Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical pr... more Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical precancerosis. Design: Review article. Setting: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague; Oncogynaecological Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague. Results: Precancerous lesions of the cervix are represented by squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) and glandular adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS). The usual treatment of cervical precancerosis is conisation. However, some complications, particularly subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes, follow all surgical treat-ments of cervix. The treatment could be postponed in women who wish to conceive and who suffer from CIN with a low risk of transformation to invasive cancer. The presence of modifying factors can help to stratify CIN lesions according to their malignant potential. The determination of detected HPV genotypes may help in this decision, because the fate of CIN 2/3 depends on the genotype of associated HPV infection. Cervical lesions associated with HPV 16, 18 or 45 are at a much higher risk of rapid progression to invasive cancers than lesions associated with other HR HPV genotypes. Surgical treatment of CIN 2/3 in women with a desire for future child-bearing can be postponed in cases non-associated with HPV 16, 18 and 45, on a case by case basis. Attempts are made to improve evaluation of the lesions by using biological and molecular markers, especially p16INK4a staining. Younger age, ongoing pregnancy, favourable colposcopic findings, negative p16INK4a staining and immunocompetency are independent factors supporting the choice of conservative management. Adenocarcinoma in situ management substantially differs from the management of CIN. Conclusion: It is important both to assess all modifying factors correctly and to minimize any harm from unnecessary surgical treatment or overtreatment of cervical precancer lesions. Keywords: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, conisation, tailoring treatment, human papillomavirus genotype, p16.
The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-... more The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-negative women with high-grade cervical lesion. The study group included 172 "high-risk" women who underwent conization for high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion or microinvasive cervical cancer (CIN 2+). The control group consisted of 100 "low-risk" women with non-neoplastic gynecologic diseases. All participants completed a questionnaire detailing medical history and sexual risk factors and were subjected to anal and cervical HPV genotyping. Concurrent cervical and anal HPV infections were detected in 42.4% (73/172) women of the study group, and in 8.0% (8/100) of women in the control group, respectively. The subgroup with concurrent HPV infections (n=73) dominated women with CIN 3 and microinvasive cancer and anal HPV 16 infections (n=53). Women with concurrent infections more frequently reported any type of sexual contact with the anus including non-penetrative anal sex (OR 2.62, p=0.008). Reporting >5 lifetime sexual partners (OR 2.43, p=0.041), smoking > 60 cigarettes per week (OR 2.33, p=0.048), and a history of penetrative anal intercourse (OR 3.87, p=0.002) were observed as the significant risk factors in women with multiple concurrent HPV infections. Our data support anal HPV testing and anal Pap smear screening in all women with severe cervical lesions caused by HPV 16 and a history of any sexual contact with the anus, heavy smoking and/or more than 5 lifetime sexual partners.
Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccin... more Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccination against pre-cancers and cervical cancer. Methods and results: HPV infection is probably the most common sexually transmitted disease and the cause of approximately 5% of all human cancers. Currently, three prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection are on the market: bivalent Cervarix, quadrivalent Gardasil (formerly Silgard) and nonavalent Gardasil9. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with a national vaccination program where HPV vaccination is covered by health insurance for girls and boys aged 13–14 years. Extensive scientific data on the efficacy of the vaccines clearly demonstrate significant efficacy against the development of cervical pre-cancers for all three vaccines. According to a high-certainty evidence of the Cochrane database, the efficacy of HPV vaccines against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with HPV 16, 18 compared with placebo in girls and women aged 15–26 is 99%. There is also moderate-certainty evidence that HPV vaccines reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma in situ for approximately 90% for the same population. Initial data also demonstrate a direct impact on reducing the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in vaccinated individuals. In addition, quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines are highly effective in preventing genital warts. Conclusion: All three available prophylactic vaccines show high efficacy in preventing the development of cervical lesions. Effi cacy is highest against lesions caused by vaccine genotypes and the highest efficacy is achieved in the HPV naive population. Key words: human papillomavirus – HPV – vaccination – HPV vaccine – efficacy – cervical precancerous – cervical carcinoma
More than 90% of cases of anal cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infe... more More than 90% of cases of anal cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infection and a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is established as possible risk factor. To demonstrate relationship between anal and cervical HPV infection in women with different grades of CIN and microinvasive cervical cancer. A total of 272 women were enrolled in the study. The study group included 172 women who underwent conization for high-grade CIN or microinvasive cervical cancer. The control group consisted of 100 women with non-neoplastic gynecologic diseases or biopsy-confirmed CIN 1. All participants completed a questionnaire detailing their medical history and sexual risk factors and were subjected to anal and cervical HPV genotyping using Cobas and Lynear array HPV test. Cervical, anal, and concurrent cervical and anal HPV infections were detected in 82.6%, 48.3% and 42.4% of women in the study group, and in 28.0%, 26.0% and 8.0% of women in the control group, respectively. The prevalence of the HR HPV genotypes was higher in the study group and significantly increased with the severity of cervical lesion. Concurrent infections of the cervix and anus occurred 5.3-fold more often in the study group than in the control group. Any contact with the anus was the only significant risk factor for development of concurrent HPV infection. Concurrent anal and cervical HR HPV infection was found in nearly half of women with CIN 2+. The dominant genotype found in both anatomical locations was HPV 16. Any frequency and any type of contact with the anus were shown as the most important risk factor for concurrent HPV infection.
