Het RIVM heeft onderzocht welke indicatoren het meest geschikt zijn om onverwachte effecten van g... more Het RIVM heeft onderzocht welke indicatoren het meest geschikt zijn om onverwachte effecten van genetisch gemodificeerde (GM) gewassen op de bodem aan te geven. Daaruit blijkt dat een beperkt aantal processen en organismen dat iets kan zeggen over de gesteldheid van de bodem wordt beinvloed door GM-gewassen. Processen als het gehalte aan organisch stof en de mate waarin dat wordt afgebroken, de aanwezigheid van een bepaalde groep aaltjes en bodemschimmels kunnen daardoor als indicator worden gebruikt. Europese regelgeving stelt General Surveillance (GS), een nog te ontwikkelen systeem om het milieu te monitoren, verplicht als GM-gewassen tot de markt worden toegelaten. Het is echter nog niet duidelijk hoe een dergelijk General Surveillance systeem dient te worden opgezet en welke indicatoren het beste kunnen worden gekozen. Om geschikte indicatoren voor de bodem te vinden zijn in de literatuur de effecten van GMgewassen op het bodemsysteem onderzocht. De gerapporteerde effecten bleken vaak beperkt en van korte duur. Bovendien kan niet worden beoordeeld of deze effecten negatief zijn. In alle gevallen bleken de effecten van de gewone landbouwpraktijk, zoals ploegen en andere gewassoorten op de bodem telen, groter dan de effecten van GM-gewassen. Op basis van deze bevindingen zijn de bovengenoemde indicatoren voor de bodem aanbevolen voor General Surveillance.
The hybrid plasmid pLC44-11 from the Clarke and Carbon collection, which was known to carry the p... more The hybrid plasmid pLC44-11 from the Clarke and Carbon collection, which was known to carry the proA gene, was shown also to contain the phoE gene. In vitro recombination techniques were used to subclone a 4.9-kilobase-pair DNA fragment of pLC44-11 into the plasmid vectors pACYC184 and pBR322. Expression of this fragment in a minicell system showed that it codes for the PhoE protein and for polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 47,000 and 17,000. These results supply definite proof for the earlier supposition that the phoE gene is the structural gene for the outer membrane PhoE protein. Overproduction of the PhoE protein in a phoS strain resulted in reduced amounts of OmpF and LamB proteins.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jul 1, 2011
EU Directive 2001/18/EC prescribes that genetically modified (GM) crops approved for cultivation ... more EU Directive 2001/18/EC prescribes that genetically modified (GM) crops approved for cultivation should be submitted to General Surveillance (GS) in order to detect unanticipated adverse environmental effects. However, the modalities of GS are not clear and the Directive does not provide sufficient guidance. In the Netherlands, possibilities for setting up so-called above-and below-ground GS systems are explored. In this study issues regarding the development of a GS program for the soil ecosystem, are discussed. As a first step, the currently available scientific literature on the impact of GM crops was analyzed for potential unanticipated adverse effects on the soil ecosystem. The idea behind this is that the soil processes and/or taxa that are sensitive to GM crops will be useful indicators for GS. Given the currently available methodological tools and the necessary knowledge of the normal variability of the soil ecosystem the development of a functional GS system for the soil ecosystem provides major challenges. Our surveillance of scientific literature revealed only very few and small unexpected effects of GM crops on the soil ecosystem. Based on the outcome of effects observed for GM crops in field studies only a limited number of indicators could be proposed, such as breakdown of organic material and changes in the nematode community. We suggest the incorporation of these indicators in a GS system. Depending on the development of tools to study arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi adequately in a GS system, this group could be an additional indicator for a future GS system. Based on the complexity of detecting unexpected effects of GM cultivation, we propose to combine data obtained with these indicators with information of existing monitoring networks and the use of other tools for surveillance.
