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Cafer Ulu

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He was born in Aksaray. He graduated from Istanbul Bağcılar High School. He graduated from Marmara University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of History. His master's degree at the Institute of Turkic Studies with a thesis titled "The Western Black Sea in the Period of National Struggle and the Aid That Came by This Way". He received his PhD, History of the Institute of Social Sciences of Istanbul Univ. in 2005. The title of his doctoral thesis is "Armenians in the Republic of Turkey"
Address: Namık Kemal University (Former)

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Minority press and control in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey: the example of the Armenian press

In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on p... more In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on paper with symbols has evolved gradually. Modern printing techniques evolved from early printing techniques and materials. Subjects of the Ottoman Empire closely followed advances in Europe, and the printing press was introduced there. Armenians significantly advanced printing and publishing in the Ottoman and Turkish Republic eras. They established printing facilities and published books, periodicals, newspapers, and other things. While carrying out these activities, they sometimes received awards, but they had problems in some periods. Due to some of the contents in the materials they published, they were punished such as closing the newspapers and magazines, having the books confiscated, or not being brought into the country. The Turkish government has also closely followed materials published abroad. While examining the minority press in the Ottoman and Turkish Republics, this article focuses on the Armenian press.

Armenians in Turkish politics and parliament (1923-1946)

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1946.

The Reflections of the Unity in Language Studies Implemented in accordance with Nationalism in Turkey to Armenians and Other Minorities (1923-1946)

Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on ... more Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on the events that were based on Turkish nationalism during the early years of the Turkish Republic. Turkishness was regarded by Turkish nationalists as a shared identity. The non-Muslim minorities in the opposing neighborhood saw this as forced Turkification, even if it was ultimately seen as a great country being changed and a glorious victory. Some people viewed the severe measures used at this time as tyranny and "Turkification." It is obvious that nationalist policies were implemented throughout the early years of the Republic by both the government and groups that collaborated with the executive branch. This article discusses the consequences of nationalism policies on Armenian and other minorities as they relate to language, social life, and education during the early years of the Turkish Republic.

20. Yüzyilin Başinda Türk Aydinlarinin Japonya’Ya Bakişi Ve “Musavver Japon Çocuklari” Ki̇tabi

Turk Japon iliskileri cok eski bir gecmise dayanmamasina ragmen, saglam temellere dayanmaktadir. ... more Turk Japon iliskileri cok eski bir gecmise dayanmamasina ragmen, saglam temellere dayanmaktadir. iki toplum arasinda mesafeler cok uzak olsa da Turk halki, Japon halkina karŞi buyuk bir ilgi ve sempati duymuŞtur. Bu ilginin temel kaynagi Japonlarin Turkler gibi geleneklerine bagli bir toplum olasinin yaninda, asirlardir Osmanli Devletinin hasmi olan Rusya ile 20.yuzyilin baslarinda Japonlarin da sorunlar yasamasi hatta savasmasinin da etkili oldugu anlasilmaktadir. Buna benzer gerekcelerle Japonlar da Turk halkina ayniyla mukabele etmis ve onlar da Turklere karsi buyuk ilgi duymuslardir. Bu uzaktan sempati II. Abdulhamit doneminde somut bir hal almis ve 14 Temmuz 1889‟da 655 kisi ile Ertugrul gemisinin Japonya‟yi ziyaretiyle taclanmistir. Bu ziyaret ve arkasindan yasanan felaket iki toplum arasindaki sevgiyi en ust seviyeye cikarmistir. Daha sonraki yillarda cografyasi uzak ama kaderleri benzer olan iki toplum birbirlerini yakindan takip etmeye devam etmistir. Turk aydinlari, Japonlarla yasadiklari yenilik-gelenek tartismalarini benzer sekilde yasamis ve Japonlarin geleneklerini koruyarak gelismis toplum olma cabalarini takdirle karsilamislardir. Bunun bir yansimasi olarak Turk aydinlar, Japonlar hakkinda kitaplar yazmislar veya diger ulkelerde yazilanlari tercume ederek, uzak dostlarini Turk toplumuna tanitmaya calismislardir. Bunlardan biri makalemizin konusunu teĢkil eden “Musavver Japon Cocuklari” kitabidir. Bu kitapta Japon cocuklarinin giyim kusamlari, oyunlari ve oyuncaklari, cesitli alanlardaki egitimleri uzunca islenmis ve onlarin hayat tarzi ve egitimleri takdir edilmistir. Ayrica bu kitap Turk aydinlarinin Japonlara bakis acisini tespit bakimindan onemli bir kaynak niteligindedir. Anahtar Sozcukler: Turkler ve Japonlar, Japon Cocuklari, Japon Cocuklarinin Egitimi. THE VIEWPOINTS OF TURKISH INTELLECTUALS ON JAPAN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY AND THE BOOK “ILLUSTRATED JAPANESE CHILDREN” Abstract : Though the relations between Turkey and Japan do not date back long, they have been established on solid grounds. Despite the distance between the two countries, Turkish people have had great interest and sympathy towards the Japanese. The source of this interest relies on the fact that both Japanese and Turkish societies are built upon traditions. Moreover, similar to Ottoman Empire which had conflicts through centuries with Russia, the Japanese also had problems such as war with Russia during early 20th century. As a reflection of these facts, Japanese people have been good towards the Turkish and responded likewise. This sympathy became tangible during the reign of Abdulhamid II and was crowned with the official voyage of frigate Ertugrul on 14 July 1889 with 655 people on board. This visit and the catastrophe which followed it amplified the affection between the two societies. Both countries, geographically away but with similar destinies, have continued to follow one another. Similar to their Japanese counterparts, Turkish intellectuals were involved in the debates about reformism and traditionalism, and had deep respect to the Japanese for their struggle to become developed while staying close to their traditions. As a result of this, Turkish intellectuals wrote or translated books about the Japanese and tried to introduce theirJapanese friends to their own society. One of these books is the subject of our article, nomely “Musavver Japon Cocuklari” (Japanese Children Illustrated). The apparel, games and toys and the training of Japanese children in various areas are covered densely; their ways of life and their education are appreciated in this book. Additionally, this book stands as an important resource for identifying the standpoint of Turkish intellectuals about the Japanese. Key words: Turkish And Japanese, Japanese Children, Education OfJapanese Children.

