A novel type of ceramic material was produced by mixing sago waste ash from the sago processing i... more A novel type of ceramic material was produced by mixing sago waste ash from the sago processing industry in Indonesia with clay. The composition was prepared by adding 50 %wt amount of sago waste into the clay, then a series of samples was milled for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The samples were dry pressed and sintered at temperatures ranging from 800?C to 1200?C. The influence of the sintering temperature and the milling time on bulk density, firing shrinkage, water adsorption, and hardness was studied in detail. The results demonstrate that the low water absorption of less than 0.5% and the highest hardness of 5.82 GPa were obtained for the sample sintered at 1100?C and milled for 48 h. The investigation of the absorptive properties of such ceramics indicates that they could be recommended as a promising material for manufacturing of unglazed floor tiles.
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, Oct 1, 2019
Purpose This study aimed to design a biogas digester that works thermophilically and mesophilical... more Purpose This study aimed to design a biogas digester that works thermophilically and mesophilically and tested its performance to produce biogas and digestate. Methods This study used some experimental methods, which consists of: (1) design and construction process of the digester which can facilitate the thermophilic process as a pretreatment of the feedstock and the anaerobic digestion process of the substrate; (2) determination of the quantity of biogas, liquid digestate, and compost; and (3) testing digestate quality as a liquid organic fertilizer for Ipomoea reptans. Results The built biogas digester was able to accommodate thermophilic digestion that runs intensely in the pretreatment tank, where the complex organic compounds, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, decomposed intensively, so that it becomes a suitable substrate. As raw material, every 4 kg of banana waste, can produce biogas, digestate and dry compost of 10,200 cm 3 (highest yield), 5900 mL, and 1420 g, respectively. The highest Ipomoea reptans growth was achieved by digestate treatment from banana waste. Conclusions Thermophilic pretreatment could shorten the processing time to 3 days. Digestate treatment as a liquid organic fertilizer is able to provide a better supply of nutrients for plants.
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, Feb 21, 2023
Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid sm... more Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid smoke, charcoal, and tar. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of corncob liquid smoke on the storagebility of tomatoes and mango. The liquid smoke treatments, which consisted of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Data analysis using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Difference Test. The study was conducted in two sets of experiments in parallel, on tomatoes and mangoes. The experimental results showed that pyrolysis for every 1,000 g of corncob waste produced 279.2, 396 and 5.86 g of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively. Then the redistillation results for every 1,000 mL of crude liquid smoke produce 850 mL of food grade liquid smoke. The liquid smoke treatment gave better storagebility than no treatment for tomatoes and mango. The storagebility was measured by holding weight loss, increase in total dissolved solids, intensity of pathological damage, and fruit appearance within 12 days of storage. In general, as a result of the treatment the increase in liquid smoke concentration from 1 to 4% was followed by an increase in the storagebility of tomatoes and mango.
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Dec 25, 2017
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water content and particle size of sawdust o... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water content and particle size of sawdust on its liquefying into wood adhesives. The water content and particle size of the sawdust as the respective treatment factors were arranged in a randomized block design, namely: (i) water content was varied as w1 (22%), w2 (19 %); and w3 (14 %); and (ii) the particle size was varied as s1 (sieved in 0.5 mm), s2 (sieved in 1 mm); and s3 (sieved in 1.5 mm). Experimental data were analyzed by Anova and continued with Duncan's multiple range test. The results of the experiments showed that, no interaction between the water content and the particle size of the sawdust to the volume of adhesive as the liquefying yield and the weight of the residue, but the interaction occured on the bonding strength of the adhesive. Sawdust size of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 were not affected on the liquefying process. While the water contents were affected to : (i) reduce volume of adhesive, which the highest by 22 % for 59.89 mL; and (ii) rise weight of the residue, which the highest was for 74.75 g. The highest bonding strength was obtained at a water content of 22% and size of sawdust between of 1 to I .5 mm.