F 1 C fimbriae allow uropathogenic Escherichia coli to adhere to specific epithelial surfaces. Th... more F 1 C fimbriae allow uropathogenic Escherichia coli to adhere to specific epithelial surfaces. This adhesive property is probably due to the presence of minor fimbrial components in F1C fimbriae. The foe gene cluster encoding F1C fimbriae has been cloned, as described previously. Here we present the nucleotide sequence (2081 bp) coding for the F 1 C minor fimbria I subunits. The structural genes code for polypeptides of 175 (FocF), 166 (FocG), and 300 (FocH) amino acids. The deduced amino acids of the F 1 C minor subunits were compared with the reported sequences of the minor subunits of other types of fimbriae. The data show that the Foc minor subunits are highly homologous to the corresponding Sfa proteins, whereas homology to the minor subunits of type 1 and P fimbriae is much lower.
Chromosomal E. coli DNA appears to be sensitive towards in vivo DNA restriction when transformed ... more Chromosomal E. coli DNA appears to be sensitive towards in vivo DNA restriction when transformed to a restrictive E. coli recipient. It is therefore concluded that transforming chromosomal donor DNA is present in a double-stranded form immediately after uptake. Genetic analysis of E. coli transformants, obtained with UV-irradiated donor DNA under conditions that exclude photorepair, show, especially in a uvrB recipient, loss of donor DNA information compared with the situation where DNA was not subjected to UV-irradiation. Similar conclusions were arrived at after genetic analysis of transductants obtained with UV-irradiated particles of the generalized transducing phage P i. The processing in E. coli of DNA after P i transduction is thus similar to that of transforming DNA. The observations are discussed and a possible explanation based on single-stranded DNA integration is presented in detail.
The genes responsible for the formation of the F7 (2) fimbriae of the uropathogenic E. coli strai... more The genes responsible for the formation of the F7 (2) fimbriae of the uropathogenic E. coli strain AD110 (O6:K2:H1: F7 ) have been cloned on the recombinant plasmid pPIL110 -35 (Van Die et al. 1983). The F7 (2) fimbriae, like the F7 (1) fimbriae of AD110 , are responsible for mannose resistant haemagglutination ( MRHA ). The molecular organisation of the genes of pPIL110 -35 involved in the expression of MRHA was studied by: (a) analysis of transposon gamma delta and Tn5 insertion mutants. Mutations that cause an MRHA -deficient phenotype were located in discrete groups within an 11.5 kb restriction fragment of pPIL110 -35, separated by insertion mutations that do not inactivate MRHA . (b) complementation experiments. Restriction fragments of pPIL110 -35 subcloned in the vector pBR322 were tested for their ability to complement transposon insertion mutations in the corresponding regions of pPIL110 -35. Five complementation groups were distinguished. Five genes (designated A-E) involved in the expression of MRHA can be distinguished by these results. The products of these genes were analysed in minicells. The results indicate that gene B codes for a 75 K dalton protein, gene C for a 23 K dalton protein and gene E for a 36 K dalton protein. No product of gene D was observed. Gene A probably codes for the 17 K dalton subunit polypeptide of the F7 (2) fimbriae, as will be discussed.
The genes responsible for expression of type 1C fimbriae have been cloned from the uropathogenic ... more The genes responsible for expression of type 1C fimbriae have been cloned from the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain AD110 in the plasmid vector pACYC184. Analysis of deletion mutants from these plasmids showed that a 7-kb DNA fragment was required for biosynthesis of 1C fimbriae. Further analysis of this DNA fragment showed that four genes are present encoding proteins of 16, 18.5, 21 and 89 kDal. A DNA fragment encoding the 16-kDal fimbrial subunit has been cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and of the C- and N-terminal flanking regions was determined. The structural gene codes for a polypeptide of 181 amino acids, including a 24-residue N-terminal signal sequence. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the 1C subunit gene were compared with the sequences of the fimA gene, encoding the type 1 fimbrial subunit of E. coli K-12. The data show absolute homology at the N- and C-termini; there is less, but significant homology in the region between the N- and C-termini. Comparison of the amino acid compositions of the 1C and FimA subunit proteins with those of the F72 and PapA proteins (subunits for P-fimbriae) revealed that homology between these two sets of fimbrial subunits is also maximal at the N- and C-termini.