Çanakkale Muharebeleri Sırasında Basının Propaganda Aracı Olarak Kullanılması: Harp Mecmuası Örneği

Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı, Apr 1, 2012

Propaganda pek çok devlet tarafından kamuoyunu yönlendirmek için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu yön... more Propaganda pek çok devlet tarafından kamuoyunu yönlendirmek için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntemi İttihat ve Terakki yönetimi de kullanmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşında propaganda faaliyetleri yapmak amacıyla devlet eliyle Harp Mecmuası adında bir dergi çıkarmışlardır. Dergideki propaganda çalışmalarında fotoğraf ve görsel malzemeler yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Özelikle Çanakkale Cephesinde elde edilen başarılar, esir alınan askerler, ele geçirilen silahlar ve benzeri içerikli yüzlerce resim ile bu konularda yazılmış onlarca metin yayınlamışlardır. Harp Mecmuasının yayınlarında daha çok vatan, millet, bayrak kahramanlık, fedakârlık, şehitliğin faziletleri gibi toplumun hamasi duygularını kabartan konular ele alınmıştır. Tüm bu çalışmalar cephede savaşan askerin ve cephe gerisinde asker gözleyen halkın moralini yükseltmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Her ne kadar savaş şartlarında yapılan bu yayınlara halk sempatiyle yaklaşmışsa da aslında bunların bir propaganda çalışması olduğu gerçeği göz ardı edilmemelidir.

Treating Turkish-Armenian Relations with Symbolism in Literary Works: The Example of Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth)

In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that ... more In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that regularly dominated the nation's political and intellectual life. Some writers were able to convey a heated topic of the time using symbols rather than by speaking directly to the issue. This approach has also been followed by certain authors who are concerned that criticizing the present administration and its policies may result in fines or punishments. By employing symbols, making up fictional characters to represent both their own and the other party's thinking, and telling tales about actual events and concepts, they were able to do away with these fines and penalties. Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth), which is the subject of the article, is such a work. The researchers who will examine social and political events should consider such works, which will make their research more equipped. In this novel, the author put himself in the place of an Armenian youth and wrote down the events as if he were keeping a diary, and conveyed the events and the general scene in this way.

Osmanlıda alfabe tartışmaları ve Latin alfabesinin kabulü sürecinde Mustafa Kemal’in çıktığı yurt gezileri: Tekirdağ örneği

Tarih araştırmaları dergisi, 2014

Discussions on language and alphabet were not only made in the Republic period, but also brought ... more Discussions on language and alphabet were not only made in the Republic period, but also brought to agenda with the last period of Ottoman Empire. Sometimes, these discussions were ahead of their time and some radical changes had been suggested. The most distinct one of these writings was the writing called as "Ordu Elifbası" or "Hatt-ı Cedit", which is also known as Enver writing. These discussions became tangible with the proclamation of the republic and one of the most important revolutions became reality through the alphabet reform. Before the reform was realized, some preparations were done for a while; then, public and all the concerning environments were persuaded about the necessity of the reform. In this context, going on nationwide tours after the first statements made in Sarayburnu about the alphabet change, Mustafa Kemal Pasha introduced the new alphabet and aroused public's interest about that. The first of these tours was made to Tekirdag. Subjecting the people there, from governor to mayor, to kind of examination, Ataturk attached great importance to Tekirdag, one of the westward cities of Turkey. People showed great interest to new alphabet and Mustafa Kemal was very happy about that. Even if the tour was short, the experiences are such as to leave important traces in the recent history of Turkey.

