Papers by Tilak Bommaraju
Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, 2005
About 97 % of the chlorine and nearly 100% of the caustic soda in the world are produced electrol... more About 97 % of the chlorine and nearly 100% of the caustic soda in the world are produced electrolytically from sodium chloride, while the rest of the chlorine is manufactured by the electrolysis of KC1, HC1, chlorides of Ti and Mg, and by the chemical oxidation of chlorides [1]. The electrolytic technologies currently used are mercury, diaphragm, and ion-exchange membrane cells. Figures 5.1 and 3.10 show the distribution of these cell technologies in the world and on a regional basis [2]. Mercury cells had a world share of 45% in 1984 and declined to 18% in 2001 because of the health and environmental concerns associated with mercury. However, it is still the leading technology in Europe.
Kent and Riegel’s Handbook of Industrial Chemistry and Biotechnology, 2007
Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, 2005
This chapter considers the preparation of brine from solid salt and the design and operation of e... more This chapter considers the preparation of brine from solid salt and the design and operation of each of the major units in a brine purification system. The discussion begins with the sources of electrolysis salts (both sodium and potassium chlorides; both natural and refined) and the methods of handling and storing them and then dissolving them to prepare brine. There is also a brief discussion of the storage and handling of brine. The rest of the chapter is then devoted to the treatment of brine to reach the purity demanded by the various types of cell. The sequence of the discussion follows the flow diagrams of Figs. 6.1 and 6.2.
Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, 2005
Commissioning is the activity whereby the installed hardware of a new plant is transformed into a... more Commissioning is the activity whereby the installed hardware of a new plant is transformed into an operational facility. Most works on industrial chemical technology ignore the subject/However, it is an extremely important topic, and the successful startup and subsequent operation of a new plant are critically dependent on the approach taken toward its commissioning.
Safety considerations are inseparable from the principles of good design and operation and so hav... more Safety considerations are inseparable from the principles of good design and operation and so have been a constant theme in our discussion of the chlor-alkali process. The preceding chapters deal with the practical details of direct protection of personnel in the workplace. They refer frequently to the programs and publications of various organizations with special interest in industrial safety. Other publications [1, 2] also discuss operating safety and provide guidance in design and operation. In this chapter, we consider safety more generally and also provide more quantitative information on hazard levels. To put those hazards in perspective and show the degree of success the industry has had in coping with them, consider the following [3]: 1. In 40 years of production, transport, and use in Western Europe, the number of fatalities caused by exposure to chlorine is equal to the number of road fatalities on a typical weekend in Belgium 2. A chlorine plant worker faces the followin...
The purpose of this chapter is to gather in one place some of the basic considerations that apply... more The purpose of this chapter is to gather in one place some of the basic considerations that apply to the engineering techniques and unit operations that are important in the chloralkali process. Thus, the chapter begins with a discussion of material and energy balances (Section 10.2). These are basic to all of chemical engineering and are used implicitly throughout this book. Here, we present some of the fundamentals. Section 10.3 then covers current distribution. This is uniquely important in electrochemical processing. The presentation discusses methods of predicting and determining the distribution of current in electrochemical reactors of different kinds.
Handbook of Chlor-Alkali Technology, 2005
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Papers by Tilak Bommaraju