This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family mig... more This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains inter-ethnic variations in subjective well-being. We confirm that there is significant variation in well-being across ethnic group and across migrant generations. On average, recent migrants appear to have higher levels of well-being. We also find that, while language difficulties are associated with lower well-being, retaining cultural links is important: living in areas where one's own ethnic group is well represented and having friends from the same ethnic group is associated with a higher level of well-being. Individuals' choice to retain cultural ties and identity may alleviate feelings of cultural distance and difficulties with integration.
was involved in recruiting schools and assisted in the evaluation by facilitating access to schoo... more was involved in recruiting schools and assisted in the evaluation by facilitating access to schools by evaluators. Undergraduate students were employed as project support assistants (PSAs) to deliver the workshops in the pupil intervention. They were recruited through a competitive process and trained to deliver the workshops by the academic team at the University of Portsmouth. The project leaders at the University of Portsmouth led the teacher training for the INSET intervention. The PSAs also collected all pupil assessment data required by the evaluation. They were not aware of what type of workshop the school pupils had received, at all points of data collection. NIESR led the independent evaluation, agreed the research design, randomised the schools and pupils, and carried out the impact analysis and process study.
This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family mig... more This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains inter-ethnic variations in subjective well-being. We confirm that there is significant variation in well-being across ethnic group and across migrant generations. On average, recent migrants appear to have higher levels of well-being. We also find that, while language difficulties are associated with lower well-being, retaining cultural links is important: living in areas where one’s own ethnic group is well represented and having friends from the same ethnic group is associated with a higher level of well-being. Individuals’ choice to retain cultural ties and identity may alleviate feelings of cultural distance and difficulties with integration.
Mind the Gap sought to improve the metacognition and academic attainment of pupils in Year 4. The... more Mind the Gap sought to improve the metacognition and academic attainment of pupils in Year 4. There were two aspects to the intervention. The first involved training teachers in how to embed metacognitive approaches in their work, and how to continue to effectively and strategically involve parents. This training took place over a day and was provided by a consultant. The second component focused on parental engagement and offered families the opportunity to participate in a series of facilitated workshops where children and parents work together to create an animated film. Sessions were coordinated by a practitioner who helped participants to think about how they are learning, create learning goals and reflect on their progress; to be metacognitive about the learning process they were engaged in together. The families were offered 2 hours of workshops per week for 5 weeks (10 hours in total). The project targeted schools in four areas of England: Birmingham, Devon, London and Manch...
This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migrat... more This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains interethnic variations in mental health in the United Kingdom. We confirm that there is significant variation in mental health across ethnic group and generation of migration. Furthermore, we show how these dimensions interact. The analysis explores the extent to which neighbourhood, personal characteristics, and migration experience are related to mental health. We find This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
For many decades the worldwide expansion of supply and demand for skilled work has been at the he... more For many decades the worldwide expansion of supply and demand for skilled work has been at the heart of economic growth and development. In this paper, we use the 1991–2010 panel data from the Kagera Health and Development Survey in North West Tanzania to examine the work outcomes at the end of the panel of those who were young (7 to 24 years) in the baseline. First, we illustrate the significant extent to which advanced education and skilled work go hand in hand. We analyse specifically the baseline household factors enabling individuals to access more advanced education, and we find quite different results by gender. We then analyse, again by gender, how this education plus baseline characteristics matter for attaining skilled or professional work. We also study the importance of migration in the process and the degree of intergenerational mobility in skilled work. The results show vividly how some key household factors help young men advance in their education and career, while c...
In this paper, we study on a comparative basis the school-to-work transition of young women and y... more In this paper, we study on a comparative basis the school-to-work transition of young women and young men in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and we examine how this has evolved over recent years, based on the data collected by Demographic and Health Surveys. We examine educational attainments and the nature of early jobs young people are able to obtain, as well as considering their relationship to marriage and fertility outcomes, factors which are likely to be particularly relevant for young women. A pooled regression analysis shows that educational levels have increased substantially and gender gaps have narrowed in most countries. Access to better jobs has improved much more slowly with unchanging gender gaps in most countries, so that agriculture is still the dominant sector of employment for most young men and women. We model correlates of key educational outcomes and access to different types of jobs those controlling for individual- and household-level characteristics, in...
