed at the hospital where the separation facility is located. The present study presents a design for microfluidic chips with different microchannel structures, which utilizes backward
This paper investigated the effects of ionic strength in the medium on a preconcentrator for a pr... more This paper investigated the effects of ionic strength in the medium on a preconcentrator for a protein sample with low concentration. The preconcentration chip was designed and fabricated using a polydimethylsiloxane replica through standard lithophotography. A glass substrate is silanized prior to functionalizing the nanoparticles for self-assembly at a designed region. Due to the overlap of electrical double layers in a nanofluidic channel, a concentration polarization effect can be achieved using an electric field. A nonlinear electrokinetic flow is induced, resulting in the fast accumulation of proteins in front of the induced ionic depletion zone, so called exclusion-enrichment effect. Thus, the protein sample can be driven by electroosmotic flow and accumulated at a specific location. The chip is used to collect fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution. Different concentrations of the buffer media were studied herein. Fluorescence intensity images show that the buffer concentration of 4 mM is more appropriate than all the other ones. The sample of FITC-BSA with an initial concentration of 10 μM in the 4 mM PBS solution increases its concentration at the desired region by up to 50 times within 30 min, demonstrating the results in this investigation.
Depending on the duration of exposure to supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and o... more Depending on the duration of exposure to supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and organelles can suffer from structural alternations and irreversible denaturation, which may induce cell death. The thermotolerance of three human urinary bladder carcinoma cell lines, TSGH-8301, J82 and TCC-SUP (cytological grade 2, 3 and 4, respectively), was investigated in the present study. A home-made heating stage was used to provide a constant temperature for different cell lines of bladder carcinoma. The experimental data showed that the TCC-SUP and TSGH-8301 cells exhibited the lowest and highest thermotolerances, respectively, while J82 cells were intermediate. Moreover, the differences in the thermotolerances for the TSGH-8301 and J82 cells are significant when the supraphysiological temperature is higher than 43 degrees C. As for TSGH-8301 and TCC-SUP cells, the thermotolerances are significantly different for all of the thermal treatments tested. Furthermore, the thermotolerances of J82 and TCC-SUP are significantly different when the cells are exposed to a temperature less than 50 degrees C for longer than 2 min. Overall, the results suggest that the high cytological grade of the cell line of bladder cancer exhibits a low thermotolerance. The kinematic parameters of the activation energy and frequency factor for bladder cancer cell lines with different cytological grades were also quantitatively evaluated in this work.
The current investigation observes the outcome of enhancing the surface properties by AlCrN monol... more The current investigation observes the outcome of enhancing the surface properties by AlCrN monolayer coating using the cathodic arc plasma method on the Fe–Cu–C–Mo alloys. The compacts were sintered in spark plasma sintering (SPS) with the heat transfer rate of 100 °C/min at 1120 °C for 5 minutes. The Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo sample has the highest relative sintered density (97.20%), hardness (96 HRB), and ultimate tensile strength (1000 MPa) compare with the other sintered compacts. AlCrN coating was deposited on Fe, Fe–2Cu, Fe–2Cu–0.8C, Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.2Mo, Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.4Mo, and Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo samples, using the cathodic arc plasma–physical vapor deposition (CAP-PVD) process. The coated compact samples’ metallography images were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); the Fe–2Cu alloy sintered sample has obtained a uniform structure with high density and a smaller amount of corrosion penetration rate (0.6579 mmpy) as compared to the counterparts. The phase formed in the A...
Microsystem Technologies-micro-and Nanosystems-information Storage and Processing Systems, Dec 23, 2009
A novel fiber-optic localized plasma resonance (FO-LPR) sensor composed of a U-shape optical fibe... more A novel fiber-optic localized plasma resonance (FO-LPR) sensor composed of a U-shape optical fiber was proposed and demonstrated in this study. The U-shape optical fiber was fabricated by a femtosecond laser micromachining system. The dimensions of the U-shape zone were 100 μm in depth measured from the surface of the polymer jacket layer, 80 μm in width in the jacket layer, 60 μm in width in the cladding layer. The total length is 5 mm. After laser annealing treatment, the average surface roughness was 205.8 nm as determined by Atom Force Microscope (AFM). The exposed surface of the U-shape fiber was modified with self-assembled gold nanoparticles to produce the FO-LPR sensor. The response of the sensor shows that the signal increases linearly with increasing refractive index. The sensor resolution of the sensor was determined to be 1.06 × 10−3 RIU.
