Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 1996
The eight-component relativistic wave equation for spin-0305-4470/29/1/018/img2 particles derived... more The eight-component relativistic wave equation for spin-0305-4470/29/1/018/img2 particles derived in the preceding paper is studied from a mathematical viewpoint. It is shown that it is relativistically covariant, albeit not manifestly so. It has an enlarged solution space when compared to the Dirac equation. A derivation of the equation in an arbitrary gamma matrix representation is presented. Kronecker products are used
The polarizations and differential cross sections in the elastic scattering of 147-220 MeV nucleo... more The polarizations and differential cross sections in the elastic scattering of 147-220 MeV nucleons by He 4, Li T, C xa and A1 ~7 are examined using the optxcal model. The usual form of the nuclear potential v(r) =-(V +~W)g(r) + (7+~5)r-l(dg/dr)~. L, where g(r) is a Woods-Saxon form factor, is found to be Inadequate for a detailed description of the observations especially for hght nuclei Taking a spin-orbit potential of the form (7' +*~') { r-3 (d2 g/dr2) + ~' r-1 (rig/dr)} ~r. L gives substantially better agreement with the data. It is shown how this modification of the Thomas-Fermi spin-orbit interaction may be related to higher order terms in the optical model expansion obtained in Born approximat:ion from nucleon-nucleon scattelang amplitudes.
The origin of mass in the standard model of particle physics is discussed and some difficulties p... more The origin of mass in the standard model of particle physics is discussed and some difficulties pointed out. An alternative model, the generation model, will be shown to lead to a different concept of mass: the mass of a body arises from the energy stored in the motion of its constituents, so that if a particle has mass, then it is composite. It is suggested that gravity is a residual interaction arising from the incomplete cancellation of the super-strong color interactions, which bind the fundamental constituents (rishons) of leptons and quarks.
ABSTRACT The angular distribution and polarization of elastic and inelastic scattering of 12 MeV ... more ABSTRACT The angular distribution and polarization of elastic and inelastic scattering of 12 MeV neutrons in carbon are investigated using the distorted wave approximation, assuming direct interaction in inelastic collisions. The introduction of a spin-orbit potential enables the same optical parameters to describe the elastic and inelastic scattering. Calculations are performed for spin-independent potentials and the results compared with those of Levinson and Banerjee. It is found that the neglect of a spin-orbit potential leads to inconsistent optical model parameters and poor fits at intermediate angles. The inelastic polarization predicted is very similar to the elastic polarization in the outgoing channel, although it is slightly smaller. Even larger discrepancies are found in the two-body potential when a spin-orbit potential is included. Extension of the theory to include collective motion may be necessary.
The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Stand... more The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Standard Model and the Generation Model are discussed with a view to obtaining a physical understanding of the Cabibbo angle and related quantities. It is proposed that hadrons are composed of mixed-quark states, with the quark mixing parameters being determined by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements. In this model, protons and neutrons contain a contribution of about 5% and 10%, respectively, of strange valency quarks.
A new composite model for leptons and quarks is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as... more A new composite model for leptons and quarks is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as composites of three kinds of spin-½ particles (rishons), which belong to a fundamental triplet representation of a flavor SU (3) symmetry. A super-strong color-type force binds rishons together to form colorless leptons or quarks. Quarks display a valence property, which corresponds to the quark color of the Standard Model. Leptons have no valence property and are inert with respect to the super-strong color interaction. Both the strong color force and the weak interaction of the Standard Model are residual interactions of the super-strong color force in the new model.
The "electroweak connection", which forms one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model... more The "electroweak connection", which forms one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model of particle physics, is formulated within the framework of the Generation Model. It is shown that the electroweak connection can be derived assuming that the weak interactions are effective interactions rather than fundamental interactions, arising from a U(1) × SU(2) local gauge invariance, which is spontaneously broken by a Higgs field.
A new classification of the fundamental particles based upon the use of only three additive quant... more A new classification of the fundamental particles based upon the use of only three additive quantum numbers (charge, particle number, generation quantum number) compared with the nine additive quantum numbers of the Standard Model (charge, lepton number, muon lepton number, tau lepton number, baryon number, strangeness, charm, bottomness, topness) is presented. This classification provides a new basis for the weak isospin symmetry characteristic of both leptons and quarks.
