The theme of this year's workshop, involving the integration of concepts from Systems, Human-Mach... more The theme of this year's workshop, involving the integration of concepts from Systems, Human-Machine Systems, and Cybernetics at large, is:
Dramatic cost savings, safety improvements and accelerated nuclear decommissioning are all possib... more Dramatic cost savings, safety improvements and accelerated nuclear decommissioning are all possible through the application of robotic solutions. Remotely-controlled systems with modern sensing capabilities, actuators and cutting tools have the potential for use in extremely hazardous environments, but operation in facilities used for handling radioactive material presents complex challenges for electronic components. We present a methodology and results obtained from testing in a radiation cell in which we demonstrate the operation of a robotic arm controlled using modern electronics exposed at 10 Gy/h to simulate radioactive conditions in the most hazardous nuclear waste handling facilities.
This paper presents the algorithms in detecting trace materials on fingerprints using a multi-wav... more This paper presents the algorithms in detecting trace materials on fingerprints using a multi-wavelength UV camera. We evaluate two competitive approaches: The error diffusion neural network (EDN) and orthogonal space projection (OSP).
OFC 2001. Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibit. Technical Digest Postconference Edition (IEEE Cat. 01CH37171), 2001
ABSTRACT An array of low-resolution quantizers embedded in a distributed mesh architecture is sho... more ABSTRACT An array of low-resolution quantizers embedded in a distributed mesh architecture is shown to provide improved performance while reducing the effects of component mismatch. A photonic approach is described which incorporates a modelocked laser, interferometer, and a smart pixel array.
Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, 2003
A method for introducing undergraduates to graduate-level research in electrical engineering is p... more A method for introducing undergraduates to graduate-level research in electrical engineering is presented. The three-phase, year-long program involves extension of analytical theory from core and elective courses to a specialized research problem, construction and validation of numerical simulation techniques, and conduct of the experiment, with emphasis on analysis of results.
A smart pixel hardware implementation of the error diffusion neural network provides the potentia... more A smart pixel hardware implementation of the error diffusion neural network provides the potential to simultaneously leverage the computational complexity of electronic circuitry and the parallelism and high-speed switching of optics and photonics, respectively. This chapter describes one approach to photonic-based hardware for implementing the error diffusion neural network described previously in Chap. 7. The goal of this research is to produce a fast, massively parallel hardware implementation of the error diffusion algorithm which provides the capability of producing high-quality, real-time halftoned images and provide the foundation for other photonic-based A/D converters to be described later in Chap. 9. Recently, we have investigated several different approaches to the smart pixel implementation of the error diffusion neural network. These included ELO employing resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) LEDs on silicon VLSI circuitry, Epitaxy-on-Electronics (EoE) integrating InGaP LEDs with GaAs circuitry [167], SEED MQW modulators flip-chip bonded to silicon VLSI circuitry [168], and both analog [169] and digital versions of LCOS.
We report a hardware approach to implement an error-diffusion neural network for image halftoning... more We report a hardware approach to implement an error-diffusion neural network for image halftoning. We present simulation and experimental results using modified current-starved comparator based quantizers with forty-fold reduction in pixel current over previous designs.
A system-based introductory photonics engineering course which is structured around an operationa... more A system-based introductory photonics engineering course which is structured around an operational optical communication system provides just-in-time, inquiry-based learning that maintains academic performance and material comprehension while substantially improving student motivation and intellectual curiosity.
International Conference on Image Processing, 1994
A novel technique for digital image halftoning is proposed based on a symmetric error diffusion a... more A novel technique for digital image halftoning is proposed based on a symmetric error diffusion algorithm and an optical realization of a neural network. Using this approach, all pixel quantization decisions are computed in parallel and therefore the diffusion filter need not be causal. Visual artifacts resulting from the causality of the diffusion filter are reduced and therefore halftoned image
The traditional approach to undergraduate engineering course design is to first present underlyin... more The traditional approach to undergraduate engineering course design is to first present underlying theoretical concepts in the course curriculum and then subsequently apply these theoretical concepts to system-level applications. A traditional photonics engineering course, for example, first reviews electromagnetic field theory, addressing essential concepts from geometrical and wave optics followed by an investigation of the interaction of photons with materials. Building upon these fundamental principles, the students then study the operating principles and design considerations of photoemitters, photodetectors, optical waveguides, and optical modulators. Individual devices are then combined in the design, construction and testing of a system - an example being a fiber optic communication link. This approach is often frustrating for the students because it is the applications that motivated them to study the subject and in many cases they have lost focus and interest well-before t...
Abstract: The amount of time and effort devoted to research by the faculty at the United States M... more Abstract: The amount of time and effort devoted to research by the faculty at the United States Military Academy has been increasing over the past 20 years. Commensurately, the funding received by the departments and the research centers of excellence has grown ...