This article reports the integration of the fiber optic-particle plasmon resonance (FO-PPR) biose... more This article reports the integration of the fiber optic-particle plasmon resonance (FO-PPR) biosensor with a microfluidic chip to reduce response time and improve detection limit. The microfluidic chip made of poly(methyl methacrylate) had a flow-channel of dimensions 4.0 cm × 900 m × 900 m. A partially unclad optical fiber with gold or silver nanoparticles on the core surface was placed within the flowchannel, where the volume of the flow space was about 14 L. Results using sucrose solutions of various refractive indexes show that the refractive index resolution improves by 2.4-fold in the microfluidic system. The microfluidic chip is capable of delivering a precise amount of biological samples to the detection area without sample dilution. Several receptor/analyte pairs were chosen to examine the biosensing capability of the integrated platform: biotin/streptavidin, biotin/anti-biotin, DNP/anti-DNP, OVA/anti-OVA, and anti-MMP-3/MMP-3. Results show that the response time to achieve equilibrium can be shortened from several thousand seconds in a conventional liquid cell to several hundred seconds in a microfluidic flow-cell. In addition, the detection limit also improves by about one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the normalization by using the relative change of transmission response as the sensor output alleviate the demand on precise optical alignment, resulting in reasonably good chip-to-chip measurement reproducibility.
Nuclides can move with the groundwater either as solutes or colloids, where the latter mechanism ... more Nuclides can move with the groundwater either as solutes or colloids, where the latter mechanism generally results in much shorter traveling time as they interact strongly with solid phases, such as actinides. It is therefore essential to assess the relative importance of these two transport mechanisms for different nuclides. The relative importance of colloids depends on the nature and concentration of colloids in groundwater. Plutonium (Pu), neptunium (Np), uranium (U) and americium (Am) are four nuclides of concern for long-term emplacement of nuclear wastes at potential repository sites. If attached to iron oxide, clay or silica colloids in groundwater. Strong sorption of the actinides by colloids in groundwater may facilitate transport of these nuclides along potential flow paths. Solubility-limited dissolution model models can be used to determine the release of the safety assessment for nuclear waste in geological disposal sites. The present study investigates the effect of colloid on the transport of solubility limited nuclide under the kinetic solubility limited dissolution (KSLD) boundary condition in fractured media. The release rate of nuclide would proportional to the difference between the saturation concentration and the inlet aqueous concentration of nuclide. The presence of colloids could decrease the aqueous concentration of nuclide and thus could increase the release flux of nuclide from the waste form.
Geological storage of CO 2 has been viewed as an effective means of reducing CO 2 emissions and m... more Geological storage of CO 2 has been viewed as an effective means of reducing CO 2 emissions and mitigating the greenhouse effect. In the Taiwan area, the Western Taiwan Basin is suitable for million-ton-scale geological CO 2 storage. Numerical methods were used in this study to investigate reservoir performance under various injection pressures. Three formations in the basin, the Chingshui Formation, Kueichulin Formation and Nanchunag Formation, were modeled. Three different injection pressures (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 times the initial pressure) were considered. The simulation results show that the cumulative injected CO 2 mass is proportional to the applied injection pressure and that the storage security increases over time. An annual injection rate of 5 Mt year-1 could be achieved by applying an injection pressure of 1.5 times the initial pressure at the injection well. The pressure accumulation in the system featured three stages. The overpressurization effects associated with the injection in the system decrease, and the pressure in the system almost returns to the original pressure conditions after 50 years following cessation of injection. The CO 2 gas plumes simulated in this study also suggest that the modeled injection scenarios are safe in terms of CO 2 leakage from the vertical fault in this area.
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Nov 1, 2013
ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t A million-ton-scale CO 2 geological storage project was planned by the T... more ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t A million-ton-scale CO 2 geological storage project was planned by the Taiwan Power Company in the Taiwan Basin. The site, half on-shore and half off-shore, has a regional shale formation underlain by two sandy saline aquifers. Numerical models were used to comprehensively assess CO 2 geological storage including the CO 2 plume evolution, pressure buildup, impacts on the shallow fresh groundwater, phase transition of CO 2 potentially moving in a vertical fault, and uplift of the land surface over 500 years for a 50-year CO 2 injection at a rate of 5 million tons per year. The results suggested that the reservoir could reliably store and contain the injected CO 2 for 500 years. All formations could stand the pressure buildup related to the large injection volume. The modeled CO 2 plumes did not either penetrate through the cap rock or reach the fault north to the injection wells. The assumed monitor point for shallow groundwater on the shore showed no changes in water head and water quality during 500 years. Phase transition simulations showed that escape of CO 2 from a deep storage reservoir to the land surface through a vertical fault is a complex interaction of multiphase fluid flow and heat transfer. CO 2 rising toward the land surface evolves into two-phase mixtures of liquid and gaseous CO 2 as temperatures and pressures decrease, inducing three-phase flow of CO 2 -brine mixtures. The presence of a three-phase zone (aqueous-liquid CO 2 -gaseous CO 2) leads to a small relative permeability for all phases, and in turn makes all phases less mobile and reduces CO 2 discharge rates. The proposed injection would induce a couple of centimeters uplift in the land surface during the 50-year injection period, but it would recover to the initial elevation at a slower rate than that of the uplift.
