Introduction: It has been reported that home confinement due to the COVID 19 pandemic has caused ... more Introduction: It has been reported that home confinement due to the COVID 19 pandemic has caused essential changes in the eating habits of children and adolescents worldwide, compromising their nutritional status due to the increased prevalence of malnutrition and obesity. This study aimed to identify eating habits disorders in children and adolescents during confinement in Ecuador. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 1,446 parents or primary caregivers of Ecuadorian children and adolescents. A validated survey was carried out with a probabilistic sample. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the study variables was performed with the statistical software SPSS Version 25. Results: In confinement, 67.8% (n= 981) of respondents did not make changes to their diet. 79.8% (n=791) of people already maintained healthy habits during confinement, and 20.2% (n=200) changed their habits from healthy to unhealthy. 67.5% (n=307) did not have healthy eating habits and continued this practice; 32.5% (n=148) went from having unhealthy to healthy habits. The presence of "healthy habits" was associated with biparental families (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04-1.61, P < 0.05), 1 to 2 people living in the house (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34-0.93, P < 0.05), with face-to-face work (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55-0.86, P<0.05), dependent work (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48-0.80, P <0.05), and compliance with quarantine (OR 1.55, CI 95% 1.21-1.98, P<0.05). Conclusion: Children and adolescents in Ecuador, for the most part, did not present changes in eating habits, being these healthy.
Background: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused... more Background: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused by in uenza viruses in pregnant women and their children. In Ecuador, the coverage of seasonal in uenza vaccination in pregnant women is low. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pregnant women toward in uenza vaccination in Quito-Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 842 women who delivered at three main public gynecologicalobstetric units of the Metropolitan District of Quito. A questionnaire regarding demographics, antenatal care, risk conditions and knowledge, attitudes and practices related to in uenza vaccination was administered. We examined factors associated with vaccination using log-binomial regression models. Results: A low vaccination rate (36.6%) against in uenza was observed among pregnant women. The factors associated with vaccination included the recommendations from health providers (adjusted PR: 15.84; CI 95% 9.62-26.10), belief in the safety of the in uenza vaccine (adjusted PR: 1.53; CI 95% 1.03-2.37) and antenatal care (adjusted PR: 1.21; CI 95% 1.01-1.47). The most common reasons for not vaccinating included the lack of recommendation from health care providers (73.9%) and lack of access to vaccine (9.0%). Conclusions: Health educational programs aimed at pregnant women and antenatal care providers have the most potential to increase in uenza vaccination rates. Further studies are needed to understand the barriers of health care providers regarding in uenza vaccination in Ecuador. Background Pregnant women and infants under six months are among the population subgroups considered to be at high risk for serious in uenza-related morbidity and mortality, as illustrated during the 1918 and 2009-2010 in uenza A (H1N1) pandemics[1]. The mechanical, hormonal, and relevant immunologic alterations that occur during pregnancy may enhance the susceptibility to viral infections and the risk of in uenza complications [2, 3]. In 2018, a study estimated that a large proportion of in uenza-virus-associated acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths occurred among young infants and among children in low-income and lower middle-income countries[4]. In uenza can cause primary infections or is also associated with higher rates of secondary bacterial infections [5]. Therefore, maternal in uenza immunization could play a role in reducing the burden of all-cause ALRI[4]. In 2012, World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries should consider pregnant women as a priority group for vaccination[6]. Several studies have shown that maternal in uenza immunization could protect pregnant women from severe complications related to in uenza virus infection[7-9], and that infants up to 6 months of age from vaccinated women may also bene t[10-13]. For example, in a pooled analysis of three maternal in uenza immunization trials in South Africa, Mali and Nepal, there was 20% reduction in all-cause severe clinical pneumonia in infants under 6 months[10]. In addition, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that maternal in uenza vaccination was associated
p<0.0001. At higher levels of CO 2 emissions there was no association with life expectancy. Among... more p<0.0001. At higher levels of CO 2 emissions there was no association with life expectancy. Among 30 countries with high life expectancy (>75 years) and relatively low CO 2 pc emissions (<10 t) with a population>0.5 M there was a modest association overall between CO 2 emissions and life expectancy (rank correlation 0.51, p¼0.004). Within this group, life expectancy ranged between 75.5 (Argentina, annual emissions 4.6 t) and 82.5 years (Switzerland, 5.1 t). Using the 2008 World Bank income classification, per capita emissions were associated with life expectancy among low and low middle income countries, but not in high middle or high income countries. Conclusions Life expectancy, a surrogate indicator of population health, is unrelated to energy consumption above a low level. It appears, looking to the future, that the environmental sustainability and global health development agendas are compatible in practice.