The cloned DNA fragment encoding the F7, timbrial subunit from the uropathogenic Exherichia coli ... more The cloned DNA fragment encoding the F7, timbrial subunit from the uropathogenic Exherichia coli strain AD1 10 has been identified. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and of 196 bp of the noncoding region preceding the gene was determined. The structural gene codes for a polypeptide of 188 amino acid residues, including a 2 l-residue N-terminal signal sequence. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the F7, gene were compared with the reported sequences of the pupA gene (Baga et al., 1984). Both genes code for subunits of fimbriae that are involved in mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) of human erythrocytes. The available data show that there is absolute homology between the noncoding regions preceding both genes over 129 bp. The two proteins are homologous at the N terminus and C terminus; there is less, but significant, homology in the region between the N and C termini.
... ELSEVIER Veterinary Microbiology 48 (1996) 5771 veterinary microbiology Isolation and charact... more ... ELSEVIER Veterinary Microbiology 48 (1996) 5771 veterinary microbiology Isolation and characterisation of dog uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis strains Wim Gaastra a.*, Robert AA van Oosterom b, Eef WJ Pieters a, Hans ... Peerbooms, PGH, AMJJ Verwey and DM MacLaren. ...
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1979
... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total le... more ... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total length of ... cGGc 3'- CTAGC~TCCATAATTTTTCT,TCTAGA,TAAATAAATC C~CTAGA,CAAGATAACACTAG~ GAATAATCC TAGC GTGAC GGGACACCTATTGTTCCTAGGCC,G Barn HI Bgl ...
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1979
... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total le... more ... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total length of ... cGGc 3'- CTAGC~TCCATAATTTTTCT,TCTAGA,TAAATAAATC C~CTAGA,CAAGATAACACTAG~ GAATAATCC TAGC GTGAC GGGACACCTATTGTTCCTAGGCC,G Barn HI Bgl ...
A number of requirements have to be met by a plasmid to be a useful cloning vector, suitable for ... more A number of requirements have to be met by a plasmid to be a useful cloning vector, suitable for the introduction of cloned DNA into a bacterial cell. Since the efficiency of transformation of bacterial cells drops drastically when plasmids larger than 15 kb are used, the size of the cloning vector should be small, preferably 3–4 kb. In this way foreign DNA fragments of 10–12 kb can be accommodated. Cloning vectors should contain an origin of replication that operates in the organism into which one wishes to introduce the cloned DNA. Furthermore the plasmid should contain a gene that can serve as a selectable marker for cells that have been transformed — for example, a gene encoding antibiotic resistance. Finally the plasmid should have one or several unique recognition sites for restriction enzymes, not located in essential regions of the plasmid.
Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbri... more Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbrillin genes are described. The results show that mutations in the hypervariable regions of the fimbrillin can be made without abolishing the ability of these fimbrillins to assemble into filaments. The mutant fimbriae show binding patterns with specific monoclonal antibodies that differed from those of the corresponding wild-type fimbriae. These results confirm that antigenic determinants of the P-fimbriae are, at least partly, located in the hypervariable regions, and suggest that more than one antigenic determinant is involved in the F71 and Fll specificity.
Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbri... more Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbrillin genes are described. The results show that mutations in the hypervariable regions of the fimbrillin can be made without abolishing the ability of these fimbrillins to assemble into filaments. The mutant fimbriae show binding patterns with specific monoclonal antibodies that differed from those of the corresponding wild-type fimbriae. These results confirm that antigenic determinants of the P-fimbriae are, at least partly, located in the hypervariable regions, and suggest that more than one antigenic determinant is involved in the F71 and Fll specificity.