Objective: To summarize current knowledge of prevalence, duration and clearance of anal HPV infec... more Objective: To summarize current knowledge of prevalence, duration and clearance of anal HPV infection among women and its relation to cervical HPV infection. Design: Review article. Setting: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Na Bulovce and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague; Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague. Results: The infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with the development of anal cancer. Anal HPV infection is common and most anal HPV infections are transient. Women with cervical HPV infection, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer are at the increased risk. Concurrent anal and cervical HPV infection is most prevalent among the youngest women. By contrast, the prevalence of anal infection alone remains relatively steady in all age groups. Compared with cervical infections, the overall distribution of HPV genotypes in the anus are more heterogeneous and include a greater proportion of nononcogenic types. A high degree of genotype-specific concordance is observed among concurrent anal and cervical infections, indicating a common source of infection. Tobacco smoking delays clearance of anal HPV. Conclusion: The high degree of genotype-specific concordance suggests that the cervix may be primary source and may serve as reservoir of HPV infection, too. Any type of sexual contact may be a route of transmission, history of anal intercourse is not a condition. The women with HPV related disease of low genital tract form high-risk group for acquisition of anal HPV infection and development of anal carcinoma.
Conclusion SMILE adenocarcinoma is a rare entity of cervical tumour, recently described in the li... more Conclusion SMILE adenocarcinoma is a rare entity of cervical tumour, recently described in the literature. Its treatment should not differ from other forms of invasive cervical carcinoma. However, knowledge of this entity and its capacity for invasion and distant metastasis is important to ensure proper management of patients.
Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccin... more Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccination against pre-cancers and cervical cancer. Methods and results: HPV infection is probably the most common sexually transmitted disease and the cause of approximately 5% of all human cancers. Currently, three prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection are on the market: bivalent Cervarix, quadrivalent Gardasil (formerly Silgard) and nonavalent Gardasil9. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with a national vaccination program where HPV vaccination is covered by health insurance for girls and boys aged 13–14 years. Extensive scientific data on the efficacy of the vaccines clearly demonstrate significant efficacy against the development of cervical pre-cancers for all three vaccines. According to a high-certainty evidence of the Cochrane database, the efficacy of HPV vaccines against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with HPV 16, 18 compared with placebo ...
INTRODUCTION The main aim of organized national cervical cancer screening programs is to decrease... more INTRODUCTION The main aim of organized national cervical cancer screening programs is to decrease incidence and mortality of this malignancy. A total of 770 cases of cervical cancer and 354 deaths from the disease were noticed in the Czech Republic in 2017 which means the incidence 14,5 new cases per 100 000 women. The Czech national cervical cancer screening program is based on cytology (Pap smear) testing in asymptomatic women once a year. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of new possibilities and potential tools in cervical cancer screening worldwide and in the Czech Republic. SETTING Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Na Bulovce and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague; Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague. METHODS For this review, we have used the results of studies, review articles, and guidelines of national cerv...
Background: To prospectively assess LLL incidence among cervical cancer patients treated by uteri... more Background: To prospectively assess LLL incidence among cervical cancer patients treated by uterine surgery complemented by SLN biopsy, without PLND. Methods: A prospective study in 150 patients with stage IA1–IB2 cervical cancer treated by uterine surgery with bilateral SLN biopsy. Objective LLL assessments, based on limb volume increase (LVI) between pre- and postoperative measurements, and subjective patient-perceived swelling were conducted in six-month periods over 24-months post-surgery. Results: The cumulative incidence of LLL at 24 months was 17.3% for mild LLL (LVI 10–19%), 9.2% for moderate LLL (LVI 20–39%), while only one patient (0.7%) developed severe LLL (LVI > 40%). The median interval to LLL onset was nine months. Transient edema resolving without intervention within six months was reported in an additional 22% of patients. Subjective LLL was reported by 10.7% of patients, though only a weak and partial correlation between subjective-report and objective-LVI was f...
Introduction/Background* Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has limited therapeutic efficacy for... more Introduction/Background* Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has limited therapeutic efficacy for stage III-IV cervical cancer. We aimed to identify a subgroup of patients with stage III-IV cervical cancer who benefit from CCRT with additional treatment. Methodology We retrospectively reviewed 120 patients with stage III-IV cervical cancer who were treated with CCRT from 2002 to 2018. We compared overall survival between patients treated with CCRT alone and those who received CCRT with additional conventional treatments (systemic chemotherapy before and/or after CCRT and/or extended-field radiation). Prognostic factors were statistically analyzed. Result(s)* Overall, 44 (36.7%) and 21 (17.5%) patients were radiologically diagnosed with pelvic and para-aortic lymph node enlargement, respectively. The median tumor diameter was 5.7 cm. Sixty-nine (57.5%) patients received no additional treatment, and 51 (42.5%) received additional treatment. Cox regression analysis identified the following prognostic factors: histological non-squamous cell carcinoma (hazard ratio [HR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-8.2), tumor diameter of !6 cm (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.7), radiological pelvic lymph node enlargement (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.0), and radiological para-aortic lymph node enlargement (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.1). Even in the lowest risk group (no risk factors), the 5-year overall survival rate was lower in the additional treatment group than in the CCRT alone group (78.7% vs. 80.9%, respectively; log-rank test, P = 0.79). Conclusion* Addition of conventional treatments to CCRT might not improve survival in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Novel treatment strategies including immune checkpoint inhibitors should be considered for such patients.