The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is... more The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is not in line with the demands of clean production, environmentally friendly and sustainable industries. Pyrolysis technology can be used to produce bioenergy from wood waste. The temperature and the time of the pyrolysis process, the water content of materials, and the content of different yields between types of wood waste affect the bioenergy products produced. This study was aimed at determining the effect of wood waste form and condition on the quality and quantity of liquid smoke, tar, and charcoal. A Completely Randomized Design with two factors of treatments, i.e., waste forms and the drying process, was applied in this research. The results showed that the condition and shape of the material affect the volume of liquid smoke and the weight of the charcoal produced. The condition of the material without drying with high water content and the shape of the chunks produce more liquid smoke with an average yield of 191.14 mL and 186.37 mL, while the charcoal produced is higher in the condition of the material with drying and shaved form at 125.83 g and 115.62 g. The results of the test characteristics of grade 1 and 2 distillation liquid smoke meet the Japanese liquid smoke quality standards with phenol levels in the range of 26.66-35.94 mg GAE/mL sample and acidity levels of 16.91-58.9%.
This research was aimed to study the effect of glycerol separation on palm oil transesterificatio... more This research was aimed to study the effect of glycerol separation on palm oil transesterification. Objectives of this study were to suppress the use of excess methanol and shorten the processing time. This research consisted of: design-build reactor, the effect of the glycerol separation on the transesterification reaction, characterization of biodiesel, and mass balance analysis. The reactor was designed by integrating circulate stirrer pump, static mixer, and sprayer that will bring out the intense reaction in the outer tank reactor. The experiment in this research was the treatment of decreasing the quantity of methanol to 5:1 molar ratio and reducing of processing time to 20 min, which was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design. The result showed that, (i) the stirring system was effectively worked outside the reactor tank, and in its reactor tank occurred glycerol separation during the process; (ii) the rate of glycerol during the process followed the inverse regression equation of Ŷ = 66.44-351.17 X-1 ; (iii) the decrease in the level of methanol to 5:1 molar ratio and the reduction of processing time to 20 min in this engineering did not influence the biodiesel yield and quality that met the SNI 04-7182-2006 standard.
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Mar 25, 2014
The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduction on mun... more The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduction on municipal waste. The study was carried out using the batch type biogas digester. This study employed the experimental method with the complete randomized design, involving three instruments of digesters A, B and C. The digester A was filled with 300 g of food waste, the digester B was loaded with 200 g of food waste + 100 g of cow dung and the digester C was charged with 300 g of cow dung as the control. Before placing into each digester, each treatment was mixed with water with the ratio of 1:1 to give the slurry. The results showed that food waste was the main component of municipal waste (50.19%). The rests were plastic (32.71), paper/wood (16.37) and metal (0.71%). The highest daily biogas production was achieved at the first five days as the food waste contained organic compounds which could be converted into the biogas. The highest total biogas production during the retention time of 20 day from 8 L of substrate was achieved by the digester B (56.068 cm 3), followed with the digester C (51.431 cm 3) and A (32.433 cm 3). The digester A might reduce the total solid (TS) from 119.100 into 22.500 mg/L during less than 20 d. The digester B might reduce the TS from 135.200 into 18.400 mg/L and the digester C might reduce the TS from 125.000 into 22.400 mg/L.
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai denga... more Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai dengan peningkatan limbah akar wangi, hingga saat ini penanganan limbah akar wangi hanya mengandalkan pembakaran. Perlu adanya solusi lain sebagai pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi. Salah satu solusi yang bisa dikembangkan yaitu pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi sebagai media hidroponik dan briket sebagai bahan bakar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi media hidroponik dan nutrisi yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi (Brassica juncea L.) dan mengetahui karakteristik briket arang dari serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 Faktor yaitu faktor media tanam (m) dan nutrisi (n). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh faktor media tanam yang baik untuk tanaman sawi secara hidroponik, media tanam pasir dan serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot segar tajuk dan nisbah pupus akar, sedangkan untuk faktor nutrisi yang baik yaitu NPK + Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang terbaik pada semua parameter kecuali nisbah pupus akar. Maka dapat disimpulkan campuran pasir dan arang aktif limbah akar wangi serta pemberian nutrisi NPK dan Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman sawi secara hidroponik. Briket arang aktif limbah akar wangi memiliki kualitas yang baik, yaitu memenuhi standar SNI dengan rata-rata kadar air (4,6 %), kadar abu (5,53 %) dan nilai kerapatan (0,52 g/cm 3).