ABSTRACT In an oversampled A/D converter, oversampling, negative feedback, and linear filtering t... more ABSTRACT In an oversampled A/D converter, oversampling, negative feedback, and linear filtering techniques are used to trade sampling speed for improved amplitude resolution. In order to achieve higher resolution with this type of converter, a higher-order noise shaping filter is required. However, as a result of the negative feedback architecture, higher-order filters can cause limit cycle oscillations and therefore instabilities in the converter. Cascaded oversampling modulators offer a means of achieving higher resolution without the stability problems associated with single-loop modulators. The feasibility of a two-stage cascaded optical oversampled modulator is investigated and found to provide second-order performance with relatively modest constraints on stage-to-stage matching tolerances.
A short review of smart pixel technology is followed by an application of one specific smart pixe... more A short review of smart pixel technology is followed by an application of one specific smart pixel technology to a 2D application of analog-to-digital conversion called digital image halftoning. A novel approach to digital image halftoning is described based on a symmetric error diffusion algorithm, a new form of artificial neural network called an error diffusion neural network, and a
Smart pixel technology provides a promising technological alternative for the implementation of t... more Smart pixel technology provides a promising technological alternative for the implementation of the error diffusion network (EDN) because optical input, electronic processing, and optical output are integrated in a single array. While current smart pixel technology could support 256×256 array sizes, it is of interest to investigate partitioning approaches which use smaller physical array sizes to achieve the same functionality and performance as larger arrays. One approach to this partitioning is to divide a large image into smaller sub-images, multiplex these sub-images into a small smart pixel EDN, and then demultiplex the partitions into the resulting full-sized image. This concept is demonstrated
ABSTRACT Two-dimensional (2-D) multi-channel 8x8 optical interconnect and processor system were d... more ABSTRACT Two-dimensional (2-D) multi-channel 8x8 optical interconnect and processor system were designed and developed using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) driven 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays and the photodetector (PD) arrays with corresponding wavelengths. We performed operation and bit-error-rate (BER) analysis on this free-space integrated 8x8 VCSEL optical interconnects driven by silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) circuits. Pseudo-random bit stream (PRBS) data sequence was used in operation of the interconnects. Eye diagrams were measured from individual channels and analyzed using a digital oscilloscope at data rates from 155 Mb/s to 1.5 Gb/s. Using a statistical model of Gaussian distribution for the random noise in the transmission, we developed a method to compute the BER instantaneously with the digital eye-diagrams. Direct measurements on this interconnects were also taken on a standard BER tester for verification. We found that the results of two methods were in the same order and within 50% accuracy. The integrated interconnects were investigated in an optoelectronic processing architecture of digital halftoning image processor. Error diffusion networks implemented by the inherently parallel nature of photonics promise to provide high quality digital halftoned images.
The theme of this year's workshop, involving the integration of concepts from Systems, Human-Mach... more The theme of this year's workshop, involving the integration of concepts from Systems, Human-Machine Systems, and Cybernetics at large, is:
Dramatic cost savings, safety improvements and accelerated nuclear decommissioning are all possib... more Dramatic cost savings, safety improvements and accelerated nuclear decommissioning are all possible through the application of robotic solutions. Remotely-controlled systems with modern sensing capabilities, actuators and cutting tools have the potential for use in extremely hazardous environments, but operation in facilities used for handling radioactive material presents complex challenges for electronic components. We present a methodology and results obtained from testing in a radiation cell in which we demonstrate the operation of a robotic arm controlled using modern electronics exposed at 10 Gy/h to simulate radioactive conditions in the most hazardous nuclear waste handling facilities.
This paper presents the algorithms in detecting trace materials on fingerprints using a multi-wav... more This paper presents the algorithms in detecting trace materials on fingerprints using a multi-wavelength UV camera. We evaluate two competitive approaches: The error diffusion neural network (EDN) and orthogonal space projection (OSP).
OFC 2001. Optical Fiber Communication Conference and Exhibit. Technical Digest Postconference Edition (IEEE Cat. 01CH37171), 2001
ABSTRACT An array of low-resolution quantizers embedded in a distributed mesh architecture is sho... more ABSTRACT An array of low-resolution quantizers embedded in a distributed mesh architecture is shown to provide improved performance while reducing the effects of component mismatch. A photonic approach is described which incorporates a modelocked laser, interferometer, and a smart pixel array.
Education and Training in Optics and Photonics, 2003
A method for introducing undergraduates to graduate-level research in electrical engineering is p... more A method for introducing undergraduates to graduate-level research in electrical engineering is presented. The three-phase, year-long program involves extension of analytical theory from core and elective courses to a specialized research problem, construction and validation of numerical simulation techniques, and conduct of the experiment, with emphasis on analysis of results.
A smart pixel hardware implementation of the error diffusion neural network provides the potentia... more A smart pixel hardware implementation of the error diffusion neural network provides the potential to simultaneously leverage the computational complexity of electronic circuitry and the parallelism and high-speed switching of optics and photonics, respectively. This chapter describes one approach to photonic-based hardware for implementing the error diffusion neural network described previously in Chap. 7. The goal of this research is to produce a fast, massively parallel hardware implementation of the error diffusion algorithm which provides the capability of producing high-quality, real-time halftoned images and provide the foundation for other photonic-based A/D converters to be described later in Chap. 9. Recently, we have investigated several different approaches to the smart pixel implementation of the error diffusion neural network. These included ELO employing resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) LEDs on silicon VLSI circuitry, Epitaxy-on-Electronics (EoE) integrating InGaP LEDs with GaAs circuitry [167], SEED MQW modulators flip-chip bonded to silicon VLSI circuitry [168], and both analog [169] and digital versions of LCOS.
