Papers by Chinwe Chukwuka
World Journal of AIDS
Background: It is widely known that the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) induces biochemical a... more Background: It is widely known that the human immune-deficiency virus (HIV) induces biochemical and physiological changes in affected persons. Consequently, the overall aim of this study was to evaluate the HIV-1 RNA viral load, CD4 count, and certain haematological parameters among HIV treatment-naïve subjects in the Enugu metropolis of Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 252 HIV-infected, ART-native subjects (≥18) attending the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH) in Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu were recruited for this study and were made up of 157 (62.3%) females and 95 (37.7%) males. A total of 250 HIV-negative subjects were used as control subjects (100 males and 150 females). Blood samples were collected from all the participants and their HIV-1 status was confirmed by an immunoblot confirmatory test. Their haematological parameters and CD4 count were evaluated, while the HIV-1 viral load was only assessed on confirmed HIVpositive subjects. Results: There was female predominance (62.3%) among these HIV-positive subjects. The mean age of HIV-positive subjects was 39.16 ± 10.08 years while the mean age of the control subjects was 34.8 ± 8.6 years. The age group of 31-40 years (102/252 (40.5%)) constituted most of the test subjects. The total white blood cells (TWBC) (6.05 ± 5.46), lymphocyte counts (36 ± 14), haemoglobin concentrations (Hb) (9.
The Open AIDS Journal
Introduction: Whereas several studies show that homozygous (HbSS) sickle cell disease protects ag... more Introduction: Whereas several studies show that homozygous (HbSS) sickle cell disease protects against human immunodeficiency virus infection, it is not clear if human immunodeficiency virus infection is affected by the heterozygous state of the sickle globin gene (HbAS or sickle cell trait). Objective: To evaluate the effects of sickle cell trait on the prevalence and severity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a large patient population. Methods: Hemoglobin genotype was determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in 1,226 HIV-1 patients in Nigeria. Their demographic data were documented. Blood CD4+ cell counts and HIV-1 viral load previously determined on the same blood samples to guide clinical care were used as indices of severity of HIV-1 infection. Statistical analysis of the data was done to evaluate the effects of sickle cell trait on the severity and prevalence of HIV-1 infection, relative to the prevalence of 1.4% in the general population ...
Archives of Clinical Microbiology, 2021
Introduction: There has been a rising incidence of treatment failures of Urinary Tract Infection ... more Introduction: There has been a rising incidence of treatment failures of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in patients with human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (HIV). This study was carried out to determine the bacteriology of urinary tract infections in patients with HIV infections in University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu. Methods: The study was a cross sectional study, involving 300 adult HIV positive patients, matched for age and sex with apparently healthy HIV negative subjects as control. Mid-stream urine samples from both groups were cultured on MacConkey, blood agar plates and incubated aerobically at 37°C. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done with agar diffusion method and interpreted according to CSLI guidelines. Extended spectrum beta-lactamases production was confirmed phenotypically using double disc synergy test. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 22.0 ± 3 years. There was a preponderance of females 76.0%. (P=0.493). The prevalence of UTI in the ...
B42. ILD EPIDEMIOLOGY I, 2020
C66. SRN: CARDIOMETABOLIC OUTCOMES AND IMPACT OF SLEEP/RESPIRATORY DISORDERS, 2020
A40. INFLAMMATORY DPLDs CASE REPORTS, 2019
JAAD Case Reports, Mar 1, 2018
Tobacco, smoking control and health educ., 2019
Background: Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. H... more Background: Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality globally. Health care professionals have a very unique role in motivating people to quit smoking and knowledge of the consequences of smoking is necessary in initiating smoking cessation. Objectives: This study aimed to assess tobacco use, knowledge of its health consequence and attitude regarding its control among health care workers in Enugu, Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey carried out among adult health care workers at a tertiary hospital from June to August 2018. The Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS) core questionnaire was used to collect data on tobacco use, knowledge of its health consequence and attitudes regarding its control. Results: Of 245 health workers who completed the survey, 40.8% were doctors and 56.7% were males. Only 6.9% of the participants indicated that they have ever received training on smoking cessation. The life-time prevalence of tobacco smoking was 24.9% and 20.4% of the participants were current smokers at the time of the survey. Only 55.9% (137/245) of the respondents had good knowledge (≥70%) of the health effects of tobacco use. Participants generally had the right attitude towards banning tobacco sale (79.2%), advertisement (83.3%), and banning smoking in restaurants (90.2%). Conclusions: Smoking prevalence among health care workers is high, and knowledge of the adverse effects of tobacco use was average. There is a need for an intervention to eliminate tobacco use and promote smoking cessation among health care workers in Enugu, Nigeria. Keywords: Tobacco, Smoking, Control, Global Adult Tobacco Survey.