The study consisted of reactor design used for transesterification process, effect of glycerol se... more The study consisted of reactor design used for transesterification process, effect of glycerol separation on transesterification reaction, determination of biodiesel quality, and mass balance analysis. The reactor was designed by integrating circulated pump/stirrer, static mixer, and sprayer that intensify the reaction in the outer tank reactor. The objective was to reduce the use of methanol in excess and to shorten the processing time. The results showed that the reactor that applied the glycerol separation was able to compensate for the decreased use of the reactant methanol from 6:1 to 5:1 molar ratio, and changed the mass balance in the product, including: (i) the increase of biodiesel production from 42.37% to 49.34%, and (ii) the reduction of methanol in excess from 42.37% to 32.89%. The results suggested that the efficiency of biodiesel production could be increased with the glycerol separation engineering. Abstrak Desain Reaktor Biodiesel dengan Pemisahan Gliserol untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Produksi Biodiesel. Penelitian ini terdiri dari desain reaktor yang digunakan untuk proses transesterifikasi, pengaruh pemisahan gliserol pada reaksi transesterifikasi, penentuan kualitas biodiesel, dan analisis neraca massa. Reaktor didesain dengan mengintegrasikan pompa/pengaduk, mixer statis, dan sprayer yang mengintensifikasi reaksi pada reaktor tangki luar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menurunkan jumlah methanol yang berlebih dan mempercepat waktu pemrosesan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa reaktor yang menggunakan pemisahan gliserol dapat mengkompensasi penurunan penggunaan reaktan methanol dari 6:1 hingga 5:1 rasio molar, dan mengubah neraca massa pada produk yang antara lain: (i) peningkatan produksi biodiesel dari 42,37% hingga 49,34%, dan (ii) penurunan metano berlebih dari 42,37% hingga 32,89%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, efisiensi produksi biodiesel dapat ditingkatkan dengan rekayasa pemisahan gliserol.
Wood vinegar (WV) was obtained from charcoal production byproducts. The increase in demand for WV... more Wood vinegar (WV) was obtained from charcoal production byproducts. The increase in demand for WV as an alternative pesticide requires more production of WV independent of conventional charcoal production. This research was intended to commence the production of WV from available furniture wood waste. The study included the following: (i) the preparation and performance of a pyrolysis kiln; and (ii) the application of the produced WV as a plant growth regulator of papaya plants in the nursery and as a pest insect repellent during maize storage. These experiments were arranged in a randomized block design. The observed variables included pyrolysis rate, the effect of WV on papaya growth in nursery, and the effect of WV in controlling infestation of maize weevils. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's multiple difference test. The results showed that while the production of WV continuously occurred until the 90 th min, the maximum (139 mL) was reached at the 10 th min. Pyrolysis of 1,000 g of chips of wood-planer's waste yielded WV, tar, bio-oil, and char in quantities of 487.67 mL, 41.76 g, 2.93 mL, and 222 g respectively. The treatment using WV (50 mL/L) increased the diameter of papaya stems in the nursery. Mixing and fuming application of 5 mL of WV as a pest insect repellent on 200 g of maize on the storage could increase the number of the dead maize weevil and reduce the damage maize kernel.
Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian... more Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan diantaranya untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira, salah satunya bisa menggunakan pengawet alami. Bahan pengawet alami yang dapat digunakan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira adalah asap cair. Beberapa senyawa kimia yang disinyalir berpotensi sebagai bahan pengawet terkandung dalam asap cair, diantaranya adalah antioksidan, desinfektan, ataupun sebagai biopestisida. Salah satu bahan yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan asap cair adalah cangkang kelapa muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi asap cair cangkang kelapa muda sebagai bahan pengawet nira aren, serta untuk mengetahui kualitas briket arangnya sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan rancangan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial untuk mencoba konsentrasi asap cair dalam nira aren yaitu K0 = 0% (Kontrol), K1 = 3 % K2 =4 %, K3 = 5 % dan faktor kedua lama penyimpanan nira aren : T1 = 3 jam, T2 = 6 jam, T3 = 9 jam, T4 = 12 jam, setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Cangkang kelapa muda seberat 4 kg dapat dipirolisis menjadi asap cair sebanyak 1088 mL dan didistilasi 2 kali sehingga dihasilkan asap cair grade 1 sebanyak 850 mL dengan kuantitas dan kualitas yang baik. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3 sampai 4 %. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3% sampai 4% (v/v). Briket arang dari cangkang kelapa muda memiliki kualitas yang baik sesuai SNI dengan kadar air 7,34% dan kerapatan 0,81 g/cm 3 .
International journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2021
The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from y... more The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liquid smoke. The resulting distilled liquid smoke has the following characteristics: brownish-yellow in color, pH of 2, specific density of 1.02 g. mL-1 , and a total acid content of 10.7. Liquid smoke produced from young coconut waste was of good quality, in accordance with international quality standards. The overall characteristics of liquid smoke from coconut waste meet international liquid smoke standards, which include specific gravity, color, acidity, and pH in the required range and the absence of dispersed substances. The results showed that in in vitro testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 2.5% was able to retard the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum with 100% inhibition. Whereas in in vivo testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 75% was able to retard the increase in the lesion diameter of the P. italicum fungal infection by 76.1%. However, all concentrations of liquid smoke treatments had no effect on P. digitatum. Treatment of the concentration of liquid smoke had no effect on the lesion diameter of the green rot infection on citrus fruit. Whereas in blue rot disease, the concentration of 50, 75, and 100% liquid smoke treatment gave different lesion diameter compared to the control, but among the treatments there was no difference in the lesion diameter. This proved that the treatment of liquid smoke concentration of 50% was established to have fungicidal action against blue rot desease on citrus fruit.
International journal of research - granthaalayah, Nov 6, 2020
Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study a... more Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study aims to produce wood-waste liquid smoke and determine its effectiveness as a fungicide on plant pathogens. This research was conducted in two experimental stages, namely: (i) in vitro test as a preliminary test of the effectiveness of teak waste liquid smoke at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%; and (ii) in vivo test was arranged in randomized block design consisting of seven levels of liquid smoke concentration, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, each of which was repeated four times. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 1 kg of wood waste was produced with the proportions of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively: 312 mL, 31 g, 367 g and the uncondensed gases. Treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed that a concentration of 1 to 2.5% liquid smoke was able to suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 100%. The treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed an effect on inhibition of the growth diameter of fungal colonies, suppressing the disease occurance, and suppressing the lesion diameter.
The carbonization of lignocelullosic waste to obtain wood vinegar (WV) was investigated in this w... more The carbonization of lignocelullosic waste to obtain wood vinegar (WV) was investigated in this work. WV was used as a botanical insecticide against armyworm (Spodoptera litura), which is known as a major pest of soybean crops in Indonesia. This study includes the following: (i) the assessment of potential use of lignocellulosic waste from mahogany wooden-sandal home industry; (ii) the determination of the yield of various components of carbonization process, from each unit of the waste; and (iii) the application of the produced WV as larvicide on S. litura larvae in the laboratory. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design, and the observed variables included mortality and anti-feedant activity of S. litura larvae. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Duncan's multiple differences test. The results showed that the amount of wood waste generated at wooden-sandal craftsman level was 16.12%. Carbonization of 1,000 g of the wood waste yielded WV, tar, bio-oil, and char in quantities of 442.68 g, 36.5 g, 4.04 g, and 251 g, respectively. The treatment using WV concentration of 1.5% to 3.0% showed low larvacidal action, which gave LC50 value of 12.82%, but it had adequate anti-feedant activity.
