... role of the convener, (c) implications of the collaboration for environmental complexity and ... more ... role of the convener, (c) implications of the collaboration for environmental complexity and participants ... Furthermore, they collectively provide insight into how a comprehensive theory of collaboration Donna J ... Barbara Gray is a professor in the Department of Management in the ...
Evaluation of intervention in environmental disputes has largely relied on retrospective approach... more Evaluation of intervention in environmental disputes has largely relied on retrospective approaches. These are summative in nature, usually conducted at the conclusion of the intervention effort, and sometimes after one or two years. Retrospective analyses can offer insight into whether or not an intervention process was successful on a number of important dimensions. For example, success can be assessed according to whether or not an agreement was reached and whether it was feasible and sustainable; how the decision-making process compared with other alternative processes; whether the agreed-upon actions were taken; whether adversarial relationships changed; to what extent parties were satisfied with process, representation, and outcome; whether parties' relationships improved, or at least did not worsen; and whether or not learning took place. 1 All of these kinds of assessments can be particularly beneficial to the stakeholders should they participate in subsequent intervention or consensusbuilding efforts. They provide cumulative insights for agencies and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) practitioners, and even for stakeholders who meet again. However, they do not offer participants an opportunity for reflection about a process in which they are currently engaged, and which could benefit from the evaluative information.
Using a microsociological lens, we develop a theoretical framework that explains how social class... more Using a microsociological lens, we develop a theoretical framework that explains how social class distinctions are sustained within organizations. In particular, we introduce the concept of "class work" and explicate the cognitions and practices that members of different classes engage in when they come in contact with each other in cross-class encounters. We also elucidate how class work perpetuates inequality, as well as the consequences of class work on organizations and those at the lower end of the organizational hierarchy. By examining microlevel interactions and how they become institutionalized within organizations as prevailing rules and practices, we contribute to both institutional theory and the sociology of social class differences. We encourage future research on social class and discuss some of the challenges inherent in conducting it.
While researchers have demonstrated that frames have profound effects on conflict and negotiation... more While researchers have demonstrated that frames have profound effects on conflict and negotiation processes and outcomes, the extant research on framing reflects a wide variety of approaches, resulting in conceptual confusion among researchers and practitioners. In this paper we disentangle these approaches by distinguishing them on two dimensions: (1) whether they adopt a cognitive or an interactional view on framing; and (2) whether they focus either on the framing of knowledge, relationships or interaction. We show how approaches differ in their theoretical assumptions and illustrate the different ways in which they deal with data. We conclude that a multi-perspective view rather than an integration view is preferred for valuing the respective contributions of these different approaches. Potential connections between the approaches are explored by focusing on the dynamic and social nature of cognitions and on the way frames in interaction assemble cognitive building blocks.
This article presents a model of the context of interorganizational collaboration. The model is m... more This article presents a model of the context of interorganizational collaboration. The model is made up of driving and restraining forces from both the competitive and institutional sectors of the organizational field surrounding the collaborative effort. A case study of an alliance among garment manufacturers, state agencies, and educational institutions shows that different elements of the organizational field become more
... theoretical perspectives are applied to explain collaboration and collaborative alliances: re... more ... theoretical perspectives are applied to explain collaboration and collaborative alliances: resource dependence theory; corporate social performance/institutional economics theory; strategic management/social ecology the-ory; microeconomics theory; institutional/negotiated ...
... Following the first-order analysis, we provide a second-order analysis that identifies specif... more ... Following the first-order analysis, we provide a second-order analysis that identifies specific man-agerial influence modes used during the ... as "the letter"in response to the bank's weak financial condition, which was at-tributed mainly to a series of poor investment decisions. ...
The computer with the electronic health record (EHR) is an additional &am... more The computer with the electronic health record (EHR) is an additional 'interactant' in the medical consultation, as clinicians must simultaneously or in alternation engage patient and computer to provide medical care. Few studies have examined how clinicians' EHR workflow (e.g., gaze, keyboard activity, and silence) influences the quality of their communication, the patient's involvement in the encounter, and conversational control of the visit. Twenty-three primary care providers (PCPs) from USA Veterans Administration (VA) primary care clinics participated in the study. Up to 6 patients per PCP were recruited. The proportion of time PCPs spent gazing at the computer was captured in real time via video-recording. Mouse click/scrolling activity was captured through Morae, a usability software that logs mouse clicks and scrolling activity. Conversational silence was coded as the proportion of time in the visit when PCP and patient were not talking. After the visit, patients completed patient satisfaction measures. Trained coders independently viewed videos of the interactions and rated the degree to which PCPs were patient-centered (informative, supportive, partnering) and patients were involved in the consultation. Conversational control was measured as the proportion of time the PCP held the floor compared to the patient. The final sample included 125 consultations. PCPs who spent more time in the consultation gazing at the computer and whose visits had more conversational silence were rated lower in patient-centeredness. PCPs controlled more of the talk time in the visits that also had longer periods of mutual silence. PCPs were rated as having less effective communication when they spent more time looking at the computer and when there was more periods of silence in the consultation. Because PCPs increasingly are using the EHR in their consultations, more research is needed to determine effective ways that they can verbally engage patients while simultaneously managing data in the EHR. EHR activity consumes an increasing proportion of clinicians' time during consultations. To ensure effective communication with their patients, clinicians may benefit from using communication strategies that maintain the flow of conversation when working with the computer, as well as from learning EHR management skills that prevent extended periods of gaze at computer and long periods of silence. Next-generation EHR design must address better usability and clinical workflow integration, including facilitating patient-clinician communication.