We report a hardware approach to implement an error-diffusion neural network for image halftoning... more We report a hardware approach to implement an error-diffusion neural network for image halftoning. We present simulation and experimental results using modified current-starved comparator based quantizers with forty-fold reduction in pixel current over previous designs.
A system-based introductory photonics engineering course which is structured around an operationa... more A system-based introductory photonics engineering course which is structured around an operational optical communication system provides just-in-time, inquiry-based learning that maintains academic performance and material comprehension while substantially improving student motivation and intellectual curiosity.
International Conference on Image Processing, 1994
A novel technique for digital image halftoning is proposed based on a symmetric error diffusion a... more A novel technique for digital image halftoning is proposed based on a symmetric error diffusion algorithm and an optical realization of a neural network. Using this approach, all pixel quantization decisions are computed in parallel and therefore the diffusion filter need not be causal. Visual artifacts resulting from the causality of the diffusion filter are reduced and therefore halftoned image
The traditional approach to undergraduate engineering course design is to first present underlyin... more The traditional approach to undergraduate engineering course design is to first present underlying theoretical concepts in the course curriculum and then subsequently apply these theoretical concepts to system-level applications. A traditional photonics engineering course, for example, first reviews electromagnetic field theory, addressing essential concepts from geometrical and wave optics followed by an investigation of the interaction of photons with materials. Building upon these fundamental principles, the students then study the operating principles and design considerations of photoemitters, photodetectors, optical waveguides, and optical modulators. Individual devices are then combined in the design, construction and testing of a system - an example being a fiber optic communication link. This approach is often frustrating for the students because it is the applications that motivated them to study the subject and in many cases they have lost focus and interest well-before t...
Abstract: The amount of time and effort devoted to research by the faculty at the United States M... more Abstract: The amount of time and effort devoted to research by the faculty at the United States Military Academy has been increasing over the past 20 years. Commensurately, the funding received by the departments and the research centers of excellence has grown ...
ABSTRACT In an oversampled A/D converter, oversampling, negative feedback, and linear filtering t... more ABSTRACT In an oversampled A/D converter, oversampling, negative feedback, and linear filtering techniques are used to trade sampling speed for improved amplitude resolution. In order to achieve higher resolution with this type of converter, a higher-order noise shaping filter is required. However, as a result of the negative feedback architecture, higher-order filters can cause limit cycle oscillations and therefore instabilities in the converter. Cascaded oversampling modulators offer a means of achieving higher resolution without the stability problems associated with single-loop modulators. The feasibility of a two-stage cascaded optical oversampled modulator is investigated and found to provide second-order performance with relatively modest constraints on stage-to-stage matching tolerances.
A short review of smart pixel technology is followed by an application of one specific smart pixe... more A short review of smart pixel technology is followed by an application of one specific smart pixel technology to a 2D application of analog-to-digital conversion called digital image halftoning. A novel approach to digital image halftoning is described based on a symmetric error diffusion algorithm, a new form of artificial neural network called an error diffusion neural network, and a
Smart pixel technology provides a promising technological alternative for the implementation of t... more Smart pixel technology provides a promising technological alternative for the implementation of the error diffusion network (EDN) because optical input, electronic processing, and optical output are integrated in a single array. While current smart pixel technology could support 256×256 array sizes, it is of interest to investigate partitioning approaches which use smaller physical array sizes to achieve the same functionality and performance as larger arrays. One approach to this partitioning is to divide a large image into smaller sub-images, multiplex these sub-images into a small smart pixel EDN, and then demultiplex the partitions into the resulting full-sized image. This concept is demonstrated
ABSTRACT Two-dimensional (2-D) multi-channel 8x8 optical interconnect and processor system were d... more ABSTRACT Two-dimensional (2-D) multi-channel 8x8 optical interconnect and processor system were designed and developed using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) driven 850-nm vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) arrays and the photodetector (PD) arrays with corresponding wavelengths. We performed operation and bit-error-rate (BER) analysis on this free-space integrated 8x8 VCSEL optical interconnects driven by silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) circuits. Pseudo-random bit stream (PRBS) data sequence was used in operation of the interconnects. Eye diagrams were measured from individual channels and analyzed using a digital oscilloscope at data rates from 155 Mb/s to 1.5 Gb/s. Using a statistical model of Gaussian distribution for the random noise in the transmission, we developed a method to compute the BER instantaneously with the digital eye-diagrams. Direct measurements on this interconnects were also taken on a standard BER tester for verification. We found that the results of two methods were in the same order and within 50% accuracy. The integrated interconnects were investigated in an optoelectronic processing architecture of digital halftoning image processor. Error diffusion networks implemented by the inherently parallel nature of photonics promise to provide high quality digital halftoned images.
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Papers by Barry Shoop