ABSTRACT The chapter emphasizes that the Generation Model is obtained from the Standard Model of ... more ABSTRACT The chapter emphasizes that the Generation Model is obtained from the Standard Model of particle physics essentially by interchanging the roles of the mass eigenstate and weak eigenstate quarks. In the Generation Model the mass eigenstate quarks of the same generation form weak isospin doublets analogous to the mass eigenstate leptons of the same generation while the weak eigenstate quarks form the constituents of hadrons. This allows a simpler and unified classification scheme in terms of only three conserved additive quantum numbers for both leptons and quarks. This unified classification scheme of the Generation Model makes feasible a composite model of the leptons and quarks, which predicts that the weak eigenstate quarks are mixed-parity states. In the Standard Model pions have parity P = -1 and the chapter describes that this value of the parity of pions led to the overthrow of both parity conservation and CP conservation in weak interactions. In the Generation Model pions exist in mixed-parity states leading to an understanding of the apparent CP violation observed by Christenson et al. in the decay of the long-lived neutral kaon.
ABSTRACT A hybrid quark-hadron model is used to describe high energy pion-alpha scattering. The p... more ABSTRACT A hybrid quark-hadron model is used to describe high energy pion-alpha scattering. The parameters for the quark regime are determined by fitting pion-proton elastic scattering data. The energy dependence of both the first and the second diffraction minima in the pion-alpha elastic scattering cross section is predicted. It is found that the quark degrees of freedom in pion-nucleon interaction plays a significant role, particularly, at high momentum transfer.
An optical model analysis of the inelastic scattering of 18.9-Mev protons from the 9.6-Mev excite... more An optical model analysis of the inelastic scattering of 18.9-Mev protons from the 9.6-Mev excited state of C/sup 1//sup 2/ is. presented. The direct-interaction two-body potential is assumed to be zero-ranged and spin- independent, and all forms of exchange are neglected. It is concluded that the 9.6-Mev state has spin and parity J/sup sup p//sup i/ = 3/sup -/. (T.F.H.)
ABSTRACT If the antiproton optical potential includes the spin orbit interaction term, the A(p̅ ,... more ABSTRACT If the antiproton optical potential includes the spin orbit interaction term, the A(p̅ ,p′)A* inelastic scattering not only can excite the normal parity states, but also can excite the abnormal parity states. It also induces a polarization Pf(θ) at the inelastic scattering. In the framework of DWIA, we derive and calculate the inelastic scattering cross section and Pf(θ) for the 12C(p̅ ,p′)12C* with 2+, 3-, and 1+ states at antiproton energies of 46.8 and 179.7 MeV. Our model fit well the available experimental data. The 46.8 MeV measurement of the inelastic differential cross section to the 1+ abnormal parity state can be explained by a spin orbit term. Such a term generates a sizable inelastic scattering polarization.
Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General, 1996
The eight-component relativistic wave equation for spin-0305-4470/29/1/018/img2 particles derived... more The eight-component relativistic wave equation for spin-0305-4470/29/1/018/img2 particles derived in the preceding paper is studied from a mathematical viewpoint. It is shown that it is relativistically covariant, albeit not manifestly so. It has an enlarged solution space when compared to the Dirac equation. A derivation of the equation in an arbitrary gamma matrix representation is presented. Kronecker products are used
The polarizations and differential cross sections in the elastic scattering of 147-220 MeV nucleo... more The polarizations and differential cross sections in the elastic scattering of 147-220 MeV nucleons by He 4, Li T, C xa and A1 ~7 are examined using the optxcal model. The usual form of the nuclear potential v(r) =-(V +~W)g(r) + (7+~5)r-l(dg/dr)~. L, where g(r) is a Woods-Saxon form factor, is found to be Inadequate for a detailed description of the observations especially for hght nuclei Taking a spin-orbit potential of the form (7' +*~') { r-3 (d2 g/dr2) + ~' r-1 (rig/dr)} ~r. L gives substantially better agreement with the data. It is shown how this modification of the Thomas-Fermi spin-orbit interaction may be related to higher order terms in the optical model expansion obtained in Born approximat:ion from nucleon-nucleon scattelang amplitudes.
The origin of mass in the standard model of particle physics is discussed and some difficulties p... more The origin of mass in the standard model of particle physics is discussed and some difficulties pointed out. An alternative model, the generation model, will be shown to lead to a different concept of mass: the mass of a body arises from the energy stored in the motion of its constituents, so that if a particle has mass, then it is composite. It is suggested that gravity is a residual interaction arising from the incomplete cancellation of the super-strong color interactions, which bind the fundamental constituents (rishons) of leptons and quarks.
ABSTRACT The angular distribution and polarization of elastic and inelastic scattering of 12 MeV ... more ABSTRACT The angular distribution and polarization of elastic and inelastic scattering of 12 MeV neutrons in carbon are investigated using the distorted wave approximation, assuming direct interaction in inelastic collisions. The introduction of a spin-orbit potential enables the same optical parameters to describe the elastic and inelastic scattering. Calculations are performed for spin-independent potentials and the results compared with those of Levinson and Banerjee. It is found that the neglect of a spin-orbit potential leads to inconsistent optical model parameters and poor fits at intermediate angles. The inelastic polarization predicted is very similar to the elastic polarization in the outgoing channel, although it is slightly smaller. Even larger discrepancies are found in the two-body potential when a spin-orbit potential is included. Extension of the theory to include collective motion may be necessary.