The quality of pathological assessment is crucial for the safety of patients with cervical cancer... more The quality of pathological assessment is crucial for the safety of patients with cervical cancer if pelvic lymph node dissection is to be replaced by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Central pathology review of SLN pathological ultrastaging was conducted in the prospective SENTIX/European Network of Gynaecological Oncological Trial (ENGOT)-CX2 study. All specimens from at least two patients per site were submitted for the central review. For cases with major or critical deviations, the sites were requested to submit all samples from all additional patients for second-round assessment. From the group of 300 patients, samples from 83 cases from 37 sites were reviewed in the first round. Minor, major, critical, and no deviations were identified in 28%, 19%, 14%, and 39% of cases, respectively. Samples from 26 patients were submitted for the second-round review, with only two major deviations found. In conclusion, a high rate of major or critical deviations was identified in the first...
Východiska: Přehled změněného FIGO (Mezinárodní federace gynekologie a porodnic tví) stagingu kar... more Východiska: Přehled změněného FIGO (Mezinárodní federace gynekologie a porodnic tví) stagingu karcinomu děložního hrdla, vysvětlení důvodů změn, shrnutí vhodných dia gnostických metod a léčba jednotlivých stadií podle současných doporučených postupů. Cíl: FIGO staging byl změněn následovně. Ve stadiu IA byl zrušen laterální rozměr tumoru, jediným kritériem je hloubka stromální invaze < 5,0 mm. Stadium IB bylo rozděleno do tří substadií. IB1nádory v největším rozměru ≥ 5 mm až < 2 cm; IB2-nádory velikosti 2-4 cm; IB3-nádory ≥ 4 cm. Stadium IIIC zahrnuje zhodnocení retroperitoneálních lymfatických uzlin; IIIC1 pokud jsou za saženy pouze pánevní lymfatické uzliny, IIIC2 pokud jsou infiltrovány paraaortální lymfatické uzliny. Změněný stagingový systém neukládá povinně použití žádné zobrazovací metody či chirurgické ověření rozsahu nádoru. Způsob určení stadia by měl být zaznamenán a uveden. Evropská společnost pro gynekologickou onkologii, Evropská společnost pro radioterapii a on kologii a Evropská patologická společnost společně vytvořily klinicky opodstatněné a na důka zech založené doporučené postupy pro zlepšení kvality péče o ženy s karcinomem děložního hrdla. Tyto doporučené postupy zahrnují staging, management a sledování pacientek s kar cinomem děložního hrdla. Doporučené postupy jsou určeny pro potřeby onkogynekologů, chirurgů, radiačních onkologů, patologů, klinických onkologů, radiologů, praktických lékařů, odborníků paliativní péče a jiných pracovníků ve zdravotnictví. Závěr: Shrnujeme novou FIGO klasifikaci vč. dia gnostických metod a léčby jednotlivých stadií, hlavní změny vzhledem k před chozí variantě a jejich klinický dopad. Klíčová slova staging nádorů-rakovina děložního hrdla-FIGO staging-gynekologický nádor-doporu čené postupy Práce byla podpořena projektem UNCE 204065 Karlovy univerzity. This work was supported by the Charles University project UNCE 204065. Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do bi omedicínských časopisů. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X, 2019
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause premalignant and malignant tumors in the anogenital and ... more The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause premalignant and malignant tumors in the anogenital and oropharyngeal regions. The aim of this study was to describe the association in the prevalence of cervical, anal, and oral HPV infections in high-risk patients with biopsy-confirmed highgrade cervical lesion compared to low-risk women. Study Design: A total of 718 immunocompetent women were enrolled in the study. The high-risk (HR) group consisted of 473 patients with biopsy-confirmed high-grade cervical lesion while the low-risk (LR) group consisted of other 245 women. All participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire and were subjected to cervical, anal, and oral HPV genotyping using the Linear array HPV test. Results: A total of 81.4% women were infected in the cervix, 43.3% in the anus, and 2.7% in the oral cavity in the HR group in comparison with only 26.9%, 24.5%, and 1.4% in the low-risk LR group, respectively. The cervical and anal HPV infections were much more frequent in the HR patients (p < 0.001); the difference in the oral HPV prevalence was not significant (p = 0.511) between groups. Concurrent cervical-anal infection was observed in 39.3% of HR women and in 8.3% of the LR patients (p < 0.001) and it significantly increased with the grade of cervical lesion (p trend <0.001). The higher prevalence of concurrent cervical-oral, analoral, and cervical-anal-oral infections in HR women was statistically not significant according to the generally small oral HPV prevalence. Conclusions: All HPV infections occurred more often in HR than in LR women but not all results were statistically significant. The genotype HPV 16 was found in approximately half of all infections at all sites.