Effects of phase change in the recording layer due to temperature changes and the material parame... more Effects of phase change in the recording layer due to temperature changes and the material parameters used in the simulated transient temperature distributions were examined. The initial structure of the recording layer was the key parameter for simulated temperature distributions in both the erasing and writing processes. Latent heat due to the phase change had little effect on the transient
The focusing of biological and synthetic particles in microfluidic devices is a prerequisite for ... more The focusing of biological and synthetic particles in microfluidic devices is a prerequisite for the construction of microstructured materials, as well as for medical applications. In the present study, a microdevice that can effectively focus particles in three dimensions using a combination of insulator-based and metal-electrode dielectrophoresis (DEP) has been designed and fabricated. The DEP force is employed to confine the particles using a negative DEP response. Four insulating microstructures, which form an X-pattern in the microchannel, were employed to distort the electric field between the insulators in a conducting solution, thereby generating regions with a high electric-field gradient. Two strips of microelectrodes on the top and bottom surfaces were placed in the middle of the microchannel and connected to an electric pole. Two sets of dual-planar electrodes connected to the opposite pole were placed at the sides of the microchannel at the top and bottom surfaces. The results of a transient simulation of tracks of polystyrene particles, which was performed using the commercial software package CFD-ACE 1 (ESI Group, France), demonstrate that the three-dimensional focusing of particles was achieved when the applied voltage was larger than 35 V at a frequency of 1 MHz. Furthermore, the focusing performance increased with the increased strength of the applied electric field and decreased inlet flow rate. Experiments on particle focusing, employing polystyrene particles 10 mm in diameter, were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design; the results agree with the trend predicted by numerical simulations.
Depending on the duration of exposure at supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and o... more Depending on the duration of exposure at supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and organelles would suffer structural alternation and irreversible denaturation which may induce cell death. In the present study, a commercial hotplate was used to provide a constant ...
Abstract Hyperthermia affects certain regulatory pro-teins, kinases or cyclins, resulting in alte... more Abstract Hyperthermia affects certain regulatory pro-teins, kinases or cyclins, resulting in alternations to the cell cycle and even to apoptosis. Damage to the cell plasma membrane is a key factor in the killing of a cell by hyperthermia. Analysis at the single-cell level is neces-sary for ...
Current clinical methods for the separation of whole blood into blood cells and cell-free plasma ... more Current clinical methods for the separation of whole blood into blood cells and cell-free plasma are currently based on large facility equipment. The disadvantage of this process is that the patients must have assays performed at the hospital where the separation facility is located. The present study presents a design for microfluidic chips with different microchannel structures, which utilizes backward
This paper investigated the effects of ionic strength in the medium on a preconcentrator for a pr... more This paper investigated the effects of ionic strength in the medium on a preconcentrator for a protein sample with low concentration. The preconcentration chip was designed and fabricated using a polydimethylsiloxane replica through standard lithophotography. A glass substrate is silanized prior to functionalizing the nanoparticles for self-assembly at a designed region. Due to the overlap of electrical double layers in a nanofluidic channel, a concentration polarization effect can be achieved using an electric field. A nonlinear electrokinetic flow is induced, resulting in the fast accumulation of proteins in front of the induced ionic depletion zone, so called exclusion-enrichment effect. Thus, the protein sample can be driven by electroosmotic flow and accumulated at a specific location. The chip is used to collect fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled bovine serum albumin (FITC-BSA) diluted in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) buffer solution. Different concentrations of the buffer media were studied herein. Fluorescence intensity images show that the buffer concentration of 4 mM is more appropriate than all the other ones. The sample of FITC-BSA with an initial concentration of 10 μM in the 4 mM PBS solution increases its concentration at the desired region by up to 50 times within 30 min, demonstrating the results in this investigation.