The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Stand... more The different interpretations of quark mixing involved in weak interaction processes in the Standard Model and the Generation Model are discussed with a view to obtaining a physical understanding of the Cabibbo angle and related quantities. It is proposed that hadrons are composed of mixed-quark states, with the quark mixing parameters being determined by the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements. In this model, protons and neutrons contain a contribution of about 5% and 10%, respectively, of strange valency quarks.
A new composite model for leptons and quarks is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as... more A new composite model for leptons and quarks is presented. The model treats leptons and quarks as composites of three kinds of spin-½ particles (rishons), which belong to a fundamental triplet representation of a flavor SU (3) symmetry. A super-strong color-type force binds rishons together to form colorless leptons or quarks. Quarks display a valence property, which corresponds to the quark color of the Standard Model. Leptons have no valence property and are inert with respect to the super-strong color interaction. Both the strong color force and the weak interaction of the Standard Model are residual interactions of the super-strong color force in the new model.
The "electroweak connection", which forms one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model... more The "electroweak connection", which forms one of the cornerstones of the Standard Model of particle physics, is formulated within the framework of the Generation Model. It is shown that the electroweak connection can be derived assuming that the weak interactions are effective interactions rather than fundamental interactions, arising from a U(1) × SU(2) local gauge invariance, which is spontaneously broken by a Higgs field.
A new classification of the fundamental particles based upon the use of only three additive quant... more A new classification of the fundamental particles based upon the use of only three additive quantum numbers (charge, particle number, generation quantum number) compared with the nine additive quantum numbers of the Standard Model (charge, lepton number, muon lepton number, tau lepton number, baryon number, strangeness, charm, bottomness, topness) is presented. This classification provides a new basis for the weak isospin symmetry characteristic of both leptons and quarks.
ABSTRACT The chapter emphasizes that the Generation Model is obtained from the Standard Model of ... more ABSTRACT The chapter emphasizes that the Generation Model is obtained from the Standard Model of particle physics essentially by interchanging the roles of the mass eigenstate and weak eigenstate quarks. In the Generation Model the mass eigenstate quarks of the same generation form weak isospin doublets analogous to the mass eigenstate leptons of the same generation while the weak eigenstate quarks form the constituents of hadrons. This allows a simpler and unified classification scheme in terms of only three conserved additive quantum numbers for both leptons and quarks. This unified classification scheme of the Generation Model makes feasible a composite model of the leptons and quarks, which predicts that the weak eigenstate quarks are mixed-parity states. In the Standard Model pions have parity P = -1 and the chapter describes that this value of the parity of pions led to the overthrow of both parity conservation and CP conservation in weak interactions. In the Generation Model pions exist in mixed-parity states leading to an understanding of the apparent CP violation observed by Christenson et al. in the decay of the long-lived neutral kaon.
ABSTRACT A hybrid quark-hadron model is used to describe high energy pion-alpha scattering. The p... more ABSTRACT A hybrid quark-hadron model is used to describe high energy pion-alpha scattering. The parameters for the quark regime are determined by fitting pion-proton elastic scattering data. The energy dependence of both the first and the second diffraction minima in the pion-alpha elastic scattering cross section is predicted. It is found that the quark degrees of freedom in pion-nucleon interaction plays a significant role, particularly, at high momentum transfer.
An optical model analysis of the inelastic scattering of 18.9-Mev protons from the 9.6-Mev excite... more An optical model analysis of the inelastic scattering of 18.9-Mev protons from the 9.6-Mev excited state of C/sup 1//sup 2/ is. presented. The direct-interaction two-body potential is assumed to be zero-ranged and spin- independent, and all forms of exchange are neglected. It is concluded that the 9.6-Mev state has spin and parity J/sup sup p//sup i/ = 3/sup -/. (T.F.H.)
ABSTRACT If the antiproton optical potential includes the spin orbit interaction term, the A(p̅ ,... more ABSTRACT If the antiproton optical potential includes the spin orbit interaction term, the A(p̅ ,p′)A* inelastic scattering not only can excite the normal parity states, but also can excite the abnormal parity states. It also induces a polarization Pf(θ) at the inelastic scattering. In the framework of DWIA, we derive and calculate the inelastic scattering cross section and Pf(θ) for the 12C(p̅ ,p′)12C* with 2+, 3-, and 1+ states at antiproton energies of 46.8 and 179.7 MeV. Our model fit well the available experimental data. The 46.8 MeV measurement of the inelastic differential cross section to the 1+ abnormal parity state can be explained by a spin orbit term. Such a term generates a sizable inelastic scattering polarization.
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