Papers by Choodamani Nandagopal
Innumerable accounts of the glorious period of Vijayanagar Empire with particular reference to th... more Innumerable accounts of the glorious period of Vijayanagar Empire with particular reference to the spring festival, Vasantotsava are found given by many historians and foreign travelers. The history of Vijayanagar is so rich that it offers more attempts of interpretation with a fresh perspective. The Vijayanagar times was a golden era for all art forms, especially, the dance and music as both these forms reached their pinnacle during this period. Royal Patronage was largely responsible for the thriving of these art forms. The rulers of Vijayanagar Empire were connoisseurs of music and dance and were themselves exponents of various art forms. Their knowledge of these art forms can be evidenced in the work of Venkatarammanayya, "Vasantotsava during the Vijayanagar times was a grand celebration of the king"s power. During the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya, a typical Classical Sanskrit drama-"Jambhavathi Kalyana" was written and attributed to King Krishnadevaraya, which was enacted annually at the capital city. (Venkataramanayya:1986: 412) Thriving of dance and music during the period cannot be solely attributed to the royal patronage, as it was also a reflection of times, when the people under the rule of Vijayanagar were happy and prosperous. A peep into the history reveals the democratic, secular and benevolent characters of the rulers. All these attributes along with their exploits have been chronicled by Abdul Razak; who says," The pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal" this city in the world. (Suryanath Kamath:2004:47)." Domingo Paes says "Cost of it all is not to be wondered as there is so much money in the land and the chiefs are so wealthy".(Suryakanth Kamath:2004:49). The influence of their rule over people, was such that, they would voluntarily involve and participate in all festivities. It was a norm to celebrate all seasons and occasions and the prime place among them was accorded to the spring season. After a cold hiatus in winter, nature unfolds in its full splendor to provide a vibrant ambience after months of dullness. It is a season of expression of joy which also brings out the romantic feelings. Man has learnt to respond to this bountiful creation and celebrate its beauty. It is a season for festivities and enjoyment. These changes in nature generates a sense of optimism in people. This season also sets the imagination wild and brings out the best in poets. In sync with the nature, man celebrates the onset of this season. The celebration found expression in the form of dance, music and rituals during the Vijayanagar times called Vasantotsava. Vasantotsava was held annually in the months of April and May or the Chaitra Maasa (according to the Hindu calender). Ahobala, an author of the Vijayanagar times has given a detailed account of the elaborate celebrations in his work Virupaksha Vasantotsava Champu. "He describes a Vasantotsava referred to variously as Vasantotsava, Caitrotsava ,Rathotsava, Mrgayotsava and Virupakshadevamahotsava which is said to last for nine days in spring"(Anderson:2005:175).) "The words Vasantha and Madhu mean spring and the month of chaitra is also called "Madhumasa". The text of the Vijayanagar times of medieval India "Virupaksha Vasanthotsava Champu" mentions that Vasantotsava is an annual festival performed on the full moon day of "Madhu Masa"/Madhava masa".(Anderson:2005;189) .Madanotsava Kamotsava and Madanatrayodashi are variants of Vasantotsava during which the Hindu God of love and desire, Kama is worshipped especially by the royal women. This is evident in the sculptures of Vijayanagar times where panels of Madana with his consort Rati are found as noticed in the Vijaya Vittala temple and Mahanavami Dibba. Thus "Vasantotsava, is one of the multitude of celebrations which punctuates the ancient and medieval festival calendars" (Anderson:2005:1) The performing arts, dance and music were patronized and promoted extensively by the Vijayanagar kings. They played a prominent role in the Spring Festival and they participated both in temple rituals and public entertainment programmes during Vasantotsava. As it was a community celebration, group performances Dance sculptures and the literary works of the period enumerate the nuances and intricacies of the time and display aesthetic sense of the artistes. The traditional dance style "Margi" transitioned to the regional style "desi" through the codified language of dance and music. Group choreography with breath-taking patterns gained importance those times. Though there are references of desi dance forms in the 9 th century itself, it gained importance only during the Vijayanagar times. Group dances were popular during the Vijayanagar period could be due to multitude of reasons. Firstly, could be the mass appeal it generates with a group minimum 16 to 64 dancers of both genders dancing in pairs
The Harappans introduced the ceramic wares, metal and lithic tools and regulated trade. The Indus... more The Harappans introduced the ceramic wares, metal and lithic tools and regulated trade. The Indus phase of art stands for the originality of form and content which was treated with metaphysical approaches and canonised in the later phases of Indian art history. On the basis of physical features, the territorial extent of the Indus Empire can be divided into four provinces, namely Western, Central, Eastern and Southern provinces. This book draws attention on the ceramic designs, seals, sculpture, jewellery and lapidary in both Provincial and Metropolitan style from the sites like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Rangpur, Kalibangan, Surkotada, Daimabad and others. This would help our younger generation to read a simple book as this on the story of the Indus people who have led such a lifestyle and left behind certain innovative creation which are significant even today. The content of the book is simple only to reaffirm our belief in the living tradition which has the fragrance of the bygone era.