... 124 ORGANIZATION SCIENCE/Vol. 14, No. 2, March-April 2003 Page 3. KELLY A. MOLLICA, BARBARA G... more ... 124 ORGANIZATION SCIENCE/Vol. 14, No. 2, March-April 2003 Page 3. KELLY A. MOLLICA, BARBARA GRAY, AND LINDA K. TREVINO Racial Homophily and Its Persistence as race, ethnicity, religion, age, or gender (Tajfel and Turner 1986). ...
We analyzed employee resistance to an organizational change project in which employees were empow... more We analyzed employee resistance to an organizational change project in which employees were empowered to participate in the design of a new organizational structure. What emerged from our analysis was the importance of cognitive barriers to empowerment. Employees' resistance appeared to be motivated less by intentional self-interest than by the constraints of wellestablished, ingrained schemas. Resistance was also fueled by skepticism among the employees about management's commitment to the new decision-making schema, especially because employees judged managerial actions to be inconsistent with their new espoused framework. A grounded model of schema change is developed for changes in organizational decision-making schemas during empowerment efforts. Theoretical implications and suggestions for improving organizational change efforts are proposed.
The Asian American community has grown significantly in the United States during recent decades. ... more The Asian American community has grown significantly in the United States during recent decades. The culture of their countries of origin as well as the society in which they currently live plays a pivotal role in their reaction to mental health and illness. Mental health issues are increasingly evident in Asian American communities. The need for the delivery of culturally competent health care and mental health services is paramount. A culturally competent framework that includes the use of a cultural competence model for practice can guide the health care provider in the recognition of problems, particularly in the children of Asian American families.
Using a sample of 90 US-China manufacturing joint ventures, this study empirically tested a groun... more Using a sample of 90 US-China manufacturing joint ventures, this study empirically tested a grounded-theory model of the antecedents and the effects of the structure of parent management control in international joint ventures. The results suggest that competitive and cooperative dynamics occur simultaneously between joint venture partners. On one hand, the relative bargaining power between the partners, derived from the negotiation context and from contributing critical resources to the venture, respectively, is a determining factor in management control; and the level of operational control exercised by a partner over the venture has a positive effect on the extent to which this partner's strategic objectives are achieved. On the other hand, the quality of the interpartner working relationship was found to have a strong, positive relationship with the achievement of strategic objectives for both partners.
Adapting well-established organization theories to international joint ventures (IJVs), this pape... more Adapting well-established organization theories to international joint ventures (IJVs), this paper develops an overarching theoretical model of the determinants and effects of parent control of IJVs from an interpartner bargaining power perspective. Drawing upon power dependence, transaction costs, and agency theories, we argue that the relative bargaining power between IJV partners serves as the key determinant of control structure, and that control exerts a direct effect on the venture's performance. In addition, government influence and interpartner working relationship are critical factors that complicate the linkage between control and performance but may help to explain past conflicting results. Propositions regarding these relationships are formed for future empirical test, and implications and directions for future research are provided. D
Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2003
This article synthesizes and extends existing theories of how teams adopt and adapt to collaborat... more This article synthesizes and extends existing theories of how teams adopt and adapt to collaborative technology (CT) by recognizing misalignments between technology, task, organization, and the group (TTOG), and then devising appropriations to deal with them. Existing theories give inadequate attention to differences among team members in recognition of these misalignments, interpretation of their origin, proposed corrective actions, and reconciliation of differences. Lack of trust and increased diversity among team members exacerbate such differences. Propositions that relate to recognition of misalignments, and their reconciliation are developed. The capability to recognize and resolve differences is as important as eliminating or reducing misalignments themselves.
Scripts, a type of cognitive structure that retains knowledge of events for a particular context,... more Scripts, a type of cognitive structure that retains knowledge of events for a particular context, have been used to research recall and recognition tasks but have been largely neglected in the study of organizational settings. In this study the major focus is on the development of common scripts by organizational members for a frequently occurring organizational activity. This study demonstrates
... role of the convener, (c) implications of the collaboration for environmental complexity and ... more ... role of the convener, (c) implications of the collaboration for environmental complexity and participants ... Furthermore, they collectively provide insight into how a comprehensive theory of collaboration Donna J ... Barbara Gray is a professor in the Department of Management in the ...