I. Dünya Savaşi Ve İşgal Süreci̇nde İstanbul'Da Yaşanan Sosyal Ve Ahlaki̇ Çözülme (1914-1922)

Tarih Dergisi, 2013

Cafer ULU * Özet 1. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında yaşanan işgal yılları İstanbul'da hayati sorunları... more Cafer ULU * Özet 1. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında yaşanan işgal yılları İstanbul'da hayati sorunların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. İstanbul halkı temel ihtiyaç maddelerini bile temin edemez duruma gelmiştir. İstanbul bu süreçte uzun yıllar etkisini sürdürecek büyük bir sosyal ve ahlaki çözülme yaşamıştır. İstanbul'a gelen Beyaz Rus göçmenler, Müslüman ahalinin adeta kültürel genetik yapısını kökünden değiştirmiştir. Şehirde kısa sürede uyuşturucu, kumar, fuhuş, zührevi ve diğer salgın hastalıklar baş göstermiştir. Aile kurumu da bu ortamdan büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Pek çok aile parçalanmış, savaşta eşlerini kaybeden kadınlar dul kalmış ve bu büyük aile kriziyle kadınlar ve çocuklar suistimale açık hale gelmiştir. Toplumda yaşanan ahlaki sorunlar şehrin asayişine de yansımıştır. İstanbul, hırsızlık, gasp, tecavüz ve cinayet gibi ağır suçların her an işlendiği bir şehir haline gelmiştir.

Treating Turkish-Armenian Relations with Symbolism in Literary Works: The Example of Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth)

Journal of Global Social Sciences, Mar 1, 2020

In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that ... more In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that regularly dominated the nation's political and intellectual life. Some writers were able to convey a heated topic of the time using symbols rather than by speaking directly to the issue. This approach has also been followed by certain authors who are concerned that criticizing the present administration and its policies may result in fines or punishments. By employing symbols, making up fictional characters to represent both their own and the other party's thinking, and telling tales about actual events and concepts, they were able to do away with these fines and penalties. Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth), which is the subject of the article, is such a work. The researchers who will examine social and political events should consider such works, which will make their research more equipped. In this novel, the author put himself in the place of an Armenian youth and wrote down the events as if he were keeping a diary, and conveyed the events and the general scene in this way.

Minority press and control in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey: the example of the Armenian press

Journal of Global Social Sciences

In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on p... more In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on paper with symbols has evolved gradually. Modern printing techniques evolved from early printing techniques and materials. Subjects of the Ottoman Empire closely followed advances in Europe, and the printing press was introduced there. Armenians significantly advanced printing and publishing in the Ottoman and Turkish Republic eras. They established printing facilities and published books, periodicals, newspapers, and other things. While carrying out these activities, they sometimes received awards, but they had problems in some periods. Due to some of the contents in the materials they published, they were punished such as closing the newspapers and magazines, having the books confiscated, or not being brought into the country. The Turkish government has also closely followed materials published abroad. While examining the minority press in the Ottoman and Turkish Republics, this article...

Armenians in Turkish politics and parliament (1923-1946)

Journal of Global Economics and Business

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1...

Savaş Zamanı Omanlı Sağlık politikası I. Dünya Savaşı Örneği-Omani Health policy in Wartime Example of World War I

Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, 2000

Savaş Zamanı Omanlı Sağlık politikası I. Dünya Savaşı Örneği-Omani Health policy in Wartime Examp... more

Atatürk Döneminde Cumhuriyet Bayramı Kutlmaları İstanbul ve Ankara Örneği 1925-1938-Republic day celebrations in Ataturk period The instances of Istanbul and Ankara (1925-1938)

Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları , 2014

Atatürk Döneminde Cumhuriyet Bayramı Kutlmaları İstanbul ve Ankara Örneği 1925-1938-Republic day ... more

Sicilli Ahval Defterlerine Göre Tekirdağ

Sicilli Ahval Defterlerine Göre Tekirdağ, 2014

Kent araştırmaları konusunda yukarıda tespit etmeye alıştığımızunsurların baş aktörü olan insanl... more Kent araştırmaları konusunda yukarıda tespit etmeye alıştığımızunsurların baş aktörü olan insanlar ve onlara ait portreler hakkınd akademik çalışmalar yapmak hedefiyle çıktığımız bu yolda elinizdeki eser ortaya çıkmıştır. Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyete geçiş sürecindedevletin ve toplumun değişiminde katkısı olan çeşitli kademelerdefaaliyet yürüten devlet adamları ve bürokratlar dikkatimizi çekmiştir.Bu çalışmada memurların tercih edilmesinde en önemli nedeniniakademik kaygılarımız oluşturmuştur. Çünkü sözlü tarih ile kalemealınacak bir eserin denetlenebilir olamaması ve öznel yaklaşımlariçerme riski vardı. Bu yüzden biz resmî kayıtlara dayalı ve asgaridüzeyde öznel yaklaşım içeren bir eseri meydana getirmeyi uygunbulduk. Bu amaçla Sicill-i Ahval Defteri kayıtlarına göre Tekirdağlıdevlet adamlarını konumuzun merkezine oturtmuş olduk.