IOSR journal of humanities and social science, 2014
Indian epics are held in high esteem and revered as a sacred text. Ramayana and Mahabharata belon... more Indian epics are held in high esteem and revered as a sacred text. Ramayana and Mahabharata belong to this genre. Ramayana is regarded as the "mahākāvya" written by the Ādikavi Valmiki. Though it refers to the story of Rama, the characters and emotions expressed takes the story of Ramayana to great heights. It is an emotive story which has in it all the nine rasas along with bhāvas, vibhāvas and anubhāvas.The sentiments and emotions behind the portrayal of a character can be better understood with help of performing arts like music, drama or dance, as they convey the expressions more effectively. Female characters have always been regarded important in any literary text. Bharata in Nātyashāstra, refers to these important women characters as "Nāyika". Each character expresses a strong personality and nature which changes emotionally depending on the situations. These kinds of changes give ample scope to study various individuals with reference to characteristics of "nāyikas".The women characters in Ramayana(from the central character of Sita to the other peripheral characters) are all integral part of the entire narration. This paper titled "Nāyika-bheda in Ramayana" is a study on the portrayal of Nāyika-bhedas according to Nātyashāstra, with reference to women characters of Ramayana.
Humanities and social sciences, 2015
The concept of symbolism from the perspective of a psychologist Carl Jung gives a new insight and... more The concept of symbolism from the perspective of a psychologist Carl Jung gives a new insight and dimension on symbolism apart from other disciplines. Jung believes that man produce symbols consciously as well as unconsciously in a form of dreams which are a great aspect of psychological importance. He stresses on how the psychic content of a symbol can be of vital importance for a man and his life. A symbol plays an integral part in the life of many cultures and there is a re-creative meaning in these symbols. The symbolic ideas take place within the unconscious mind of a modern man as it takes place in the rituals of ancient societies. Jungian analysis is based on the unconscious of human mind and shows how a symbolic interpretation can become a method for analysis of an individual"s mental functioning and social behavior. Jungian perspective towards the interpretation of visual art presents fascinating insights concerning Jung's understanding of the universal Transcendent Function in art. By developing the theory of symbolism he contributes to a great extent in the field of Visual arts. It becomes a prominent place in the interpretive analysis and symbolism. His theory of dreams has a symbolic significance and this symbolization of dreams becomes a tool to analysis and appreciates the artworks of an artist. This paper will be an attempt to explore Carl Jung"s approach to symbolism and its importance in analysing art with special reference to Visual Art.
IEEE Conference Proceedings, 2017
Cult of the goddess, 2015
Music, by nature is a dynamic embellishment. But, it is the innate embellishments present within ... more Music, by nature is a dynamic embellishment. But, it is the innate embellishments present within the art form and the artiste, makes it appreciable to a large audience. Alamkara (Fore-runners of Gamaka) and Gamaka (Certain melodic embellishment in the voice which is aesthetic to the aesthete) are the codified embellishments as per Sanskrit lexicons. These are not units in themselves but they are Unifying Forces. It is interesting that the mnemonic syllables (Abstract sound rhetoric units) emanated from percussion instruments which by nature are abstract units of sound phonemes perfectly synchronize with the diffused elements such as Alamkara and Gamaka. While summing up the thirty three Alamkaras of Bharata as per the treatise Natya Shastra, the "Tension-Retention Concept" discussed in the paper proves the above statement.