Introduction: It has been reported that home confinement due to the COVID 19 pandemic has caused ... more Introduction: It has been reported that home confinement due to the COVID 19 pandemic has caused essential changes in the eating habits of children and adolescents worldwide, compromising their nutritional status due to the increased prevalence of malnutrition and obesity. This study aimed to identify eating habits disorders in children and adolescents during confinement in Ecuador. Methodology: This cross-sectional study included 1,446 parents or primary caregivers of Ecuadorian children and adolescents. A validated survey was carried out with a probabilistic sample. A descriptive and inferential analysis of the study variables was performed with the statistical software SPSS Version 25. Results: In confinement, 67.8% (n= 981) of respondents did not make changes to their diet. 79.8% (n=791) of people already maintained healthy habits during confinement, and 20.2% (n=200) changed their habits from healthy to unhealthy. 67.5% (n=307) did not have healthy eating habits and continued this practice; 32.5% (n=148) went from having unhealthy to healthy habits. The presence of "healthy habits" was associated with biparental families (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.04-1.61, P < 0.05), 1 to 2 people living in the house (OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.34-0.93, P < 0.05), with face-to-face work (OR 0.69, 95% CI 0.55-0.86, P<0.05), dependent work (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.48-0.80, P <0.05), and compliance with quarantine (OR 1.55, CI 95% 1.21-1.98, P<0.05). Conclusion: Children and adolescents in Ecuador, for the most part, did not present changes in eating habits, being these healthy.
Background: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused... more Background: Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent infection and severe outcomes caused by in uenza viruses in pregnant women and their children. In Ecuador, the coverage of seasonal in uenza vaccination in pregnant women is low. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of pregnant women toward in uenza vaccination in Quito-Ecuador. Methods: A cross-sectional study enrolled 842 women who delivered at three main public gynecologicalobstetric units of the Metropolitan District of Quito. A questionnaire regarding demographics, antenatal care, risk conditions and knowledge, attitudes and practices related to in uenza vaccination was administered. We examined factors associated with vaccination using log-binomial regression models. Results: A low vaccination rate (36.6%) against in uenza was observed among pregnant women. The factors associated with vaccination included the recommendations from health providers (adjusted PR: 15.84; CI 95% 9.62-26.10), belief in the safety of the in uenza vaccine (adjusted PR: 1.53; CI 95% 1.03-2.37) and antenatal care (adjusted PR: 1.21; CI 95% 1.01-1.47). The most common reasons for not vaccinating included the lack of recommendation from health care providers (73.9%) and lack of access to vaccine (9.0%). Conclusions: Health educational programs aimed at pregnant women and antenatal care providers have the most potential to increase in uenza vaccination rates. Further studies are needed to understand the barriers of health care providers regarding in uenza vaccination in Ecuador. Background Pregnant women and infants under six months are among the population subgroups considered to be at high risk for serious in uenza-related morbidity and mortality, as illustrated during the 1918 and 2009-2010 in uenza A (H1N1) pandemics[1]. The mechanical, hormonal, and relevant immunologic alterations that occur during pregnancy may enhance the susceptibility to viral infections and the risk of in uenza complications [2, 3]. In 2018, a study estimated that a large proportion of in uenza-virus-associated acute lower respiratory infections (ALRI) hospitalizations and in-hospital deaths occurred among young infants and among children in low-income and lower middle-income countries[4]. In uenza can cause primary infections or is also associated with higher rates of secondary bacterial infections [5]. Therefore, maternal in uenza immunization could play a role in reducing the burden of all-cause ALRI[4]. In 2012, World Health Organization (WHO) recommended that countries should consider pregnant women as a priority group for vaccination[6]. Several studies have shown that maternal in uenza immunization could protect pregnant women from severe complications related to in uenza virus infection[7-9], and that infants up to 6 months of age from vaccinated women may also bene t[10-13]. For example, in a pooled analysis of three maternal in uenza immunization trials in South Africa, Mali and Nepal, there was 20% reduction in all-cause severe clinical pneumonia in infants under 6 months[10]. In addition, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis reported that maternal in uenza vaccination was associated
p<0.0001. At higher levels of CO 2 emissions there was no association with life expectancy. Among... more p<0.0001. At higher levels of CO 2 emissions there was no association with life expectancy. Among 30 countries with high life expectancy (>75 years) and relatively low CO 2 pc emissions (<10 t) with a population>0.5 M there was a modest association overall between CO 2 emissions and life expectancy (rank correlation 0.51, p¼0.004). Within this group, life expectancy ranged between 75.5 (Argentina, annual emissions 4.6 t) and 82.5 years (Switzerland, 5.1 t). Using the 2008 World Bank income classification, per capita emissions were associated with life expectancy among low and low middle income countries, but not in high middle or high income countries. Conclusions Life expectancy, a surrogate indicator of population health, is unrelated to energy consumption above a low level. It appears, looking to the future, that the environmental sustainability and global health development agendas are compatible in practice.
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