OSMANLI SON DÖNEMİNDE TEKİRDAĞLI MEMUR VE DEVLET ADAMLARI

Kitabevi, 2016

Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan belgeler genel anlamda tarih araştırmaları için devasa bir ... more Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan belgeler genel anlamda tarih araştırmaları için devasa bir kaynak teşkil ederken, kent araştırmaları için de önemli bir kaynak olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu belgeler ışığında yapılacak araştırmalar şehirlerin nüfus yapısı, sosyo-ekonomik tarihi, savaş ve göç hareketleri vb. konularda derinlemesine çalışmalar yapmaya imkân sağlayacaktır. Makalemizin konusunu teşkil eden Tekirdağlı devlet adamları ve memurlarının tespiti bağlamında Osmanlı Devlet Arşivinde bulunan ve önemli bir biyografik kaynak olan Sicill-i Ahval Defteri kayıtları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma Tekirdağ doğumlu devlet adamlarının tespitinin yanında, onların biyografileri, kentin tarihi şahsiyetlerinin tanıtılması bakımından da şehre önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Makalede elde edilen verilerden; Tekirdağ’ın konumuzu teşkil ettiği dönemdeki nüfus yapısı ve bunun memuriyete yansımaları, Rum, Ermeni ve Musevi tebaanın ayrım yapılmadan memuriyete atandıkları, memurların Müslim ve gayrimüslim oranları, eğitim seviyeleri, bildikleri yabancı diller, kazandıkları makam,
rütbe ve madalyaların yanında ülkenin hangi bölgelerinde vazife yaptıkları gibi pek çok bilgiye ulaşılmıştır.

Propaganda Aracı Olarak Anıt ve Müze Uygulamaları: (Erivan Tsitsernakaberd) Ermeni Soykırım Anıt, Müze ve Enstitüsü Örneği

International Journal of Social Sciences, 2019

Ermeniler, 1915 sevk ve iskânının Yahudi Holokostu ile aynı nitelikleri taşıdığını ileri sürmekte... more Ermeniler, 1915 sevk ve iskânının Yahudi Holokostu ile aynı nitelikleri taşıdığını ileri sürmektedir. Bu fikirlerini güçlendirmek ve dünya kamuoyunu bu konuya yönlendirmek için propaganda metotlarını harekete geçirmişlerdir. Bu amaçlarla Ermeni kiliselerinde, okullarında, siyasî partilerinde ve derneklerinde Türkler'in Ermenileri soykırımına uğrattıkları teması sürekli işlenmiştir. Diğer devletler tarafından savaş ortamında propaganda amacıyla üretilen kitap, doküman, film, dergi vd. materyalleri kullanmanın ötesinde bunları sergileyebilecekleri ve mekânına girildiğinde etki altına alabilecekleri bir anıt ve müze inşa etmişlerdir. Müze ve anıt olarak tasarlanan mekân Ermenistan'ın bugünkü başkenti ve en büyük şehri olan Erivan'da Tsitsernakaberd tepesi üzerinde kurulmuştur. Bu müze hakkında merak ettiğiniz birçok bilgiyi bizzat gezen ve gözlemleyen bir kişinin gözüyle bulacaksınız.

TREATING TURKISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONS WITH SYMBOLISM IN LITERARY WORKS: THE EXAMPLE OF ÖMER SEYFETTIN'S "ASHAB-I KEHFIMIZ" (DIARY OF AN ARMENIAN YOUTH

Journal of Global Social Sciences, 2020

In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that ... more In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that regularly dominated the nation's political and intellectual life. Some writers were able to convey a heated topic of the time using symbols rather than by speaking directly to the issue. This approach has also been followed by certain authors who are concerned that criticizing the present administration and its policies may result in fines or punishments. By employing symbols, making up fictional characters to represent both their own and the other party's thinking, and telling tales about actual events and concepts, they were able to do away with these fines and penalties. Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth), which is the subject of the article, is such a work. The researchers who will examine social and political events should consider such works, which will make their research more equipped. In this novel, the author put himself in the place of an Armenian youth and wrote down the events as if he were keeping a diary, and conveyed the events and the general scene in this way.

ARMENIANS IN TURKISH POLITICS AND PARLIAMENT 1923 1946

Journal of Global Economics and Business, 2022

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1946.

The Reflections Nationalism Armenians and Other Minorities 1923 1946 Cafer ULU

Journal of Global Social Sciences, 2021

Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on ... more Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on the events that were based on Turkish nationalism during the early years of the Turkish Republic. Turkishness was regarded by Turkish nationalists as a shared identity. The non-Muslim minorities in the opposing neighborhood saw this as forced Turkification, even if it was ultimately seen as a great country being changed and a glorious victory. Some people viewed the severe measures used at this time as tyranny and "Turkification." It is obvious that nationalist policies were implemented throughout the early years of the Republic by both the government and groups that collaborated with the executive branch. This article discusses the consequences of nationalism policies on Armenian and other minorities as they relate to language, social life, and education during the early years of the Turkish Republic.

The Reflections Nationalism Armenians and Other Minorities 1923 1946 Cafer ULU

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1946.

Minority press and control in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey: the example of the Armenian press

In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on p... more In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on paper with symbols has evolved gradually. Modern printing techniques evolved from early printing techniques and materials. Subjects of the Ottoman Empire closely followed advances in Europe, and the printing press was introduced there. Armenians significantly advanced printing and publishing in the Ottoman and Turkish Republic eras. They established printing facilities and published books, periodicals, newspapers, and other things. While carrying out these activities, they sometimes received awards, but they had problems in some periods. Due to some of the contents in the materials they published, they were punished such as closing the newspapers and magazines, having the books confiscated, or not being brought into the country. The Turkish government has also closely followed materials published abroad. While examining the minority press in the Ottoman and Turkish Republics, this article focuses on the Armenian press.