Het RIVM heeft onderzocht welke indicatoren het meest geschikt zijn om onverwachte effecten van g... more Het RIVM heeft onderzocht welke indicatoren het meest geschikt zijn om onverwachte effecten van genetisch gemodificeerde (GM) gewassen op de bodem aan te geven. Daaruit blijkt dat een beperkt aantal processen en organismen dat iets kan zeggen over de gesteldheid van de bodem wordt beinvloed door GM-gewassen. Processen als het gehalte aan organisch stof en de mate waarin dat wordt afgebroken, de aanwezigheid van een bepaalde groep aaltjes en bodemschimmels kunnen daardoor als indicator worden gebruikt. Europese regelgeving stelt General Surveillance (GS), een nog te ontwikkelen systeem om het milieu te monitoren, verplicht als GM-gewassen tot de markt worden toegelaten. Het is echter nog niet duidelijk hoe een dergelijk General Surveillance systeem dient te worden opgezet en welke indicatoren het beste kunnen worden gekozen. Om geschikte indicatoren voor de bodem te vinden zijn in de literatuur de effecten van GMgewassen op het bodemsysteem onderzocht. De gerapporteerde effecten bleken vaak beperkt en van korte duur. Bovendien kan niet worden beoordeeld of deze effecten negatief zijn. In alle gevallen bleken de effecten van de gewone landbouwpraktijk, zoals ploegen en andere gewassoorten op de bodem telen, groter dan de effecten van GM-gewassen. Op basis van deze bevindingen zijn de bovengenoemde indicatoren voor de bodem aanbevolen voor General Surveillance.
The hybrid plasmid pLC44-11 from the Clarke and Carbon collection, which was known to carry the p... more The hybrid plasmid pLC44-11 from the Clarke and Carbon collection, which was known to carry the proA gene, was shown also to contain the phoE gene. In vitro recombination techniques were used to subclone a 4.9-kilobase-pair DNA fragment of pLC44-11 into the plasmid vectors pACYC184 and pBR322. Expression of this fragment in a minicell system showed that it codes for the PhoE protein and for polypeptides with apparent molecular weights of 47,000 and 17,000. These results supply definite proof for the earlier supposition that the phoE gene is the structural gene for the outer membrane PhoE protein. Overproduction of the PhoE protein in a phoS strain resulted in reduced amounts of OmpF and LamB proteins.
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals), Jul 1, 2011
EU Directive 2001/18/EC prescribes that genetically modified (GM) crops approved for cultivation ... more EU Directive 2001/18/EC prescribes that genetically modified (GM) crops approved for cultivation should be submitted to General Surveillance (GS) in order to detect unanticipated adverse environmental effects. However, the modalities of GS are not clear and the Directive does not provide sufficient guidance. In the Netherlands, possibilities for setting up so-called above-and below-ground GS systems are explored. In this study issues regarding the development of a GS program for the soil ecosystem, are discussed. As a first step, the currently available scientific literature on the impact of GM crops was analyzed for potential unanticipated adverse effects on the soil ecosystem. The idea behind this is that the soil processes and/or taxa that are sensitive to GM crops will be useful indicators for GS. Given the currently available methodological tools and the necessary knowledge of the normal variability of the soil ecosystem the development of a functional GS system for the soil ecosystem provides major challenges. Our surveillance of scientific literature revealed only very few and small unexpected effects of GM crops on the soil ecosystem. Based on the outcome of effects observed for GM crops in field studies only a limited number of indicators could be proposed, such as breakdown of organic material and changes in the nematode community. We suggest the incorporation of these indicators in a GS system. Depending on the development of tools to study arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi adequately in a GS system, this group could be an additional indicator for a future GS system. Based on the complexity of detecting unexpected effects of GM cultivation, we propose to combine data obtained with these indicators with information of existing monitoring networks and the use of other tools for surveillance.