Indian journal of endocrinology and metabolism, 2014
Metabolic abnormalities are often common among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The a... more Metabolic abnormalities are often common among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) is increasingly being used as a screening tool for dyslipidemia as it predicts the presence of small, dense, and highly atherogenic low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. The aim of this study was to identify the pattern and predictors of an abnormal atherogenic index in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)-naïve HIV patients. HAART-naïve patients with HIV infection were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, CD4 count, viral load, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profiles were determined. Total cholesterol (TCH)/HDL, triglyceride (TG)/HDL, and LDL/HDL ratios were calculated. The AIP was calculated as log (TG/HDL). The correlations between AIP and the other lipoprotein ratios and predictors of AIP were determined using stepwise multiple linear regression. P < 0.05 w...
Respiratory Medicine CME, 2011
Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the trematode Paragonimus. It follows ingestion o... more Paragonimiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the trematode Paragonimus. It follows ingestion of raw or improperly cooked or prickled crab and crayfish. Adult worms can survive for 20 years. A 42-year-old rural dweller was seen at the chest unit with a three month history of cough, chest pain and haemoptysis and a ten week history of bilateral leg swelling. He recalled that his problem dated back to 18 years ago when he first had cough with rusty brown sputum and chest pain. He was treated for pulmonary tuberculosis even though sputum examination did not reveal any AAFB on two occasions. Further enquiries showed that he had enjoyed fishing and hunting for crabs in his adolescent years and ate the young crabs raw. Abnormal findings were mild central cyanosis, pitting leg and scrotal edema jugular venous pulsation was elevated with tender hepatomegaly. Sputum for ova of paragonimiasis which was positive. Packed cell volume was 55%, ESR of 15 mm in the 1st hour. Chest radiograph: patchy opacities, tubular shadowing and prominent pulmonary conus. Echocardiography showed dilated right atrium and ventricle without septal and valvular lesions. Sputum AAFB, A diagnosis of Cor pulmonale due to Paragonimiasis was made and patient treated with Praziquantel. The patient improved markedly and repeated X-ray showed some improvement in the features. Paragonimiasis is an important tropical lung disease. The most frequent symptoms are cough and haemoptysis. The radiological features include cavities, cysts, calcified nodules all of which make differentiation from pulmonary tuberculosis difficult. In endemic areas, patients who complain of cough and haemoptysis should have their sputum examined by an experienced microbiologist for paragonimiasis.
Background: Use of PEP drugs is useful in preventing seroconversion following accidental occupati... more Background: Use of PEP drugs is useful in preventing seroconversion following accidental occupational or nonoccupational exposures, thereby limiting further spread of HIV. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the clinicodemographic characteristics of patients accessing PEP services in a tertiary health institution. Study Design: This was a retrospective review of patients who obtained postexposure prophylaxis from the HIV clinic of a University Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Results: A total of 116 clients sought for PEP services during the study period. The commonest setting of exposure was needle injury (44.8%). Half of the clients presented within 24 hours following exposure. Being a male and knowing HIV status of source patient independently increased the likelihood of early presentation following exposure (P < .05). None of the patients that obtained the PEP drugs came for follow-up visits. Conclusion/Recommendation: Late presentation for PEP services following exposure means that more awareness needs to be created to facilitate early presentation.