Armenians in Turkish politics and parliament (1923-1946)

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1946.

The Reflections of the Unity in Language Studies Implemented in accordance with Nationalism in Turkey to Armenians and Other Minorities (1923-1946)

Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on ... more Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on the events that were based on Turkish nationalism during the early years of the Turkish Republic. Turkishness was regarded by Turkish nationalists as a shared identity. The non-Muslim minorities in the opposing neighborhood saw this as forced Turkification, even if it was ultimately seen as a great country being changed and a glorious victory. Some people viewed the severe measures used at this time as tyranny and "Turkification." It is obvious that nationalist policies were implemented throughout the early years of the Republic by both the government and groups that collaborated with the executive branch. This article discusses the consequences of nationalism policies on Armenian and other minorities as they relate to language, social life, and education during the early years of the Turkish Republic.

20. Yüzyilin Başinda Türk Aydinlarinin Japonya’Ya Bakişi Ve “Musavver Japon Çocuklari” Ki̇tabi

Turk Japon iliskileri cok eski bir gecmise dayanmamasina ragmen, saglam temellere dayanmaktadir. ... more Turk Japon iliskileri cok eski bir gecmise dayanmamasina ragmen, saglam temellere dayanmaktadir. iki toplum arasinda mesafeler cok uzak olsa da Turk halki, Japon halkina karŞi buyuk bir ilgi ve sempati duymuŞtur. Bu ilginin temel kaynagi Japonlarin Turkler gibi geleneklerine bagli bir toplum olasinin yaninda, asirlardir Osmanli Devletinin hasmi olan Rusya ile 20.yuzyilin baslarinda Japonlarin da sorunlar yasamasi hatta savasmasinin da etkili oldugu anlasilmaktadir. Buna benzer gerekcelerle Japonlar da Turk halkina ayniyla mukabele etmis ve onlar da Turklere karsi buyuk ilgi duymuslardir. Bu uzaktan sempati II. Abdulhamit doneminde somut bir hal almis ve 14 Temmuz 1889‟da 655 kisi ile Ertugrul gemisinin Japonya‟yi ziyaretiyle taclanmistir. Bu ziyaret ve arkasindan yasanan felaket iki toplum arasindaki sevgiyi en ust seviyeye cikarmistir. Daha sonraki yillarda cografyasi uzak ama kaderleri benzer olan iki toplum birbirlerini yakindan takip etmeye devam etmistir. Turk aydinlari, Japonlarla yasadiklari yenilik-gelenek tartismalarini benzer sekilde yasamis ve Japonlarin geleneklerini koruyarak gelismis toplum olma cabalarini takdirle karsilamislardir. Bunun bir yansimasi olarak Turk aydinlar, Japonlar hakkinda kitaplar yazmislar veya diger ulkelerde yazilanlari tercume ederek, uzak dostlarini Turk toplumuna tanitmaya calismislardir. Bunlardan biri makalemizin konusunu teĢkil eden “Musavver Japon Cocuklari” kitabidir. Bu kitapta Japon cocuklarinin giyim kusamlari, oyunlari ve oyuncaklari, cesitli alanlardaki egitimleri uzunca islenmis ve onlarin hayat tarzi ve egitimleri takdir edilmistir. Ayrica bu kitap Turk aydinlarinin Japonlara bakis acisini tespit bakimindan onemli bir kaynak niteligindedir. Anahtar Sozcukler: Turkler ve Japonlar, Japon Cocuklari, Japon Cocuklarinin Egitimi. THE VIEWPOINTS OF TURKISH INTELLECTUALS ON JAPAN IN THE BEGINNING OF THE 20TH CENTURY AND THE BOOK “ILLUSTRATED JAPANESE CHILDREN” Abstract : Though the relations between Turkey and Japan do not date back long, they have been established on solid grounds. Despite the distance between the two countries, Turkish people have had great interest and sympathy towards the Japanese. The source of this interest relies on the fact that both Japanese and Turkish societies are built upon traditions. Moreover, similar to Ottoman Empire which had conflicts through centuries with Russia, the Japanese also had problems such as war with Russia during early 20th century. As a reflection of these facts, Japanese people have been good towards the Turkish and responded likewise. This sympathy became tangible during the reign of Abdulhamid II and was crowned with the official voyage of frigate Ertugrul on 14 July 1889 with 655 people on board. This visit and the catastrophe which followed it amplified the affection between the two societies. Both countries, geographically away but with similar destinies, have continued to follow one another. Similar to their Japanese counterparts, Turkish intellectuals were involved in the debates about reformism and traditionalism, and had deep respect to the Japanese for their struggle to become developed while staying close to their traditions. As a result of this, Turkish intellectuals wrote or translated books about the Japanese and tried to introduce theirJapanese friends to their own society. One of these books is the subject of our article, nomely “Musavver Japon Cocuklari” (Japanese Children Illustrated). The apparel, games and toys and the training of Japanese children in various areas are covered densely; their ways of life and their education are appreciated in this book. Additionally, this book stands as an important resource for identifying the standpoint of Turkish intellectuals about the Japanese. Key words: Turkish And Japanese, Japanese Children, Education OfJapanese Children.