F 1 C fimbriae allow uropathogenic Escherichia coli to adhere to specific epithelial surfaces. Th... more F 1 C fimbriae allow uropathogenic Escherichia coli to adhere to specific epithelial surfaces. This adhesive property is probably due to the presence of minor fimbrial components in F1C fimbriae. The foe gene cluster encoding F1C fimbriae has been cloned, as described previously. Here we present the nucleotide sequence (2081 bp) coding for the F 1 C minor fimbria I subunits. The structural genes code for polypeptides of 175 (FocF), 166 (FocG), and 300 (FocH) amino acids. The deduced amino acids of the F 1 C minor subunits were compared with the reported sequences of the minor subunits of other types of fimbriae. The data show that the Foc minor subunits are highly homologous to the corresponding Sfa proteins, whereas homology to the minor subunits of type 1 and P fimbriae is much lower.
Chromosomal E. coli DNA appears to be sensitive towards in vivo DNA restriction when transformed ... more Chromosomal E. coli DNA appears to be sensitive towards in vivo DNA restriction when transformed to a restrictive E. coli recipient. It is therefore concluded that transforming chromosomal donor DNA is present in a double-stranded form immediately after uptake. Genetic analysis of E. coli transformants, obtained with UV-irradiated donor DNA under conditions that exclude photorepair, show, especially in a uvrB recipient, loss of donor DNA information compared with the situation where DNA was not subjected to UV-irradiation. Similar conclusions were arrived at after genetic analysis of transductants obtained with UV-irradiated particles of the generalized transducing phage P i. The processing in E. coli of DNA after P i transduction is thus similar to that of transforming DNA. The observations are discussed and a possible explanation based on single-stranded DNA integration is presented in detail.
The genes responsible for the formation of the F7 (2) fimbriae of the uropathogenic E. coli strai... more The genes responsible for the formation of the F7 (2) fimbriae of the uropathogenic E. coli strain AD110 (O6:K2:H1: F7 ) have been cloned on the recombinant plasmid pPIL110 -35 (Van Die et al. 1983). The F7 (2) fimbriae, like the F7 (1) fimbriae of AD110 , are responsible for mannose resistant haemagglutination ( MRHA ). The molecular organisation of the genes of pPIL110 -35 involved in the expression of MRHA was studied by: (a) analysis of transposon gamma delta and Tn5 insertion mutants. Mutations that cause an MRHA -deficient phenotype were located in discrete groups within an 11.5 kb restriction fragment of pPIL110 -35, separated by insertion mutations that do not inactivate MRHA . (b) complementation experiments. Restriction fragments of pPIL110 -35 subcloned in the vector pBR322 were tested for their ability to complement transposon insertion mutations in the corresponding regions of pPIL110 -35. Five complementation groups were distinguished. Five genes (designated A-E) involved in the expression of MRHA can be distinguished by these results. The products of these genes were analysed in minicells. The results indicate that gene B codes for a 75 K dalton protein, gene C for a 23 K dalton protein and gene E for a 36 K dalton protein. No product of gene D was observed. Gene A probably codes for the 17 K dalton subunit polypeptide of the F7 (2) fimbriae, as will be discussed.
The genes responsible for expression of type 1C fimbriae have been cloned from the uropathogenic ... more The genes responsible for expression of type 1C fimbriae have been cloned from the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain AD110 in the plasmid vector pACYC184. Analysis of deletion mutants from these plasmids showed that a 7-kb DNA fragment was required for biosynthesis of 1C fimbriae. Further analysis of this DNA fragment showed that four genes are present encoding proteins of 16, 18.5, 21 and 89 kDal. A DNA fragment encoding the 16-kDal fimbrial subunit has been cloned. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and of the C- and N-terminal flanking regions was determined. The structural gene codes for a polypeptide of 181 amino acids, including a 24-residue N-terminal signal sequence. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the 1C subunit gene were compared with the sequences of the fimA gene, encoding the type 1 fimbrial subunit of E. coli K-12. The data show absolute homology at the N- and C-termini; there is less, but significant homology in the region between the N- and C-termini. Comparison of the amino acid compositions of the 1C and FimA subunit proteins with those of the F72 and PapA proteins (subunits for P-fimbriae) revealed that homology between these two sets of fimbrial subunits is also maximal at the N- and C-termini.