Background Cervical cancer screening might contribute to the prevention of anal cancer in women. ... more Background Cervical cancer screening might contribute to the prevention of anal cancer in women. We aimed to investigate if routine cervical cancer screening results-namely high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cytohistopathology-predict anal HPV16 infection, anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and, hence, anal cancer. Methods We did a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane library for studies of cervical determinants of anal HPV and HSIL published up to Aug 31, 2018. We centrally reanalysed individual-level data from 13 427 women with paired cervical and anal samples from 36 studies. We compared anal high-risk HPV prevalence by HIV status, cervical high-risk HPV, cervical cytohistopathology, age, and their combinations, using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CIs. Among 3255 women with anal cytohistopathology results, PRs were similarly calculated for all anal HSIL and HPV16-positive anal HSIL. Findings Cervical and anal HPV infections were highly correlated. In HIV-negative women, anal HPV16 prevalence was 41% (447/1097) in cervical HPV16-positive versus 2% (214/8663) in cervical HPV16-negative women (PR 16•5, 95% CI 14•2-19•2, p<0•0001); these values were 46% (125/273) versus 11% (272/2588) in HIV-positive women (4•4, 3•7-5•3, p<0•0001). Anal HPV16 was also associated with cervical cytohistopathology, with a prevalence of 44% [101/228] for cervical cancer in HIV-negative women (PR vs normal cytology 14•1, 11•1-17•9, p<0•0001). Anal HSIL was associated with cervical high-risk HPV, both in HIV-negative women (from 2% [11/527] in cervical highrisk HPV-negative women up to 24% [33/138] in cervical HPV16-positive women; PR 12•9, 95% CI 6•7-24•8, p<0•0001) and HIV-positive women (from 8% [84/1094] to 17% [31/186]; 2•3, 1•6-3•4, p<0•0001). Anal HSIL was also associated with cervical cytohistopathology, both in HIV-negative women (from 1% [5/498] in normal cytology up to 22% [59/273] in cervical HSIL; PR 23•1, 9•4-57•0, p<0•0001) and HIV-positive women (from 7% [105/1421] to 25% [25/101]; 3•6, 2•5-5•3, p<0•0001). Prevalence of HPV16-positive anal HSIL was 23-25% in cervical HPV16-positive women older than 45 years (5/20 in HIV-negative women, 12/52 in HIV-positive women). Interpretation HPV-based cervical cancer screening programmes might help to stratify anal cancer risk, irrespective of HIV status. For targeted secondary anal cancer prevention in high-risk groups, HIV-negative women with cervical HPV16, especially those older than 45 years, have a similar anal cancer risk profile to that of HIV-positive women.
ObjectivesTo assess the survival of patients who have received an operation for recurrent cervica... more ObjectivesTo assess the survival of patients who have received an operation for recurrent cervical and endometrial cancer and to determine prognostic variables for improved oncologic outcome.MethodsA retrospective multicenter analysis of the medical records of 518 patients with cervical (N = 288) or endometrial cancer (N = 230) who underwent surgery for disease recurrence and who had completed at least 1 year of follow-up.ResultsThe median survival reached 57 months for patients with cervical cancer and 113 months for patients with endometrial cancer after surgical treatment of recurrence (p = 0.036). Histological sub-type had a significant impact on overall survival, with the best outcome in endometrial endometrioid cancer (121 months), followed by cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma, or other types of endometrial cancer (81 vs 35 vs 35 months; p<0.001). The site of recurrence did not significantly influence survival in cervical or in endometrial cancer. Ca...
Ceská gynekologie / Ceská lékarská spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne, 2015
To summarize new knowledge about the 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule in young adolescents. Review art... more To summarize new knowledge about the 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule in young adolescents. Review article. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague; Oncogynaecological Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague. The goal of immunization programs in many countries is the prevention of cervical cancer using either the bivalent or the quadrivalent HPV vaccine. The vaccines, which were designed to prevent cervical cancer outcomes in adults, need to be administered before the onset of sexual activity. Since the HPV vaccines are among the most expensive of all the widely recommended vaccines, limited financial resources restrain the HPV vaccination in some countries around the word. Higher immunogenicity of both HPV vaccines in young adolescents, as well as potential cost savings, have prompted discussions about the efficacy of the 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule. ...
The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-... more The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-negative women with high-grade cervical lesion. The study group included 172 "high-risk" women who underwent conization for high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion or microinvasive cervical cancer (CIN 2+). The control group consisted of 100 "low-risk" women with non-neoplastic gynecologic diseases. All participants completed a questionnaire detailing medical history and sexual risk factors and were subjected to anal and cervical HPV genotyping. Concurrent cervical and anal HPV infections were detected in 42.4% (73/172) women of the study group, and in 8.0% (8/100) of women in the control group, respectively. The subgroup with concurrent HPV infections (n=73) dominated women with CIN 3 and microinvasive cancer and anal HPV 16 infections (n=53). Women with concurrent infections more frequently reported any type of sexual contact with the anus including non-penetrati...
Ceska gynekologie / Ceska lekarska spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne, 2014
Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical pr... more Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical precancerosis.Design: Review article.Setting: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague; Oncogynaecological Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague.Results: Precancerous lesions of the cervix are represented by squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) and glandular adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS). The usual treatment of cervical precancerosis is conisation. However, some complications, particularly subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes, follow all surgical treat-ments of cervix. The treatment could be postponed in women who wish to conceive and who suffer from CIN with a low risk of transformation to invasive cancer. The presence of modifying factors can help to stratify CIN lesions according to their malignant potential. The determination of detec...
Reliable staging system should facilitate prognosis assessment, decision on treatments, and evalu... more Reliable staging system should facilitate prognosis assessment, decision on treatments, and evaluation of their outcomes. A good staging system must meet three basic characteristics: validity, reliability, and practicality. The purpose of such system is to offer classification of the extent and progress of gynaecological cancer that will allow the comparison of different treatment methods and the choice of optimal treatment for individual patients. The previously developed staging of gynaecological cancers has become outdated because it has not considered results of current medical research that allow refinement of prognostic subgroupings. Changes based on new findings were proposed for staging of uterine malignancies by the FIGO (The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Committee on Gynecologic Oncology and approved by the FIGO Executive Board in 2008, and were published in 2009. Stage 0 was deleted, since it did not represent any stage of invasive tumor. Four fun...
Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical pr... more Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical precancerosis. Design: Review article. Setting: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague; Oncogynaecological Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague. Results: Precancerous lesions of the cervix are represented by squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) and glandular adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS). The usual treatment of cervical precancerosis is conisation. However, some complications, particularly subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes, follow all surgical treat-ments of cervix. The treatment could be postponed in women who wish to conceive and who suffer from CIN with a low risk of transformation to invasive cancer. The presence of modifying factors can help to stratify CIN lesions according to their malignant potential. The determination of detected HPV genotypes may help in this decision, because the fate of CIN 2/3 depends on the genotype of associated HPV infection. Cervical lesions associated with HPV 16, 18 or 45 are at a much higher risk of rapid progression to invasive cancers than lesions associated with other HR HPV genotypes. Surgical treatment of CIN 2/3 in women with a desire for future child-bearing can be postponed in cases non-associated with HPV 16, 18 and 45, on a case by case basis. Attempts are made to improve evaluation of the lesions by using biological and molecular markers, especially p16INK4a staining. Younger age, ongoing pregnancy, favourable colposcopic findings, negative p16INK4a staining and immunocompetency are independent factors supporting the choice of conservative management. Adenocarcinoma in situ management substantially differs from the management of CIN. Conclusion: It is important both to assess all modifying factors correctly and to minimize any harm from unnecessary surgical treatment or overtreatment of cervical precancer lesions. Keywords: cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, adenocarcinoma in situ, conisation, tailoring treatment, human papillomavirus genotype, p16.
The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-... more The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-negative women with high-grade cervical lesion. The study group included 172 "high-risk" women who underwent conization for high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion or microinvasive cervical cancer (CIN 2+). The control group consisted of 100 "low-risk" women with non-neoplastic gynecologic diseases. All participants completed a questionnaire detailing medical history and sexual risk factors and were subjected to anal and cervical HPV genotyping. Concurrent cervical and anal HPV infections were detected in 42.4% (73/172) women of the study group, and in 8.0% (8/100) of women in the control group, respectively. The subgroup with concurrent HPV infections (n=73) dominated women with CIN 3 and microinvasive cancer and anal HPV 16 infections (n=53). Women with concurrent infections more frequently reported any type of sexual contact with the anus including non-penetrative anal sex (OR 2.62, p=0.008). Reporting >5 lifetime sexual partners (OR 2.43, p=0.041), smoking > 60 cigarettes per week (OR 2.33, p=0.048), and a history of penetrative anal intercourse (OR 3.87, p=0.002) were observed as the significant risk factors in women with multiple concurrent HPV infections. Our data support anal HPV testing and anal Pap smear screening in all women with severe cervical lesions caused by HPV 16 and a history of any sexual contact with the anus, heavy smoking and/or more than 5 lifetime sexual partners.
Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccin... more Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccination against pre-cancers and cervical cancer. Methods and results: HPV infection is probably the most common sexually transmitted disease and the cause of approximately 5% of all human cancers. Currently, three prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection are on the market: bivalent Cervarix, quadrivalent Gardasil (formerly Silgard) and nonavalent Gardasil9. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with a national vaccination program where HPV vaccination is covered by health insurance for girls and boys aged 13–14 years. Extensive scientific data on the efficacy of the vaccines clearly demonstrate significant efficacy against the development of cervical pre-cancers for all three vaccines. According to a high-certainty evidence of the Cochrane database, the efficacy of HPV vaccines against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with HPV 16, 18 compared with placebo in girls and women aged 15–26 is 99%. There is also moderate-certainty evidence that HPV vaccines reduce the risk of adenocarcinoma in situ for approximately 90% for the same population. Initial data also demonstrate a direct impact on reducing the incidence of invasive cervical cancer in vaccinated individuals. In addition, quadrivalent and nonavalent vaccines are highly effective in preventing genital warts. Conclusion: All three available prophylactic vaccines show high efficacy in preventing the development of cervical lesions. Effi cacy is highest against lesions caused by vaccine genotypes and the highest efficacy is achieved in the HPV naive population. Key words: human papillomavirus – HPV – vaccination – HPV vaccine – efficacy – cervical precancerous – cervical carcinoma
More than 90% of cases of anal cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infe... more More than 90% of cases of anal cancers are caused by high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) infection and a history of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) is established as possible risk factor. To demonstrate relationship between anal and cervical HPV infection in women with different grades of CIN and microinvasive cervical cancer. A total of 272 women were enrolled in the study. The study group included 172 women who underwent conization for high-grade CIN or microinvasive cervical cancer. The control group consisted of 100 women with non-neoplastic gynecologic diseases or biopsy-confirmed CIN 1. All participants completed a questionnaire detailing their medical history and sexual risk factors and were subjected to anal and cervical HPV genotyping using Cobas and Lynear array HPV test. Cervical, anal, and concurrent cervical and anal HPV infections were detected in 82.6%, 48.3% and 42.4% of women in the study group, and in 28.0%, 26.0% and 8.0% of women in the control group, respectively. The prevalence of the HR HPV genotypes was higher in the study group and significantly increased with the severity of cervical lesion. Concurrent infections of the cervix and anus occurred 5.3-fold more often in the study group than in the control group. Any contact with the anus was the only significant risk factor for development of concurrent HPV infection. Concurrent anal and cervical HR HPV infection was found in nearly half of women with CIN 2+. The dominant genotype found in both anatomical locations was HPV 16. Any frequency and any type of contact with the anus were shown as the most important risk factor for concurrent HPV infection.