Evaluation of intervention in environmental disputes has largely relied on retrospective approach... more Evaluation of intervention in environmental disputes has largely relied on retrospective approaches. These are summative in nature, usually conducted at the conclusion of the intervention effort, and sometimes after one or two years. Retrospective analyses can offer insight into whether or not an intervention process was successful on a number of important dimensions. For example, success can be assessed according to whether or not an agreement was reached and whether it was feasible and sustainable; how the decision-making process compared with other alternative processes; whether the agreed-upon actions were taken; whether adversarial relationships changed; to what extent parties were satisfied with process, representation, and outcome; whether parties' relationships improved, or at least did not worsen; and whether or not learning took place. 1 All of these kinds of assessments can be particularly beneficial to the stakeholders should they participate in subsequent intervention or consensusbuilding efforts. They provide cumulative insights for agencies and alternative dispute resolution (ADR) practitioners, and even for stakeholders who meet again. However, they do not offer participants an opportunity for reflection about a process in which they are currently engaged, and which could benefit from the evaluative information.
Using a microsociological lens, we develop a theoretical framework that explains how social class... more Using a microsociological lens, we develop a theoretical framework that explains how social class distinctions are sustained within organizations. In particular, we introduce the concept of "class work" and explicate the cognitions and practices that members of different classes engage in when they come in contact with each other in cross-class encounters. We also elucidate how class work perpetuates inequality, as well as the consequences of class work on organizations and those at the lower end of the organizational hierarchy. By examining microlevel interactions and how they become institutionalized within organizations as prevailing rules and practices, we contribute to both institutional theory and the sociology of social class differences. We encourage future research on social class and discuss some of the challenges inherent in conducting it.
While researchers have demonstrated that frames have profound effects on conflict and negotiation... more While researchers have demonstrated that frames have profound effects on conflict and negotiation processes and outcomes, the extant research on framing reflects a wide variety of approaches, resulting in conceptual confusion among researchers and practitioners. In this paper we disentangle these approaches by distinguishing them on two dimensions: (1) whether they adopt a cognitive or an interactional view on framing; and (2) whether they focus either on the framing of knowledge, relationships or interaction. We show how approaches differ in their theoretical assumptions and illustrate the different ways in which they deal with data. We conclude that a multi-perspective view rather than an integration view is preferred for valuing the respective contributions of these different approaches. Potential connections between the approaches are explored by focusing on the dynamic and social nature of cognitions and on the way frames in interaction assemble cognitive building blocks.
This article presents a model of the context of interorganizational collaboration. The model is m... more This article presents a model of the context of interorganizational collaboration. The model is made up of driving and restraining forces from both the competitive and institutional sectors of the organizational field surrounding the collaborative effort. A case study of an alliance among garment manufacturers, state agencies, and educational institutions shows that different elements of the organizational field become more
... theoretical perspectives are applied to explain collaboration and collaborative alliances: re... more ... theoretical perspectives are applied to explain collaboration and collaborative alliances: resource dependence theory; corporate social performance/institutional economics theory; strategic management/social ecology the-ory; microeconomics theory; institutional/negotiated ...
... Following the first-order analysis, we provide a second-order analysis that identifies specif... more ... Following the first-order analysis, we provide a second-order analysis that identifies specific man-agerial influence modes used during the ... as "the letter"in response to the bank's weak financial condition, which was at-tributed mainly to a series of poor investment decisions. ...
The computer with the electronic health record (EHR) is an additional &am... more The computer with the electronic health record (EHR) is an additional 'interactant' in the medical consultation, as clinicians must simultaneously or in alternation engage patient and computer to provide medical care. Few studies have examined how clinicians' EHR workflow (e.g., gaze, keyboard activity, and silence) influences the quality of their communication, the patient's involvement in the encounter, and conversational control of the visit. Twenty-three primary care providers (PCPs) from USA Veterans Administration (VA) primary care clinics participated in the study. Up to 6 patients per PCP were recruited. The proportion of time PCPs spent gazing at the computer was captured in real time via video-recording. Mouse click/scrolling activity was captured through Morae, a usability software that logs mouse clicks and scrolling activity. Conversational silence was coded as the proportion of time in the visit when PCP and patient were not talking. After the visit, patients completed patient satisfaction measures. Trained coders independently viewed videos of the interactions and rated the degree to which PCPs were patient-centered (informative, supportive, partnering) and patients were involved in the consultation. Conversational control was measured as the proportion of time the PCP held the floor compared to the patient. The final sample included 125 consultations. PCPs who spent more time in the consultation gazing at the computer and whose visits had more conversational silence were rated lower in patient-centeredness. PCPs controlled more of the talk time in the visits that also had longer periods of mutual silence. PCPs were rated as having less effective communication when they spent more time looking at the computer and when there was more periods of silence in the consultation. Because PCPs increasingly are using the EHR in their consultations, more research is needed to determine effective ways that they can verbally engage patients while simultaneously managing data in the EHR. EHR activity consumes an increasing proportion of clinicians' time during consultations. To ensure effective communication with their patients, clinicians may benefit from using communication strategies that maintain the flow of conversation when working with the computer, as well as from learning EHR management skills that prevent extended periods of gaze at computer and long periods of silence. Next-generation EHR design must address better usability and clinical workflow integration, including facilitating patient-clinician communication.