Depending on the duration of exposure to supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and o... more Depending on the duration of exposure to supraphysiological temperatures, cellular proteins and organelles can suffer from structural alternations and irreversible denaturation, which may induce cell death. The thermotolerance of three human urinary bladder carcinoma cell lines, TSGH-8301, J82 and TCC-SUP (cytological grade 2, 3 and 4, respectively), was investigated in the present study. A home-made heating stage was used to provide a constant temperature for different cell lines of bladder carcinoma. The experimental data showed that the TCC-SUP and TSGH-8301 cells exhibited the lowest and highest thermotolerances, respectively, while J82 cells were intermediate. Moreover, the differences in the thermotolerances for the TSGH-8301 and J82 cells are significant when the supraphysiological temperature is higher than 43 degrees C. As for TSGH-8301 and TCC-SUP cells, the thermotolerances are significantly different for all of the thermal treatments tested. Furthermore, the thermotolerances of J82 and TCC-SUP are significantly different when the cells are exposed to a temperature less than 50 degrees C for longer than 2 min. Overall, the results suggest that the high cytological grade of the cell line of bladder cancer exhibits a low thermotolerance. The kinematic parameters of the activation energy and frequency factor for bladder cancer cell lines with different cytological grades were also quantitatively evaluated in this work.
The current investigation observes the outcome of enhancing the surface properties by AlCrN monol... more The current investigation observes the outcome of enhancing the surface properties by AlCrN monolayer coating using the cathodic arc plasma method on the Fe–Cu–C–Mo alloys. The compacts were sintered in spark plasma sintering (SPS) with the heat transfer rate of 100 °C/min at 1120 °C for 5 minutes. The Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo sample has the highest relative sintered density (97.20%), hardness (96 HRB), and ultimate tensile strength (1000 MPa) compare with the other sintered compacts. AlCrN coating was deposited on Fe, Fe–2Cu, Fe–2Cu–0.8C, Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.2Mo, Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.4Mo, and Fe–2Cu–0.8C–0.6Mo samples, using the cathodic arc plasma–physical vapor deposition (CAP-PVD) process. The coated compact samples’ metallography images were examined using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM); the Fe–2Cu alloy sintered sample has obtained a uniform structure with high density and a smaller amount of corrosion penetration rate (0.6579 mmpy) as compared to the counterparts. The phase formed in the A...
Microsystem Technologies-micro-and Nanosystems-information Storage and Processing Systems, Dec 23, 2009
A novel fiber-optic localized plasma resonance (FO-LPR) sensor composed of a U-shape optical fibe... more A novel fiber-optic localized plasma resonance (FO-LPR) sensor composed of a U-shape optical fiber was proposed and demonstrated in this study. The U-shape optical fiber was fabricated by a femtosecond laser micromachining system. The dimensions of the U-shape zone were 100 μm in depth measured from the surface of the polymer jacket layer, 80 μm in width in the jacket layer, 60 μm in width in the cladding layer. The total length is 5 mm. After laser annealing treatment, the average surface roughness was 205.8 nm as determined by Atom Force Microscope (AFM). The exposed surface of the U-shape fiber was modified with self-assembled gold nanoparticles to produce the FO-LPR sensor. The response of the sensor shows that the signal increases linearly with increasing refractive index. The sensor resolution of the sensor was determined to be 1.06 × 10−3 RIU.
This article reports the integration of the fiber optic-particle plasmon resonance (FO-PPR) biose... more This article reports the integration of the fiber optic-particle plasmon resonance (FO-PPR) biosensor with a microfluidic chip to reduce response time and improve detection limit. The microfluidic chip made of poly(methyl methacrylate) had a flow-channel of dimensions 4.0 cm × 900 m × 900 m. A partially unclad optical fiber with gold or silver nanoparticles on the core surface was placed within the flowchannel, where the volume of the flow space was about 14 L. Results using sucrose solutions of various refractive indexes show that the refractive index resolution improves by 2.4-fold in the microfluidic system. The microfluidic chip is capable of delivering a precise amount of biological samples to the detection area without sample dilution. Several receptor/analyte pairs were chosen to examine the biosensing capability of the integrated platform: biotin/streptavidin, biotin/anti-biotin, DNP/anti-DNP, OVA/anti-OVA, and anti-MMP-3/MMP-3. Results show that the response time to achieve equilibrium can be shortened from several thousand seconds in a conventional liquid cell to several hundred seconds in a microfluidic flow-cell. In addition, the detection limit also improves by about one order of magnitude. Furthermore, the normalization by using the relative change of transmission response as the sensor output alleviate the demand on precise optical alignment, resulting in reasonably good chip-to-chip measurement reproducibility.