Objective: To summarize current knowledge of prevalence, duration and clearance of anal HPV infec... more Objective: To summarize current knowledge of prevalence, duration and clearance of anal HPV infection among women and its relation to cervical HPV infection. Design: Review article. Setting: Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Na Bulovce and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague; Institute for the Care of Mother and Child, Prague; Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague. Results: The infection of human papillomavirus (HPV) is strongly associated with the development of anal cancer. Anal HPV infection is common and most anal HPV infections are transient. Women with cervical HPV infection, cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer are at the increased risk. Concurrent anal and cervical HPV infection is most prevalent among the youngest women. By contrast, the prevalence of anal infection alone remains relatively steady in all age groups. Compared with cervical infections, the overall distribution of HPV genotypes in the anus are more heterogeneous and include a greater proportion of nononcogenic types. A high degree of genotype-specific concordance is observed among concurrent anal and cervical infections, indicating a common source of infection. Tobacco smoking delays clearance of anal HPV. Conclusion: The high degree of genotype-specific concordance suggests that the cervix may be primary source and may serve as reservoir of HPV infection, too. Any type of sexual contact may be a route of transmission, history of anal intercourse is not a condition. The women with HPV related disease of low genital tract form high-risk group for acquisition of anal HPV infection and development of anal carcinoma.
Conclusion SMILE adenocarcinoma is a rare entity of cervical tumour, recently described in the li... more Conclusion SMILE adenocarcinoma is a rare entity of cervical tumour, recently described in the literature. Its treatment should not differ from other forms of invasive cervical carcinoma. However, knowledge of this entity and its capacity for invasion and distant metastasis is important to ensure proper management of patients.
Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccin... more Objective: A review of current knowledge on the efficacy of HPV (human papillomavirus) HPV vaccination against pre-cancers and cervical cancer. Methods and results: HPV infection is probably the most common sexually transmitted disease and the cause of approximately 5% of all human cancers. Currently, three prophylactic vaccines against HPV infection are on the market: bivalent Cervarix, quadrivalent Gardasil (formerly Silgard) and nonavalent Gardasil9. The Czech Republic is one of the countries with a national vaccination program where HPV vaccination is covered by health insurance for girls and boys aged 13–14 years. Extensive scientific data on the efficacy of the vaccines clearly demonstrate significant efficacy against the development of cervical pre-cancers for all three vaccines. According to a high-certainty evidence of the Cochrane database, the efficacy of HPV vaccines against cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or 3 associated with HPV 16, 18 compared with placebo ...
INTRODUCTION The main aim of organized national cervical cancer screening programs is to decrease... more INTRODUCTION The main aim of organized national cervical cancer screening programs is to decrease incidence and mortality of this malignancy. A total of 770 cases of cervical cancer and 354 deaths from the disease were noticed in the Czech Republic in 2017 which means the incidence 14,5 new cases per 100 000 women. The Czech national cervical cancer screening program is based on cytology (Pap smear) testing in asymptomatic women once a year. OBJECTIVE To provide an overview of new possibilities and potential tools in cervical cancer screening worldwide and in the Czech Republic. SETTING Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Hospital Na Bulovce and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague; Gynecologic Oncology Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, General Faculty Hospital and 1st Medical School of Charles University, Prague. METHODS For this review, we have used the results of studies, review articles, and guidelines of national cerv...
Background: To prospectively assess LLL incidence among cervical cancer patients treated by uteri... more Background: To prospectively assess LLL incidence among cervical cancer patients treated by uterine surgery complemented by SLN biopsy, without PLND. Methods: A prospective study in 150 patients with stage IA1–IB2 cervical cancer treated by uterine surgery with bilateral SLN biopsy. Objective LLL assessments, based on limb volume increase (LVI) between pre- and postoperative measurements, and subjective patient-perceived swelling were conducted in six-month periods over 24-months post-surgery. Results: The cumulative incidence of LLL at 24 months was 17.3% for mild LLL (LVI 10–19%), 9.2% for moderate LLL (LVI 20–39%), while only one patient (0.7%) developed severe LLL (LVI > 40%). The median interval to LLL onset was nine months. Transient edema resolving without intervention within six months was reported in an additional 22% of patients. Subjective LLL was reported by 10.7% of patients, though only a weak and partial correlation between subjective-report and objective-LVI was f...
Introduction/Background* Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has limited therapeutic efficacy for... more Introduction/Background* Concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) has limited therapeutic efficacy for stage III-IV cervical cancer. We aimed to identify a subgroup of patients with stage III-IV cervical cancer who benefit from CCRT with additional treatment. Methodology We retrospectively reviewed 120 patients with stage III-IV cervical cancer who were treated with CCRT from 2002 to 2018. We compared overall survival between patients treated with CCRT alone and those who received CCRT with additional conventional treatments (systemic chemotherapy before and/or after CCRT and/or extended-field radiation). Prognostic factors were statistically analyzed. Result(s)* Overall, 44 (36.7%) and 21 (17.5%) patients were radiologically diagnosed with pelvic and para-aortic lymph node enlargement, respectively. The median tumor diameter was 5.7 cm. Sixty-nine (57.5%) patients received no additional treatment, and 51 (42.5%) received additional treatment. Cox regression analysis identified the following prognostic factors: histological non-squamous cell carcinoma (hazard ratio [HR], 3.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8-8.2), tumor diameter of !6 cm (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.2-3.7), radiological pelvic lymph node enlargement (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.0), and radiological para-aortic lymph node enlargement (HR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.1-4.1). Even in the lowest risk group (no risk factors), the 5-year overall survival rate was lower in the additional treatment group than in the CCRT alone group (78.7% vs. 80.9%, respectively; log-rank test, P = 0.79). Conclusion* Addition of conventional treatments to CCRT might not improve survival in patients with advanced cervical cancer. Novel treatment strategies including immune checkpoint inhibitors should be considered for such patients.