This project was independently evaluated by a team from the National Institute of Economic and So... more This project was independently evaluated by a team from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) led by Dr Cinzia Rienzo. Cinzia Rienzo (Research Fellow) is a quantitative researcher with focus on applying econometrics to issues related to education, migration and the labour market, policy evaluation and development. She has worked on a number of EEF projects (Mind the Gap, Changing Mindsets). She is currently leading the Healthy Minds project and will be leading Growing Learners. Heather Rolfe (Principal Research Fellow) has expertise in qualitative evaluation, including process and formative evaluation feeding into the development of programmes. She has conducted or overseen a process evaluation for two completed EEF projects (including Changing Mindsets) and five others. She is experienced in using a wide range of process evaluation and qualitative research methods and in identifying effective practice. David Wilkinson (Principal Research Fellow) specialises in the statistical analysis of education, skills and labour market policy. He has worked on the Changing Mindsets and Healthy Minds EEF projects. He is experienced in using a range of evaluation approaches in education research from early years through to higher education.
This paper is the first attempt to analyse the effect of the Brexit Referendum results on subject... more This paper is the first attempt to analyse the effect of the Brexit Referendum results on subjective well-being of immigrants living in the UK. Using the national representative UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) data and adopting a difference-indifferences estimates, we define natives as control group, and different subgroups of immigrants as treatment groups. The current analysis suggests that following the EU Referendum Results Non-EU migrants experienced an improvement in both mental health and life satisfaction relative to the UK natives. The results are robust to several robustness checks. Among others, we account for unobserved individual fixed effects and for unbalanced panel data. The results are consistent with the idea that the end of free movement for EU immigrants has alleviated the sense of discrimination and frustration felt by Non-EU immigrants results mainly of the toughened visa restrictions enforced since 2010 by the UK Government.
We explore how censoring biases estimates of the intergenerational impact of education. Compulsor... more We explore how censoring biases estimates of the intergenerational impact of education. Compulsory schooling censors the length of time spent in education, both for fathers and their children. We show that this will generally bias linear IV estimates and we identify conditions under which they remain consistent. We propose an IV ordered probit estimator as a flexible means of addressing censoring in the case of a discrete outcome. Our results suggest a substantial bias from ignoring censoring and a smaller bias from assuming normality. Viewing a binary instrument as the dichotomisation of a latent variable, we show how IV estimates are sensitive to the cut-point generating the dummy. This provides a potential explanation for IV estimates varying according to choice of instrument that is distinct from the usual attribution to impact heterogeneity.
This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migrat... more This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains interethnic variations in mental health in the United Kingdom. We confirm that there is significant variation in mental health across ethnic group and generation of migration. Furthermore, we show how these dimensions interact. The analysis explores the extent to which neighbourhood, personal characteristics, and migration experience are related to mental health. We find This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
University graduates in the UK are more concentrated in regions where the cost of housing is high... more University graduates in the UK are more concentrated in regions where the cost of housing is higher, implying that they face a higher cost-of-living that could possibly reduce the graduate real wage relative to other groups and carry implications for measures of wage dispersion. This paper reassesses how estimates of wage inequality from 1997 to 2008 vary when regional differences in the cost of housing in the UK are taken into consideration. In order to do so, the real wage is deflated by a specially constructed regional Retail Price Index (RPI); this is a new measure of the cost-of-living that partially updates the national RPI with a regional housing index, therefore allowing the RPI to vary by regions. Results show that the national RPI underestimates the cost-of-living of workers living in the most expensive regions (London, South East) and overestimates the cost-of-living for “cheaper” regions (Northern Ireland, Scotland). When deflating hourly wages by the regional RPI, the a...
ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects of immigration on the increasing residual wage inequalit... more ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects of immigration on the increasing residual wage inequality in the USA and UK from 1994 to 2008. It does so by using an extension of the Lemieux (2006) methodology, whereby counterfactual residual variances are constructed to account not only for composition effects (changes in education-experience of the workforce), but also for increasing immigration in the labour force. The empirical analysis reveals that residual wage inequality is higher among immigrants than among natives. However, increase in immigration does not seem to represent the major force behind the increase in residual wage inequality for the USA and for the UK.
Page 1. Increasing Wage Inequality: a comparative analysis between Italy, UK and US Cinzia Rienzo... more Page 1. Increasing Wage Inequality: a comparative analysis between Italy, UK and US Cinzia Rienzo * Preliminary and Incomplete Abstract Over the last few decades wage inequality has increased significantly in the US and ...