Çanakkale Muharebeleri Sırasında Basının Propaganda Aracı Olarak Kullanılması: Harp Mecmuası Örneği

Çanakkale Araştırmaları Türk Yıllığı, Apr 1, 2012

Propaganda pek çok devlet tarafından kamuoyunu yönlendirmek için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu yön... more Propaganda pek çok devlet tarafından kamuoyunu yönlendirmek için kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu yöntemi İttihat ve Terakki yönetimi de kullanmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşında propaganda faaliyetleri yapmak amacıyla devlet eliyle Harp Mecmuası adında bir dergi çıkarmışlardır. Dergideki propaganda çalışmalarında fotoğraf ve görsel malzemeler yoğun bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Özelikle Çanakkale Cephesinde elde edilen başarılar, esir alınan askerler, ele geçirilen silahlar ve benzeri içerikli yüzlerce resim ile bu konularda yazılmış onlarca metin yayınlamışlardır. Harp Mecmuasının yayınlarında daha çok vatan, millet, bayrak kahramanlık, fedakârlık, şehitliğin faziletleri gibi toplumun hamasi duygularını kabartan konular ele alınmıştır. Tüm bu çalışmalar cephede savaşan askerin ve cephe gerisinde asker gözleyen halkın moralini yükseltmek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Her ne kadar savaş şartlarında yapılan bu yayınlara halk sempatiyle yaklaşmışsa da aslında bunların bir propaganda çalışması olduğu gerçeği göz ardı edilmemelidir.

Treating Turkish-Armenian Relations with Symbolism in Literary Works: The Example of Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth)

In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that ... more In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that regularly dominated the nation's political and intellectual life. Some writers were able to convey a heated topic of the time using symbols rather than by speaking directly to the issue. This approach has also been followed by certain authors who are concerned that criticizing the present administration and its policies may result in fines or punishments. By employing symbols, making up fictional characters to represent both their own and the other party's thinking, and telling tales about actual events and concepts, they were able to do away with these fines and penalties. Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth), which is the subject of the article, is such a work. The researchers who will examine social and political events should consider such works, which will make their research more equipped. In this novel, the author put himself in the place of an Armenian youth and wrote down the events as if he were keeping a diary, and conveyed the events and the general scene in this way.

Osmanlıda alfabe tartışmaları ve Latin alfabesinin kabulü sürecinde Mustafa Kemal’in çıktığı yurt gezileri: Tekirdağ örneği

Tarih araştırmaları dergisi, 2014

Discussions on language and alphabet were not only made in the Republic period, but also brought ... more Discussions on language and alphabet were not only made in the Republic period, but also brought to agenda with the last period of Ottoman Empire. Sometimes, these discussions were ahead of their time and some radical changes had been suggested. The most distinct one of these writings was the writing called as "Ordu Elifbası" or "Hatt-ı Cedit", which is also known as Enver writing. These discussions became tangible with the proclamation of the republic and one of the most important revolutions became reality through the alphabet reform. Before the reform was realized, some preparations were done for a while; then, public and all the concerning environments were persuaded about the necessity of the reform. In this context, going on nationwide tours after the first statements made in Sarayburnu about the alphabet change, Mustafa Kemal Pasha introduced the new alphabet and aroused public's interest about that. The first of these tours was made to Tekirdag. Subjecting the people there, from governor to mayor, to kind of examination, Ataturk attached great importance to Tekirdag, one of the westward cities of Turkey. People showed great interest to new alphabet and Mustafa Kemal was very happy about that. Even if the tour was short, the experiences are such as to leave important traces in the recent history of Turkey.

I. Dünya Savaşi Ve İşgal Süreci̇nde İstanbul'Da Yaşanan Sosyal Ve Ahlaki̇ Çözülme (1914-1922)

Tarih Dergisi, 2013

Cafer ULU * Özet 1. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında yaşanan işgal yılları İstanbul'da hayati sorunları... more Cafer ULU * Özet 1. Dünya Savaşı ve sonrasında yaşanan işgal yılları İstanbul'da hayati sorunların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. İstanbul halkı temel ihtiyaç maddelerini bile temin edemez duruma gelmiştir. İstanbul bu süreçte uzun yıllar etkisini sürdürecek büyük bir sosyal ve ahlaki çözülme yaşamıştır. İstanbul'a gelen Beyaz Rus göçmenler, Müslüman ahalinin adeta kültürel genetik yapısını kökünden değiştirmiştir. Şehirde kısa sürede uyuşturucu, kumar, fuhuş, zührevi ve diğer salgın hastalıklar baş göstermiştir. Aile kurumu da bu ortamdan büyük ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Pek çok aile parçalanmış, savaşta eşlerini kaybeden kadınlar dul kalmış ve bu büyük aile kriziyle kadınlar ve çocuklar suistimale açık hale gelmiştir. Toplumda yaşanan ahlaki sorunlar şehrin asayişine de yansımıştır. İstanbul, hırsızlık, gasp, tecavüz ve cinayet gibi ağır suçların her an işlendiği bir şehir haline gelmiştir.