The quality of pathological assessment is crucial for the safety of patients with cervical cancer... more The quality of pathological assessment is crucial for the safety of patients with cervical cancer if pelvic lymph node dissection is to be replaced by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Central pathology review of SLN pathological ultrastaging was conducted in the prospective SENTIX/European Network of Gynaecological Oncological Trial (ENGOT)-CX2 study. All specimens from at least two patients per site were submitted for the central review. For cases with major or critical deviations, the sites were requested to submit all samples from all additional patients for second-round assessment. From the group of 300 patients, samples from 83 cases from 37 sites were reviewed in the first round. Minor, major, critical, and no deviations were identified in 28%, 19%, 14%, and 39% of cases, respectively. Samples from 26 patients were submitted for the second-round review, with only two major deviations found. In conclusion, a high rate of major or critical deviations was identified in the first...
Východiska: Přehled změněného FIGO (Mezinárodní federace gynekologie a porodnic tví) stagingu kar... more Východiska: Přehled změněného FIGO (Mezinárodní federace gynekologie a porodnic tví) stagingu karcinomu děložního hrdla, vysvětlení důvodů změn, shrnutí vhodných dia gnostických metod a léčba jednotlivých stadií podle současných doporučených postupů. Cíl: FIGO staging byl změněn následovně. Ve stadiu IA byl zrušen laterální rozměr tumoru, jediným kritériem je hloubka stromální invaze < 5,0 mm. Stadium IB bylo rozděleno do tří substadií. IB1nádory v největším rozměru ≥ 5 mm až < 2 cm; IB2-nádory velikosti 2-4 cm; IB3-nádory ≥ 4 cm. Stadium IIIC zahrnuje zhodnocení retroperitoneálních lymfatických uzlin; IIIC1 pokud jsou za saženy pouze pánevní lymfatické uzliny, IIIC2 pokud jsou infiltrovány paraaortální lymfatické uzliny. Změněný stagingový systém neukládá povinně použití žádné zobrazovací metody či chirurgické ověření rozsahu nádoru. Způsob určení stadia by měl být zaznamenán a uveden. Evropská společnost pro gynekologickou onkologii, Evropská společnost pro radioterapii a on kologii a Evropská patologická společnost společně vytvořily klinicky opodstatněné a na důka zech založené doporučené postupy pro zlepšení kvality péče o ženy s karcinomem děložního hrdla. Tyto doporučené postupy zahrnují staging, management a sledování pacientek s kar cinomem děložního hrdla. Doporučené postupy jsou určeny pro potřeby onkogynekologů, chirurgů, radiačních onkologů, patologů, klinických onkologů, radiologů, praktických lékařů, odborníků paliativní péče a jiných pracovníků ve zdravotnictví. Závěr: Shrnujeme novou FIGO klasifikaci vč. dia gnostických metod a léčby jednotlivých stadií, hlavní změny vzhledem k před chozí variantě a jejich klinický dopad. Klíčová slova staging nádorů-rakovina děložního hrdla-FIGO staging-gynekologický nádor-doporu čené postupy Práce byla podpořena projektem UNCE 204065 Karlovy univerzity. This work was supported by the Charles University project UNCE 204065. Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do bi omedicínských časopisů. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.
European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology: X, 2019
The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause premalignant and malignant tumors in the anogenital and ... more The human papillomavirus (HPV) can cause premalignant and malignant tumors in the anogenital and oropharyngeal regions. The aim of this study was to describe the association in the prevalence of cervical, anal, and oral HPV infections in high-risk patients with biopsy-confirmed highgrade cervical lesion compared to low-risk women. Study Design: A total of 718 immunocompetent women were enrolled in the study. The high-risk (HR) group consisted of 473 patients with biopsy-confirmed high-grade cervical lesion while the low-risk (LR) group consisted of other 245 women. All participants completed an anonymous self-administered questionnaire and were subjected to cervical, anal, and oral HPV genotyping using the Linear array HPV test. Results: A total of 81.4% women were infected in the cervix, 43.3% in the anus, and 2.7% in the oral cavity in the HR group in comparison with only 26.9%, 24.5%, and 1.4% in the low-risk LR group, respectively. The cervical and anal HPV infections were much more frequent in the HR patients (p < 0.001); the difference in the oral HPV prevalence was not significant (p = 0.511) between groups. Concurrent cervical-anal infection was observed in 39.3% of HR women and in 8.3% of the LR patients (p < 0.001) and it significantly increased with the grade of cervical lesion (p trend <0.001). The higher prevalence of concurrent cervical-oral, analoral, and cervical-anal-oral infections in HR women was statistically not significant according to the generally small oral HPV prevalence. Conclusions: All HPV infections occurred more often in HR than in LR women but not all results were statistically significant. The genotype HPV 16 was found in approximately half of all infections at all sites.