This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family mig... more This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains inter-ethnic variations in subjective well-being. We confirm that there is significant variation in well-being across ethnic group and across migrant generations. On average, recent migrants appear to have higher levels of well-being. We also find that, while language difficulties are associated with lower well-being, retaining cultural links is important: living in areas where one's own ethnic group is well represented and having friends from the same ethnic group is associated with a higher level of well-being. Individuals' choice to retain cultural ties and identity may alleviate feelings of cultural distance and difficulties with integration.
was involved in recruiting schools and assisted in the evaluation by facilitating access to schoo... more was involved in recruiting schools and assisted in the evaluation by facilitating access to schools by evaluators. Undergraduate students were employed as project support assistants (PSAs) to deliver the workshops in the pupil intervention. They were recruited through a competitive process and trained to deliver the workshops by the academic team at the University of Portsmouth. The project leaders at the University of Portsmouth led the teacher training for the INSET intervention. The PSAs also collected all pupil assessment data required by the evaluation. They were not aware of what type of workshop the school pupils had received, at all points of data collection. NIESR led the independent evaluation, agreed the research design, randomised the schools and pupils, and carried out the impact analysis and process study.
This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family mig... more This paper uses a UK nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains inter-ethnic variations in subjective well-being. We confirm that there is significant variation in well-being across ethnic group and across migrant generations. On average, recent migrants appear to have higher levels of well-being. We also find that, while language difficulties are associated with lower well-being, retaining cultural links is important: living in areas where one’s own ethnic group is well represented and having friends from the same ethnic group is associated with a higher level of well-being. Individuals’ choice to retain cultural ties and identity may alleviate feelings of cultural distance and difficulties with integration.
Mind the Gap sought to improve the metacognition and academic attainment of pupils in Year 4. The... more Mind the Gap sought to improve the metacognition and academic attainment of pupils in Year 4. There were two aspects to the intervention. The first involved training teachers in how to embed metacognitive approaches in their work, and how to continue to effectively and strategically involve parents. This training took place over a day and was provided by a consultant. The second component focused on parental engagement and offered families the opportunity to participate in a series of facilitated workshops where children and parents work together to create an animated film. Sessions were coordinated by a practitioner who helped participants to think about how they are learning, create learning goals and reflect on their progress; to be metacognitive about the learning process they were engaged in together. The families were offered 2 hours of workshops per week for 5 weeks (10 hours in total). The project targeted schools in four areas of England: Birmingham, Devon, London and Manch...
This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migrat... more This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains interethnic variations in mental health in the United Kingdom. We confirm that there is significant variation in mental health across ethnic group and generation of migration. Furthermore, we show how these dimensions interact. The analysis explores the extent to which neighbourhood, personal characteristics, and migration experience are related to mental health. We find This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research pu... more Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the author(s) and not those of IZA. Research published in this series may include views on policy, but IZA takes no institutional policy positions. The IZA research network is committed to the IZA Guiding Principles of Research Integrity. The IZA Institute of Labor Economics is an independent economic research institute that conducts research in labor economics and offers evidence-based policy advice on labor market issues. Supported by the Deutsche Post Foundation, IZA runs the world's largest network of economists, whose research aims to provide answers to the global labor market challenges of our time. Our key objective is to build bridges between academic research, policymakers and society. IZA Discussion Papers often represent preliminary work and are circulated to encourage discussion. Citation of such a paper should account for its provisional character. A revised version may be available directly from the author.
For many decades the worldwide expansion of supply and demand for skilled work has been at the he... more For many decades the worldwide expansion of supply and demand for skilled work has been at the heart of economic growth and development. In this paper, we use the 1991–2010 panel data from the Kagera Health and Development Survey in North West Tanzania to examine the work outcomes at the end of the panel of those who were young (7 to 24 years) in the baseline. First, we illustrate the significant extent to which advanced education and skilled work go hand in hand. We analyse specifically the baseline household factors enabling individuals to access more advanced education, and we find quite different results by gender. We then analyse, again by gender, how this education plus baseline characteristics matter for attaining skilled or professional work. We also study the importance of migration in the process and the degree of intergenerational mobility in skilled work. The results show vividly how some key household factors help young men advance in their education and career, while c...
In this paper, we study on a comparative basis the school-to-work transition of young women and y... more In this paper, we study on a comparative basis the school-to-work transition of young women and young men in six countries in sub-Saharan Africa, and we examine how this has evolved over recent years, based on the data collected by Demographic and Health Surveys. We examine educational attainments and the nature of early jobs young people are able to obtain, as well as considering their relationship to marriage and fertility outcomes, factors which are likely to be particularly relevant for young women. A pooled regression analysis shows that educational levels have increased substantially and gender gaps have narrowed in most countries. Access to better jobs has improved much more slowly with unchanging gender gaps in most countries, so that agriculture is still the dominant sector of employment for most young men and women. We model correlates of key educational outcomes and access to different types of jobs those controlling for individual- and household-level characteristics, in...