Appendix_1_UNN_Short_Course__Schedule_ for Effectiveness of a Comprehensive 4-Week Course in HIV ... more Appendix_1_UNN_Short_Course__Schedule_ for Effectiveness of a Comprehensive 4-Week Course in HIV Medicine for Postgraduate Doctors at University of Nigeria: A Preservice Education Initiative by Anthea Nwandu, Cassidy Wayne Claassen, David James Riedel, Theresa Madubuko, Ayodotun Olutola, Eugene Onu, Chinwe Onyekonwu, Emmanuel Nwobi, and Chinwe Chukwuka in Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC)
International Journal of Medicine and Health Development
International Journal of Medicine and Health Development
Background: The pulmonary affectation by diabetes mellitus (DM) has not received adequate attenti... more Background: The pulmonary affectation by diabetes mellitus (DM) has not received adequate attention, and as such, there is paucity of data on the impact of DM on ventilatory function especially in South-Eastern, Nigeria. This study, therefore, aimed to determine the impact of type 2 DM on ventilatory function as observed at a tertiary health care facility in South-Eastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: This was a comparative cross-sectional study of 100 consenting type 2 DM patients aged between 30 and 65 years, and 100 consenting, normal, adequately matched subjects. Anthropometric parameters were obtained from both study groups, and spirometry was done using spirolab III, version 1.7. Predicted ventilatory parameters were calculated using Nigerian equations. SPSS version 21 was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 100 type 2 DM patients and 100 normal control subjects were studied. There were 49 males and 51 females with type 2 DM. Comparatively, 51 of the control group were males while 49 were females. The mean FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75, and PEFR, were significantly lower in the type 2 DM group than in the control group (P values of 0.010, 0.015, <0.001, 0.006 respectively). Likewise percentage predicted FVC, FEV1 and PEFR were significantly lower in the type 2 DM patients (P values <0.05). As much as 22% of the type 2 DM subjects had restrictive pattern while 2% had obstructive pattern. Long duration of DM (10 years or more) was associated with increased likelihood of developing restrictive ventilatory pattern (P < 0.001, odds ratio 14.224). Conclusion: Type 2 DM is associated with restrictive ventilatory dysfunction. Duration of DM of 10 years or more is an independent predictor of restrictive ventilatory pattern among type 2 DM subjects.
Nephron Physiology, 2012
Each paper needs an abstract of up to 250 words. It should be structured as follows: Background/A... more Each paper needs an abstract of up to 250 words. It should be structured as follows: Background/Aims: What is the major problem that prompted the study? Methods: How was the study carried out? Results: Most important findings? Conclusion: Most important conclusion? Footnotes: Avoid footnotes. Tables and illustrations: Tables are part of the text. Place them at the end of the text file. Illustration data must be stored as separate files. Do not integrate figures into the text. Electronically submitted b/w half-tone and color illustrations must have a final resolution of 300 dpi after scaling, line drawings one of 800–1,200 dpi. Color illustrations Online edition: Color illustrations are reproduced free of charge. In the print version, the illustrations are reproduced in black and white. Please avoid referring to the colors in the text and figure legends. Print edition: Up to 6 color illustrations per page can be integrated within the text at CHF 800.– per page. References: In the tex...
ABSTRACT This study generated new information about the outcomes of patients enrolled in antiretr... more ABSTRACT This study generated new information about the outcomes of patients enrolled in antiretroviral treatment programmes, as well as the true outcomes of those lost to follow-up (LTF). Anonymized data were collected for patients enrolled over a 12-month period from two programmes (public and private) in southeast Nigeria. Estimates of retention, LTF, mortality and transfers were computed. All LTF enrollees (defined as patients who had missed three scheduled visits) whose contact information met pre-defined criteria were traced. A total of 481 (public) and 553 (private) records were included. Median duration of follow-up was about 14 months. Cumulative retention and LTF proportions were 66·5 and 32·8% (public), and 82·6 and 11·0% (private) respectively. LTF rates at third, sixth, ninth and twelfth months were 7·5, 19·3, 25·4 and 29·6% respectively (public), and 4·1, 7·1, 9·0 and 10·0% (private). LTF was higher among males, patients with CD4(+) cell count ≤200 and public programme enrollees. For the public facility, 56·7% of 104 traceable patients were dead and 38·8% were alive; the figures were 34·2 and 60·5% of 46 patients respectively for the private. Most deaths had occurred by the third month. Not all patients enrolled for treatment were retained. Though some died, many were LTF, lived within the community, and could develop and transmit resistant viral stains. Most traced patients were dead by the third month and poor contact information limited the effectiveness of tracing. Antiretroviral treatment programmes need to improve documentation processes and develop and implement tracing strategies.
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Papers by Chinwe Chukwuka