Background Cervical cancer screening might contribute to the prevention of anal cancer in women. ... more Background Cervical cancer screening might contribute to the prevention of anal cancer in women. We aimed to investigate if routine cervical cancer screening results-namely high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and cytohistopathology-predict anal HPV16 infection, anal high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) and, hence, anal cancer. Methods We did a systematic review of MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane library for studies of cervical determinants of anal HPV and HSIL published up to Aug 31, 2018. We centrally reanalysed individual-level data from 13 427 women with paired cervical and anal samples from 36 studies. We compared anal high-risk HPV prevalence by HIV status, cervical high-risk HPV, cervical cytohistopathology, age, and their combinations, using prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% CIs. Among 3255 women with anal cytohistopathology results, PRs were similarly calculated for all anal HSIL and HPV16-positive anal HSIL. Findings Cervical and anal HPV infections were highly correlated. In HIV-negative women, anal HPV16 prevalence was 41% (447/1097) in cervical HPV16-positive versus 2% (214/8663) in cervical HPV16-negative women (PR 16•5, 95% CI 14•2-19•2, p<0•0001); these values were 46% (125/273) versus 11% (272/2588) in HIV-positive women (4•4, 3•7-5•3, p<0•0001). Anal HPV16 was also associated with cervical cytohistopathology, with a prevalence of 44% [101/228] for cervical cancer in HIV-negative women (PR vs normal cytology 14•1, 11•1-17•9, p<0•0001). Anal HSIL was associated with cervical high-risk HPV, both in HIV-negative women (from 2% [11/527] in cervical highrisk HPV-negative women up to 24% [33/138] in cervical HPV16-positive women; PR 12•9, 95% CI 6•7-24•8, p<0•0001) and HIV-positive women (from 8% [84/1094] to 17% [31/186]; 2•3, 1•6-3•4, p<0•0001). Anal HSIL was also associated with cervical cytohistopathology, both in HIV-negative women (from 1% [5/498] in normal cytology up to 22% [59/273] in cervical HSIL; PR 23•1, 9•4-57•0, p<0•0001) and HIV-positive women (from 7% [105/1421] to 25% [25/101]; 3•6, 2•5-5•3, p<0•0001). Prevalence of HPV16-positive anal HSIL was 23-25% in cervical HPV16-positive women older than 45 years (5/20 in HIV-negative women, 12/52 in HIV-positive women). Interpretation HPV-based cervical cancer screening programmes might help to stratify anal cancer risk, irrespective of HIV status. For targeted secondary anal cancer prevention in high-risk groups, HIV-negative women with cervical HPV16, especially those older than 45 years, have a similar anal cancer risk profile to that of HIV-positive women.
ObjectivesTo assess the survival of patients who have received an operation for recurrent cervica... more ObjectivesTo assess the survival of patients who have received an operation for recurrent cervical and endometrial cancer and to determine prognostic variables for improved oncologic outcome.MethodsA retrospective multicenter analysis of the medical records of 518 patients with cervical (N = 288) or endometrial cancer (N = 230) who underwent surgery for disease recurrence and who had completed at least 1 year of follow-up.ResultsThe median survival reached 57 months for patients with cervical cancer and 113 months for patients with endometrial cancer after surgical treatment of recurrence (p = 0.036). Histological sub-type had a significant impact on overall survival, with the best outcome in endometrial endometrioid cancer (121 months), followed by cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma, or other types of endometrial cancer (81 vs 35 vs 35 months; p<0.001). The site of recurrence did not significantly influence survival in cervical or in endometrial cancer. Ca...
Ceská gynekologie / Ceská lékarská spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne, 2015
To summarize new knowledge about the 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule in young adolescents. Review art... more To summarize new knowledge about the 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule in young adolescents. Review article. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague; Oncogynaecological Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague. The goal of immunization programs in many countries is the prevention of cervical cancer using either the bivalent or the quadrivalent HPV vaccine. The vaccines, which were designed to prevent cervical cancer outcomes in adults, need to be administered before the onset of sexual activity. Since the HPV vaccines are among the most expensive of all the widely recommended vaccines, limited financial resources restrain the HPV vaccination in some countries around the word. Higher immunogenicity of both HPV vaccines in young adolescents, as well as potential cost savings, have prompted discussions about the efficacy of the 2-dose HPV vaccine schedule. ...
The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-... more The aim of our study was to determine the risk factors associated with anal HPV infection in HIV-negative women with high-grade cervical lesion. The study group included 172 "high-risk" women who underwent conization for high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesion or microinvasive cervical cancer (CIN 2+). The control group consisted of 100 "low-risk" women with non-neoplastic gynecologic diseases. All participants completed a questionnaire detailing medical history and sexual risk factors and were subjected to anal and cervical HPV genotyping. Concurrent cervical and anal HPV infections were detected in 42.4% (73/172) women of the study group, and in 8.0% (8/100) of women in the control group, respectively. The subgroup with concurrent HPV infections (n=73) dominated women with CIN 3 and microinvasive cancer and anal HPV 16 infections (n=53). Women with concurrent infections more frequently reported any type of sexual contact with the anus including non-penetrati...
Ceska gynekologie / Ceska lekarska spolecnost J. Ev. Purkyne, 2014
Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical pr... more Objective: To summarize new data which can help in decision on tailoring treatment of cervical precancerosis.Design: Review article.Setting: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Hospital Na Bulovce in Prague; Oncogynaecological Center, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague.Results: Precancerous lesions of the cervix are represented by squamous cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN) and glandular adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS). The usual treatment of cervical precancerosis is conisation. However, some complications, particularly subsequent adverse pregnancy outcomes, follow all surgical treat-ments of cervix. The treatment could be postponed in women who wish to conceive and who suffer from CIN with a low risk of transformation to invasive cancer. The presence of modifying factors can help to stratify CIN lesions according to their malignant potential. The determination of detec...
Reliable staging system should facilitate prognosis assessment, decision on treatments, and evalu... more Reliable staging system should facilitate prognosis assessment, decision on treatments, and evaluation of their outcomes. A good staging system must meet three basic characteristics: validity, reliability, and practicality. The purpose of such system is to offer classification of the extent and progress of gynaecological cancer that will allow the comparison of different treatment methods and the choice of optimal treatment for individual patients. The previously developed staging of gynaecological cancers has become outdated because it has not considered results of current medical research that allow refinement of prognostic subgroupings. Changes based on new findings were proposed for staging of uterine malignancies by the FIGO (The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) Committee on Gynecologic Oncology and approved by the FIGO Executive Board in 2008, and were published in 2009. Stage 0 was deleted, since it did not represent any stage of invasive tumor. Four fun...
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Papers by Borek Sehnal