This project was independently evaluated by a team from the National Institute of Economic and So... more This project was independently evaluated by a team from the National Institute of Economic and Social Research (NIESR) led by Dr Cinzia Rienzo. Cinzia Rienzo (Research Fellow) is a quantitative researcher with focus on applying econometrics to issues related to education, migration and the labour market, policy evaluation and development. She has worked on a number of EEF projects (Mind the Gap, Changing Mindsets). She is currently leading the Healthy Minds project and will be leading Growing Learners. Heather Rolfe (Principal Research Fellow) has expertise in qualitative evaluation, including process and formative evaluation feeding into the development of programmes. She has conducted or overseen a process evaluation for two completed EEF projects (including Changing Mindsets) and five others. She is experienced in using a wide range of process evaluation and qualitative research methods and in identifying effective practice. David Wilkinson (Principal Research Fellow) specialises in the statistical analysis of education, skills and labour market policy. He has worked on the Changing Mindsets and Healthy Minds EEF projects. He is experienced in using a range of evaluation approaches in education research from early years through to higher education.
This paper is the first attempt to analyse the effect of the Brexit Referendum results on subject... more This paper is the first attempt to analyse the effect of the Brexit Referendum results on subjective well-being of immigrants living in the UK. Using the national representative UK Household Longitudinal Study (Understanding Society) data and adopting a difference-indifferences estimates, we define natives as control group, and different subgroups of immigrants as treatment groups. The current analysis suggests that following the EU Referendum Results Non-EU migrants experienced an improvement in both mental health and life satisfaction relative to the UK natives. The results are robust to several robustness checks. Among others, we account for unobserved individual fixed effects and for unbalanced panel data. The results are consistent with the idea that the end of free movement for EU immigrants has alleviated the sense of discrimination and frustration felt by Non-EU immigrants results mainly of the toughened visa restrictions enforced since 2010 by the UK Government.
We explore how censoring biases estimates of the intergenerational impact of education. Compulsor... more We explore how censoring biases estimates of the intergenerational impact of education. Compulsory schooling censors the length of time spent in education, both for fathers and their children. We show that this will generally bias linear IV estimates and we identify conditions under which they remain consistent. We propose an IV ordered probit estimator as a flexible means of addressing censoring in the case of a discrete outcome. Our results suggest a substantial bias from ignoring censoring and a smaller bias from assuming normality. Viewing a binary instrument as the dichotomisation of a latent variable, we show how IV estimates are sensitive to the cut-point generating the dummy. This provides a potential explanation for IV estimates varying according to choice of instrument that is distinct from the usual attribution to impact heterogeneity.
This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migrat... more This paper uses a nationally representative data set to examine the extent to which family migration history helps explains interethnic variations in mental health in the United Kingdom. We confirm that there is significant variation in mental health across ethnic group and generation of migration. Furthermore, we show how these dimensions interact. The analysis explores the extent to which neighbourhood, personal characteristics, and migration experience are related to mental health. We find This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
University graduates in the UK are more concentrated in regions where the cost of housing is high... more University graduates in the UK are more concentrated in regions where the cost of housing is higher, implying that they face a higher cost-of-living that could possibly reduce the graduate real wage relative to other groups and carry implications for measures of wage dispersion. This paper reassesses how estimates of wage inequality from 1997 to 2008 vary when regional differences in the cost of housing in the UK are taken into consideration. In order to do so, the real wage is deflated by a specially constructed regional Retail Price Index (RPI); this is a new measure of the cost-of-living that partially updates the national RPI with a regional housing index, therefore allowing the RPI to vary by regions. Results show that the national RPI underestimates the cost-of-living of workers living in the most expensive regions (London, South East) and overestimates the cost-of-living for “cheaper” regions (Northern Ireland, Scotland). When deflating hourly wages by the regional RPI, the a...
ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects of immigration on the increasing residual wage inequalit... more ABSTRACT This paper assesses the effects of immigration on the increasing residual wage inequality in the USA and UK from 1994 to 2008. It does so by using an extension of the Lemieux (2006) methodology, whereby counterfactual residual variances are constructed to account not only for composition effects (changes in education-experience of the workforce), but also for increasing immigration in the labour force. The empirical analysis reveals that residual wage inequality is higher among immigrants than among natives. However, increase in immigration does not seem to represent the major force behind the increase in residual wage inequality for the USA and for the UK.
Page 1. Increasing Wage Inequality: a comparative analysis between Italy, UK and US Cinzia Rienzo... more Page 1. Increasing Wage Inequality: a comparative analysis between Italy, UK and US Cinzia Rienzo * Preliminary and Incomplete Abstract Over the last few decades wage inequality has increased significantly in the US and ...
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