Music, by nature is a dynamic embellishment. But, it is the innate embellishments present within ... more Music, by nature is a dynamic embellishment. But, it is the innate embellishments present within the art form and the artiste, makes it appreciable to a large audience. Alamkara (Fore-runners of Gamaka) and Gamaka (Certain melodic embellishment in the voice which is aesthetic to the aesthete) are the codified embellishments as per Sanskrit lexicons. These are not units in themselves but they are Unifying Forces. It is interesting that the mnemonic syllables (Abstract sound rhetoric units) emanated from percussion instruments which by nature are abstract units of sound phonemes perfectly synchronize with the diffused elements such as Alamkara and Gamaka. While summing up the thirty three Alamkaras of Bharata as per the treatise Natya Shastra, the "Tension-Retention Concept" discussed in the paper proves the above statement.
IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 2014
This research paper explores the ways in which the gap between out of home advertising and the pu... more This research paper explores the ways in which the gap between out of home advertising and the public private partnership can be bridged to overcome the difficulties to build the visual culture of modern emerging cities. Bengaluru the Capital of Karnataka is the most happening city of India. The city and its administrative skills been evolving, developing and catalyzing to facilitate and fulfill the needs and expectations of its inhabitants as well as of its increasing population since last two decades. Rapid increase in its population has resulted in extrapolation of many a tangible and intangible element of the city like civic amenities, transportation, tourism, public spaces, entertainment and Out Of Home advertising. This has led the government to turn to private organizations to successfully take part in meeting the challenges of public private (PPP) projects. These tangible and intangible elements come in contact with the moving pedestrians leaving an impression and impact upon the mind of the person of time and space. Being the part of growing economy share of the city and a large chunk of visualscape of city, the new emerging trends of Out Of Home advertising media can be challenging for building the visual culture for the city of Bengaluru. This research paper is in appropriate to and looking forward to possibilities in culminating the visual culture for the city of Bengaluru through Public Private Partnership projects and Out Of Home advertising.
Paripex Indian Journal Of Research, 2016
Seas and Oceans not only contain rich diversity of resources but also a powerful stimulus to tech... more Seas and Oceans not only contain rich diversity of resources but also a powerful stimulus to technology and skills against the challenges posed by the waters. Its role in uniting widely dispersed economies and cultures and radically different peoples and also transmitting freely different ideas, beliefs and knowledge to different parts of the world is commendable. That is why ports that develop along the littorals often have more resemblance and commonality with the other ports rather than with the place and communities in which they are located. There has been significant intermingling between the people of West Asian world and Western coastal India due to flourishing trade between the Mediterranean world and western coastal India along with Persian and Indian Ocean.
International journal of scientific research, 2016
TheWestern coast of India had very early trans-oceanic trade even before the second millennium BC... more TheWestern coast of India had very early trans-oceanic trade even before the second millennium BC. From archeological points, there are several indications about the antiquity of the trade between India and Egypt for numerous products but there is dearth of evidence and proof that exchange were taken place through the ports of West coast.British named the region Canara which was mainly comprised of maritime countries of Tuluva, Haiga and Hindu Konkan and also neighboring areas of Malabar. Written sources concerning the maritime history of the Canara for this period are rare but several Greek and Roman writers have referred quite a few ports of West coast of India which have suggested vital trading links with the Mediterranean countries.
The use of Indian monumental and architectural elements and photography in the Indian visual art ... more The use of Indian monumental and architectural elements and photography in the Indian visual art and advertising can be traced from the times of British Raj in Indian subcontinent. The study reveals the importance of visual culture of architectural images in advertising and communication. India is large country with many cultures and subcultures. It becomes important for the Indian consumer products manufacturer to reach and persuade the vast and varied background audience into action. During the eighties and nineties some of the fast moving consumer product companies made use of the famous Indian monumental architectural structures as images in their packaging as well as advertisements. These trends and visual culture of monumental architecture, projection of film actors in advertisements help to build and represent the culture, technology, art of the land.