... 124 ORGANIZATION SCIENCE/Vol. 14, No. 2, March-April 2003 Page 3. KELLY A. MOLLICA, BARBARA G... more ... 124 ORGANIZATION SCIENCE/Vol. 14, No. 2, March-April 2003 Page 3. KELLY A. MOLLICA, BARBARA GRAY, AND LINDA K. TREVINO Racial Homophily and Its Persistence as race, ethnicity, religion, age, or gender (Tajfel and Turner 1986). ...
We analyzed employee resistance to an organizational change project in which employees were empow... more We analyzed employee resistance to an organizational change project in which employees were empowered to participate in the design of a new organizational structure. What emerged from our analysis was the importance of cognitive barriers to empowerment. Employees' resistance appeared to be motivated less by intentional self-interest than by the constraints of wellestablished, ingrained schemas. Resistance was also fueled by skepticism among the employees about management's commitment to the new decision-making schema, especially because employees judged managerial actions to be inconsistent with their new espoused framework. A grounded model of schema change is developed for changes in organizational decision-making schemas during empowerment efforts. Theoretical implications and suggestions for improving organizational change efforts are proposed.
The Asian American community has grown significantly in the United States during recent decades. ... more The Asian American community has grown significantly in the United States during recent decades. The culture of their countries of origin as well as the society in which they currently live plays a pivotal role in their reaction to mental health and illness. Mental health issues are increasingly evident in Asian American communities. The need for the delivery of culturally competent health care and mental health services is paramount. A culturally competent framework that includes the use of a cultural competence model for practice can guide the health care provider in the recognition of problems, particularly in the children of Asian American families.
Using a sample of 90 US-China manufacturing joint ventures, this study empirically tested a groun... more Using a sample of 90 US-China manufacturing joint ventures, this study empirically tested a grounded-theory model of the antecedents and the effects of the structure of parent management control in international joint ventures. The results suggest that competitive and cooperative dynamics occur simultaneously between joint venture partners. On one hand, the relative bargaining power between the partners, derived from the negotiation context and from contributing critical resources to the venture, respectively, is a determining factor in management control; and the level of operational control exercised by a partner over the venture has a positive effect on the extent to which this partner's strategic objectives are achieved. On the other hand, the quality of the interpartner working relationship was found to have a strong, positive relationship with the achievement of strategic objectives for both partners.
Adapting well-established organization theories to international joint ventures (IJVs), this pape... more Adapting well-established organization theories to international joint ventures (IJVs), this paper develops an overarching theoretical model of the determinants and effects of parent control of IJVs from an interpartner bargaining power perspective. Drawing upon power dependence, transaction costs, and agency theories, we argue that the relative bargaining power between IJV partners serves as the key determinant of control structure, and that control exerts a direct effect on the venture's performance. In addition, government influence and interpartner working relationship are critical factors that complicate the linkage between control and performance but may help to explain past conflicting results. Propositions regarding these relationships are formed for future empirical test, and implications and directions for future research are provided. D
Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 2003
This article synthesizes and extends existing theories of how teams adopt and adapt to collaborat... more This article synthesizes and extends existing theories of how teams adopt and adapt to collaborative technology (CT) by recognizing misalignments between technology, task, organization, and the group (TTOG), and then devising appropriations to deal with them. Existing theories give inadequate attention to differences among team members in recognition of these misalignments, interpretation of their origin, proposed corrective actions, and reconciliation of differences. Lack of trust and increased diversity among team members exacerbate such differences. Propositions that relate to recognition of misalignments, and their reconciliation are developed. The capability to recognize and resolve differences is as important as eliminating or reducing misalignments themselves.
Scripts, a type of cognitive structure that retains knowledge of events for a particular context,... more Scripts, a type of cognitive structure that retains knowledge of events for a particular context, have been used to research recall and recognition tasks but have been largely neglected in the study of organizational settings. In this study the major focus is on the development of common scripts by organizational members for a frequently occurring organizational activity. This study demonstrates
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