Nuclides can move with the groundwater either as solutes or colloids, where the latter mechanism ... more Nuclides can move with the groundwater either as solutes or colloids, where the latter mechanism generally results in much shorter traveling time as they interact strongly with solid phases, such as actinides. It is therefore essential to assess the relative importance of these two transport mechanisms for different nuclides. The relative importance of colloids depends on the nature and concentration of colloids in groundwater. Plutonium (Pu), neptunium (Np), uranium (U) and americium (Am) are four nuclides of concern for long-term emplacement of nuclear wastes at potential repository sites. If attached to iron oxide, clay or silica colloids in groundwater. Strong sorption of the actinides by colloids in groundwater may facilitate transport of these nuclides along potential flow paths. Solubility-limited dissolution model models can be used to determine the release of the safety assessment for nuclear waste in geological disposal sites. The present study investigates the effect of colloid on the transport of solubility limited nuclide under the kinetic solubility limited dissolution (KSLD) boundary condition in fractured media. The release rate of nuclide would proportional to the difference between the saturation concentration and the inlet aqueous concentration of nuclide. The presence of colloids could decrease the aqueous concentration of nuclide and thus could increase the release flux of nuclide from the waste form.
Geological storage of CO 2 has been viewed as an effective means of reducing CO 2 emissions and m... more Geological storage of CO 2 has been viewed as an effective means of reducing CO 2 emissions and mitigating the greenhouse effect. In the Taiwan area, the Western Taiwan Basin is suitable for million-ton-scale geological CO 2 storage. Numerical methods were used in this study to investigate reservoir performance under various injection pressures. Three formations in the basin, the Chingshui Formation, Kueichulin Formation and Nanchunag Formation, were modeled. Three different injection pressures (1.3, 1.5 and 1.7 times the initial pressure) were considered. The simulation results show that the cumulative injected CO 2 mass is proportional to the applied injection pressure and that the storage security increases over time. An annual injection rate of 5 Mt year-1 could be achieved by applying an injection pressure of 1.5 times the initial pressure at the injection well. The pressure accumulation in the system featured three stages. The overpressurization effects associated with the injection in the system decrease, and the pressure in the system almost returns to the original pressure conditions after 50 years following cessation of injection. The CO 2 gas plumes simulated in this study also suggest that the modeled injection scenarios are safe in terms of CO 2 leakage from the vertical fault in this area.
International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Nov 1, 2013
ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t A million-ton-scale CO 2 geological storage project was planned by the T... more ABSTRACT a b s t r a c t A million-ton-scale CO 2 geological storage project was planned by the Taiwan Power Company in the Taiwan Basin. The site, half on-shore and half off-shore, has a regional shale formation underlain by two sandy saline aquifers. Numerical models were used to comprehensively assess CO 2 geological storage including the CO 2 plume evolution, pressure buildup, impacts on the shallow fresh groundwater, phase transition of CO 2 potentially moving in a vertical fault, and uplift of the land surface over 500 years for a 50-year CO 2 injection at a rate of 5 million tons per year. The results suggested that the reservoir could reliably store and contain the injected CO 2 for 500 years. All formations could stand the pressure buildup related to the large injection volume. The modeled CO 2 plumes did not either penetrate through the cap rock or reach the fault north to the injection wells. The assumed monitor point for shallow groundwater on the shore showed no changes in water head and water quality during 500 years. Phase transition simulations showed that escape of CO 2 from a deep storage reservoir to the land surface through a vertical fault is a complex interaction of multiphase fluid flow and heat transfer. CO 2 rising toward the land surface evolves into two-phase mixtures of liquid and gaseous CO 2 as temperatures and pressures decrease, inducing three-phase flow of CO 2 -brine mixtures. The presence of a three-phase zone (aqueous-liquid CO 2 -gaseous CO 2) leads to a small relative permeability for all phases, and in turn makes all phases less mobile and reduces CO 2 discharge rates. The proposed injection would induce a couple of centimeters uplift in the land surface during the 50-year injection period, but it would recover to the initial elevation at a slower rate than that of the uplift.
Effects of phase change in the recording layer due to temperature changes and the material parame... more Effects of phase change in the recording layer due to temperature changes and the material parameters used in the simulated transient temperature distributions were examined. The initial structure of the recording layer was the key parameter for simulated temperature distributions in both the erasing and writing processes. Latent heat due to the phase change had little effect on the transient
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Papers by Chun-Ping Jen