Humanities and social sciences, 2015
The concept of symbolism from the perspective of a psychologist Carl Jung gives a new insight and... more The concept of symbolism from the perspective of a psychologist Carl Jung gives a new insight and dimension on symbolism apart from other disciplines. Jung believes that man produce symbols consciously as well as unconsciously in a form of dreams which are a great aspect of psychological importance. He stresses on how the psychic content of a symbol can be of vital importance for a man and his life. A symbol plays an integral part in the life of many cultures and there is a re-creative meaning in these symbols. The symbolic ideas take place within the unconscious mind of a modern man as it takes place in the rituals of ancient societies. Jungian analysis is based on the unconscious of human mind and shows how a symbolic interpretation can become a method for analysis of an individual‟s mental functioning and social behavior. Jungian perspective towards the interpretation of visual art presents fascinating insights concerning Jung's understanding of the universal Transcendent Fun...
This paper reviews the factors important for employee engagement in an organization; the relation... more This paper reviews the factors important for employee engagement in an organization; the relationship between employee engagement and organizational productivity; and also proposes a model to improve employee engagement to enhance organizational productivity. As per a Forbe’s article1 published based on more than 2 million workplace observations from around the world, organizations have tried solving engagement problems by taking employees out to lunch, or asking managers to spend more time with employees. But if lunch or more conversations is not something employee desires, the efforts will have negative effect. Employee disengagement is like a termite that invisibly reduces organizational productivity. On the contrary, when employees are super-engaged, they feel more loyal to the company and put efforts beyond call of their duty and become brand champion of the organizations. The intent of this paper is to propose an implementable model to help employees and organizations reach th...
Rasa is the basis of art and the main aim of any art is to evoke rasa in the mind of the onlooker... more Rasa is the basis of art and the main aim of any art is to evoke rasa in the mind of the onlooker. The concept of rasa is the heart of Indian artistic expression. Rasa, like the word "essence" has both a concrete and abstract significance. It is equally the element in love and in art. The specific definition of bhakti as an emotional religion of love is closely linked with the acceptance of bhakti as a rasa. According to Goudiya Vaishnavas school bhakti is a religious cult of love and attachment towards a particular God. It is stipulated that bhakti, as love, is not possible without the presence of two entities (the love and the loved). Madhura bhakti has been considered as the highest category of bhakti rasa which equal the śringara rasa. The message of bhakti has been taken to the hearts of masses with the help of devotional writings. Radha-Krishna legends became fascinating themes for the poets where Radha occupied a very important position and her means of bhakti to Kr...