The cloned DNA fragment encoding the F7, timbrial subunit from the uropathogenic Exherichia coli ... more The cloned DNA fragment encoding the F7, timbrial subunit from the uropathogenic Exherichia coli strain AD1 10 has been identified. The nucleotide sequence of the structural gene and of 196 bp of the noncoding region preceding the gene was determined. The structural gene codes for a polypeptide of 188 amino acid residues, including a 2 l-residue N-terminal signal sequence. The nucleotide sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence of the F7, gene were compared with the reported sequences of the pupA gene (Baga et al., 1984). Both genes code for subunits of fimbriae that are involved in mannose-resistant hemagglutination (MRHA) of human erythrocytes. The available data show that there is absolute homology between the noncoding regions preceding both genes over 129 bp. The two proteins are homologous at the N terminus and C terminus; there is less, but significant, homology in the region between the N and C termini.
... ELSEVIER Veterinary Microbiology 48 (1996) 5771 veterinary microbiology Isolation and charact... more ... ELSEVIER Veterinary Microbiology 48 (1996) 5771 veterinary microbiology Isolation and characterisation of dog uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis strains Wim Gaastra a.*, Robert AA van Oosterom b, Eef WJ Pieters a, Hans ... Peerbooms, PGH, AMJJ Verwey and DM MacLaren. ...
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1979
... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total le... more ... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total length of ... cGGc 3'- CTAGC~TCCATAATTTTTCT,TCTAGA,TAAATAAATC C~CTAGA,CAAGATAACACTAG~ GAATAATCC TAGC GTGAC GGGACACCTATTGTTCCTAGGCC,G Barn HI Bgl ...
Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, 1979
... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total le... more ... The direction and extent to which sequences were read are indicated in Figure 2. The total length of ... cGGc 3'- CTAGC~TCCATAATTTTTCT,TCTAGA,TAAATAAATC C~CTAGA,CAAGATAACACTAG~ GAATAATCC TAGC GTGAC GGGACACCTATTGTTCCTAGGCC,G Barn HI Bgl ...
A number of requirements have to be met by a plasmid to be a useful cloning vector, suitable for ... more A number of requirements have to be met by a plasmid to be a useful cloning vector, suitable for the introduction of cloned DNA into a bacterial cell. Since the efficiency of transformation of bacterial cells drops drastically when plasmids larger than 15 kb are used, the size of the cloning vector should be small, preferably 3–4 kb. In this way foreign DNA fragments of 10–12 kb can be accommodated. Cloning vectors should contain an origin of replication that operates in the organism into which one wishes to introduce the cloned DNA. Furthermore the plasmid should contain a gene that can serve as a selectable marker for cells that have been transformed — for example, a gene encoding antibiotic resistance. Finally the plasmid should have one or several unique recognition sites for restriction enzymes, not located in essential regions of the plasmid.
Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbri... more Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbrillin genes are described. The results show that mutations in the hypervariable regions of the fimbrillin can be made without abolishing the ability of these fimbrillins to assemble into filaments. The mutant fimbriae show binding patterns with specific monoclonal antibodies that differed from those of the corresponding wild-type fimbriae. These results confirm that antigenic determinants of the P-fimbriae are, at least partly, located in the hypervariable regions, and suggest that more than one antigenic determinant is involved in the F71 and Fll specificity.
Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbri... more Construction and analysis of mutations in the hypervariable regions of the F7~, F9 and Fll fimbrillin genes are described. The results show that mutations in the hypervariable regions of the fimbrillin can be made without abolishing the ability of these fimbrillins to assemble into filaments. The mutant fimbriae show binding patterns with specific monoclonal antibodies that differed from those of the corresponding wild-type fimbriae. These results confirm that antigenic determinants of the P-fimbriae are, at least partly, located in the hypervariable regions, and suggest that more than one antigenic determinant is involved in the F71 and Fll specificity.
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Papers by Hans Bergmans