Treating Turkish-Armenian Relations with Symbolism in Literary Works: The Example of Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth)

Journal of Global Social Sciences, Mar 1, 2020

In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that ... more In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that regularly dominated the nation's political and intellectual life. Some writers were able to convey a heated topic of the time using symbols rather than by speaking directly to the issue. This approach has also been followed by certain authors who are concerned that criticizing the present administration and its policies may result in fines or punishments. By employing symbols, making up fictional characters to represent both their own and the other party's thinking, and telling tales about actual events and concepts, they were able to do away with these fines and penalties. Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth), which is the subject of the article, is such a work. The researchers who will examine social and political events should consider such works, which will make their research more equipped. In this novel, the author put himself in the place of an Armenian youth and wrote down the events as if he were keeping a diary, and conveyed the events and the general scene in this way.

Minority press and control in the Ottoman State and the Republic of Turkey: the example of the Armenian press

Journal of Global Social Sciences

In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on p... more In line with the stages that humanity has gone through, the technique of putting information on paper with symbols has evolved gradually. Modern printing techniques evolved from early printing techniques and materials. Subjects of the Ottoman Empire closely followed advances in Europe, and the printing press was introduced there. Armenians significantly advanced printing and publishing in the Ottoman and Turkish Republic eras. They established printing facilities and published books, periodicals, newspapers, and other things. While carrying out these activities, they sometimes received awards, but they had problems in some periods. Due to some of the contents in the materials they published, they were punished such as closing the newspapers and magazines, having the books confiscated, or not being brought into the country. The Turkish government has also closely followed materials published abroad. While examining the minority press in the Ottoman and Turkish Republics, this article...

Armenians in Turkish politics and parliament (1923-1946)

Journal of Global Economics and Business

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1...

Savaş Zamanı Omanlı Sağlık politikası I. Dünya Savaşı Örneği-Omani Health policy in Wartime Example of World War I

Belgelerle Türk Tarihi Dergisi, 2000

Savaş Zamanı Omanlı Sağlık politikası I. Dünya Savaşı Örneği-Omani Health policy in Wartime Examp... more

Atatürk Döneminde Cumhuriyet Bayramı Kutlmaları İstanbul ve Ankara Örneği 1925-1938-Republic day celebrations in Ataturk period The instances of Istanbul and Ankara (1925-1938)

Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları , 2014

Atatürk Döneminde Cumhuriyet Bayramı Kutlmaları İstanbul ve Ankara Örneği 1925-1938-Republic day ... more

Sicilli Ahval Defterlerine Göre Tekirdağ

Sicilli Ahval Defterlerine Göre Tekirdağ, 2014

Kent araştırmaları konusunda yukarıda tespit etmeye alıştığımızunsurların baş aktörü olan insanl... more Kent araştırmaları konusunda yukarıda tespit etmeye alıştığımızunsurların baş aktörü olan insanlar ve onlara ait portreler hakkınd akademik çalışmalar yapmak hedefiyle çıktığımız bu yolda elinizdeki eser ortaya çıkmıştır. Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyete geçiş sürecindedevletin ve toplumun değişiminde katkısı olan çeşitli kademelerdefaaliyet yürüten devlet adamları ve bürokratlar dikkatimizi çekmiştir.Bu çalışmada memurların tercih edilmesinde en önemli nedeniniakademik kaygılarımız oluşturmuştur. Çünkü sözlü tarih ile kalemealınacak bir eserin denetlenebilir olamaması ve öznel yaklaşımlariçerme riski vardı. Bu yüzden biz resmî kayıtlara dayalı ve asgaridüzeyde öznel yaklaşım içeren bir eseri meydana getirmeyi uygunbulduk. Bu amaçla Sicill-i Ahval Defteri kayıtlarına göre Tekirdağlıdevlet adamlarını konumuzun merkezine oturtmuş olduk.

OSMANLI SON DÖNEMİNDE TEKİRDAĞLI MEMUR VE DEVLET ADAMLARI

Kitabevi, 2016

Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan belgeler genel anlamda tarih araştırmaları için devasa bir ... more Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivinde bulunan belgeler genel anlamda tarih araştırmaları için devasa bir kaynak teşkil ederken, kent araştırmaları için de önemli bir kaynak olma özelliği taşımaktadır. Bu belgeler ışığında yapılacak araştırmalar şehirlerin nüfus yapısı, sosyo-ekonomik tarihi, savaş ve göç hareketleri vb. konularda derinlemesine çalışmalar yapmaya imkân sağlayacaktır. Makalemizin konusunu teşkil eden Tekirdağlı devlet adamları ve memurlarının tespiti bağlamında Osmanlı Devlet Arşivinde bulunan ve önemli bir biyografik kaynak olan Sicill-i Ahval Defteri kayıtları incelenmiştir. Bu çalışma Tekirdağ doğumlu devlet adamlarının tespitinin yanında, onların biyografileri, kentin tarihi şahsiyetlerinin tanıtılması bakımından da şehre önemli katkılar sağlayacaktır. Makalede elde edilen verilerden; Tekirdağ’ın konumuzu teşkil ettiği dönemdeki nüfus yapısı ve bunun memuriyete yansımaları, Rum, Ermeni ve Musevi tebaanın ayrım yapılmadan memuriyete atandıkları, memurların Müslim ve gayrimüslim oranları, eğitim seviyeleri, bildikleri yabancı diller, kazandıkları makam,
rütbe ve madalyaların yanında ülkenin hangi bölgelerinde vazife yaptıkları gibi pek çok bilgiye ulaşılmıştır.