Innumerable accounts of the glorious period of Vijayanagar Empire with particular reference to th... more Innumerable accounts of the glorious period of Vijayanagar Empire with particular reference to the spring festival, Vasantotsava are found given by many historians and foreign travelers. The history of Vijayanagar is so rich that it offers more attempts of interpretation with a fresh perspective. The Vijayanagar times was a golden era for all art forms, especially, the dance and music as both these forms reached their pinnacle during this period. Royal Patronage was largely responsible for the thriving of these art forms. The rulers of Vijayanagar Empire were connoisseurs of music and dance and were themselves exponents of various art forms. Their knowledge of these art forms can be evidenced in the work of Venkatarammanayya, "Vasantotsava during the Vijayanagar times was a grand celebration of the king"s power. During the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya, a typical Classical Sanskrit drama-"Jambhavathi Kalyana" was written and attributed to King Krishnadevaraya, which was enacted annually at the capital city. (Venkataramanayya:1986: 412) Thriving of dance and music during the period cannot be solely attributed to the royal patronage, as it was also a reflection of times, when the people under the rule of Vijayanagar were happy and prosperous. A peep into the history reveals the democratic, secular and benevolent characters of the rulers. All these attributes along with their exploits have been chronicled by Abdul Razak; who says," The pupil of the eye has never seen a place like it and the ear of intelligence has never been informed that there existed anything to equal" this city in the world. (Suryanath Kamath:2004:47)." Domingo Paes says "Cost of it all is not to be wondered as there is so much money in the land and the chiefs are so wealthy".(Suryakanth Kamath:2004:49). The influence of their rule over people, was such that, they would voluntarily involve and participate in all festivities. It was a norm to celebrate all seasons and occasions and the prime place among them was accorded to the spring season. After a cold hiatus in winter, nature unfolds in its full splendor to provide a vibrant ambience after months of dullness. It is a season of expression of joy which also brings out the romantic feelings. Man has learnt to respond to this bountiful creation and celebrate its beauty. It is a season for festivities and enjoyment. These changes in nature generates a sense of optimism in people. This season also sets the imagination wild and brings out the best in poets. In sync with the nature, man celebrates the onset of this season. The celebration found expression in the form of dance, music and rituals during the Vijayanagar times called Vasantotsava. Vasantotsava was held annually in the months of April and May or the Chaitra Maasa (according to the Hindu calender). Ahobala, an author of the Vijayanagar times has given a detailed account of the elaborate celebrations in his work Virupaksha Vasantotsava Champu. "He describes a Vasantotsava referred to variously as Vasantotsava, Caitrotsava ,Rathotsava, Mrgayotsava and Virupakshadevamahotsava which is said to last for nine days in spring"(Anderson:2005:175).) "The words Vasantha and Madhu mean spring and the month of chaitra is also called "Madhumasa". The text of the Vijayanagar times of medieval India "Virupaksha Vasanthotsava Champu" mentions that Vasantotsava is an annual festival performed on the full moon day of "Madhu Masa"/Madhava masa".(Anderson:2005;189) .Madanotsava Kamotsava and Madanatrayodashi are variants of Vasantotsava during which the Hindu God of love and desire, Kama is worshipped especially by the royal women. This is evident in the sculptures of Vijayanagar times where panels of Madana with his consort Rati are found as noticed in the Vijaya Vittala temple and Mahanavami Dibba. Thus "Vasantotsava, is one of the multitude of celebrations which punctuates the ancient and medieval festival calendars" (Anderson:2005:1) The performing arts, dance and music were patronized and promoted extensively by the Vijayanagar kings. They played a prominent role in the Spring Festival and they participated both in temple rituals and public entertainment programmes during Vasantotsava. As it was a community celebration, group performances Dance sculptures and the literary works of the period enumerate the nuances and intricacies of the time and display aesthetic sense of the artistes. The traditional dance style "Margi" transitioned to the regional style "desi" through the codified language of dance and music. Group choreography with breath-taking patterns gained importance those times. Though there are references of desi dance forms in the 9 th century itself, it gained importance only during the Vijayanagar times. Group dances were popular during the Vijayanagar period could be due to multitude of reasons. Firstly, could be the mass appeal it generates with a group minimum 16 to 64 dancers of both genders dancing in pairs
The Harappans introduced the ceramic wares, metal and lithic tools and regulated trade. The Indus... more The Harappans introduced the ceramic wares, metal and lithic tools and regulated trade. The Indus phase of art stands for the originality of form and content which was treated with metaphysical approaches and canonised in the later phases of Indian art history. On the basis of physical features, the territorial extent of the Indus Empire can be divided into four provinces, namely Western, Central, Eastern and Southern provinces. This book draws attention on the ceramic designs, seals, sculpture, jewellery and lapidary in both Provincial and Metropolitan style from the sites like Harappa, Mohenjo-daro, Lothal, Rangpur, Kalibangan, Surkotada, Daimabad and others. This would help our younger generation to read a simple book as this on the story of the Indus people who have led such a lifestyle and left behind certain innovative creation which are significant even today. The content of the book is simple only to reaffirm our belief in the living tradition which has the fragrance of the ...
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Papers by Choodamani Nandagopal