Propaganda Aracı Olarak Anıt ve Müze Uygulamaları: (Erivan Tsitsernakaberd) Ermeni Soykırım Anıt, Müze ve Enstitüsü Örneği

International Journal of Social Sciences, 2019

Ermeniler, 1915 sevk ve iskânının Yahudi Holokostu ile aynı nitelikleri taşıdığını ileri sürmekte... more Ermeniler, 1915 sevk ve iskânının Yahudi Holokostu ile aynı nitelikleri taşıdığını ileri sürmektedir. Bu fikirlerini güçlendirmek ve dünya kamuoyunu bu konuya yönlendirmek için propaganda metotlarını harekete geçirmişlerdir. Bu amaçlarla Ermeni kiliselerinde, okullarında, siyasî partilerinde ve derneklerinde Türkler'in Ermenileri soykırımına uğrattıkları teması sürekli işlenmiştir. Diğer devletler tarafından savaş ortamında propaganda amacıyla üretilen kitap, doküman, film, dergi vd. materyalleri kullanmanın ötesinde bunları sergileyebilecekleri ve mekânına girildiğinde etki altına alabilecekleri bir anıt ve müze inşa etmişlerdir. Müze ve anıt olarak tasarlanan mekân Ermenistan'ın bugünkü başkenti ve en büyük şehri olan Erivan'da Tsitsernakaberd tepesi üzerinde kurulmuştur. Bu müze hakkında merak ettiğiniz birçok bilgiyi bizzat gezen ve gözlemleyen bir kişinin gözüyle bulacaksınız.

TREATING TURKISH-ARMENIAN RELATIONS WITH SYMBOLISM IN LITERARY WORKS: THE EXAMPLE OF ÖMER SEYFETTIN'S "ASHAB-I KEHFIMIZ" (DIARY OF AN ARMENIAN YOUTH

Journal of Global Social Sciences, 2020

In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that ... more In the latter years of the Ottoman Empire, Turkish-Armenian Relations was one of the issues that regularly dominated the nation's political and intellectual life. Some writers were able to convey a heated topic of the time using symbols rather than by speaking directly to the issue. This approach has also been followed by certain authors who are concerned that criticizing the present administration and its policies may result in fines or punishments. By employing symbols, making up fictional characters to represent both their own and the other party's thinking, and telling tales about actual events and concepts, they were able to do away with these fines and penalties. Ömer Seyfettin's "Ashab-ı Kehfimiz" (Diary of an Armenian Youth), which is the subject of the article, is such a work. The researchers who will examine social and political events should consider such works, which will make their research more equipped. In this novel, the author put himself in the place of an Armenian youth and wrote down the events as if he were keeping a diary, and conveyed the events and the general scene in this way.

ARMENIANS IN TURKISH POLITICS AND PARLIAMENT 1923 1946

Journal of Global Economics and Business, 2022

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1946.

The Reflections Nationalism Armenians and Other Minorities 1923 1946 Cafer ULU

Journal of Global Social Sciences, 2021

Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on ... more Depending on the ethnicity and religion of the participants, different perspectives were held on the events that were based on Turkish nationalism during the early years of the Turkish Republic. Turkishness was regarded by Turkish nationalists as a shared identity. The non-Muslim minorities in the opposing neighborhood saw this as forced Turkification, even if it was ultimately seen as a great country being changed and a glorious victory. Some people viewed the severe measures used at this time as tyranny and "Turkification." It is obvious that nationalist policies were implemented throughout the early years of the Republic by both the government and groups that collaborated with the executive branch. This article discusses the consequences of nationalism policies on Armenian and other minorities as they relate to language, social life, and education during the early years of the Turkish Republic.

The Reflections Nationalism Armenians and Other Minorities 1923 1946 Cafer ULU

There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently ... more There is a long and complicated history between Turks and Armenians. Armenians have consistently found a place for themselves in business, the economy, society, and government. Before the Constitutional Monarchy, Armenians began to participate actively in the governmental structure throughout the Ottoman Empire and attained a variety of high posts, including ministerial positions. After the Constitutional Monarchy, they were represented in the parliament by a sizable number of lawmakers as well as by employees and ministers. After the Turkish Republic was established, the same condition persisted. Armenian representatives have served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly from the beginning of the Turkish parliament. Atatürk also allocated quotas for the minorities for their deputies and allowed them to enter the parliament. In this article, you will find the activities of the deputy and parliamentary Armenian citizens who served in the Turkish Grand National Assembly between 1923-1946.

Ermeni Cemaatinin Türkiyede Yaşadıklarını İfade Ettikleri Bazı Sorunlar (Problems of Armenians in Turkey)-Cafer ULU

Sevk ve İskanın 100.Yılında Türk Ermeni İlişkileri, 2014

Ermeni Cemaatinin Türkiyede Yaşadıklarını İfade Ettikleri Bazı Sorunlar (Problems of Armenians in... more