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, Feb 21, 2023
Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid sm... more Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid smoke, charcoal, and tar. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of corncob liquid smoke on the storagebility of tomatoes and mango. The liquid smoke treatments, which consisted of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Data analysis using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Difference Test. The study was conducted in two sets of experiments in parallel, on tomatoes and mangoes. The experimental results showed that pyrolysis for every 1,000 g of corncob waste produced 279.2, 396 and 5.86 g of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively. Then the redistillation results for every 1,000 mL of crude liquid smoke produce 850 mL of food grade liquid smoke. The liquid smoke treatment gave better storagebility than no treatment for tomatoes and mango. The storagebility was measured by holding weight loss, increase in total dissolved solids, intensity of pathological damage, and fruit appearance within 12 days of storage. In general, as a result of the treatment the increase in liquid smoke concentration from 1 to 4% was followed by an increase in the storagebility of tomatoes and mango.
Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian... more Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan diantaranya untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira, salah satunya bisa menggunakan pengawet alami. Bahan pengawet alami yang dapat digunakan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira adalah asap cair. Beberapa senyawa kimia yang disinyalir berpotensi sebagai bahan pengawet terkandung dalam asap cair, diantaranya adalah antioksidan, desinfektan, ataupun sebagai biopestisida. Salah satu bahan yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan asap cair adalah cangkang kelapa muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi asap cair cangkang kelapa muda sebagai bahan pengawet nira aren, serta untuk mengetahui kualitas briket arangnya sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan rancangan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial untuk mencoba konsentrasi asap cair dalam nira aren yaitu K0 = 0% (Kontrol), K1 = 3 % K2 =4 %, K3 = 5 % dan faktor kedua lama penyimpanan nira aren : T1 = 3 jam, T2 = 6 jam, T3 = 9 jam, T4 = 12 jam, setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Cangkang kelapa muda seberat 4 kg dapat dipirolisis menjadi asap cair sebanyak 1088 mL dan didistilasi 2 kali sehingga dihasilkan asap cair grade 1 sebanyak 850 mL dengan kuantitas dan kualitas yang baik. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3 sampai 4 %. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3% sampai 4% (v/v). Briket arang dari cangkang kelapa muda memiliki kualitas yang baik sesuai SNI dengan kadar air 7,34% dan kerapatan 0,81 g/cm 3 .
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai denga... more Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai dengan peningkatan limbah akar wangi, hingga saat ini penanganan limbah akar wangi hanya mengandalkan pembakaran. Perlu adanya solusi lain sebagai pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi. Salah satu solusi yang bisa dikembangkan yaitu pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi sebagai media hidroponik dan briket sebagai bahan bakar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi media hidroponik dan nutrisi yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi (Brassica juncea L.) dan mengetahui karakteristik briket arang dari serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 Faktor yaitu faktor media tanam (m) dan nutrisi (n). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh faktor media tanam yang baik untuk tanaman sawi secara hidroponik, media tanam pasir dan serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot segar tajuk dan nisbah pupus akar, sedangkan untuk faktor nutrisi yang baik yaitu NPK + Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang terbaik pada semua parameter kecuali nisbah pupus akar. Maka dapat disimpulkan campuran pasir dan arang aktif limbah akar wangi serta pemberian nutrisi NPK dan Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman sawi secara hidroponik. Briket arang aktif limbah akar wangi memiliki kualitas yang baik, yaitu memenuhi standar SNI dengan rata-rata kadar air (4,6 %), kadar abu (5,53 %) dan nilai kerapatan (0,52 g/cm 3).
The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is... more The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is not in line with the demands of clean production, environmentally friendly and sustainable industries. Pyrolysis technology can be used to produce bioenergy from wood waste. The temperature and the time of the pyrolysis process, the water content of materials, and the content of different yields between types of wood waste affect the bioenergy products produced. This study was aimed at determining the effect of wood waste form and condition on the quality and quantity of liquid smoke, tar, and charcoal. A Completely Randomized Design with two factors of treatments, i.e., waste forms and the drying process, was applied in this research. The results showed that the condition and shape of the material affect the volume of liquid smoke and the weight of the charcoal produced. The condition of the material without drying with high water content and the shape of the chunks produce more liquid smoke with an average yield of 191.14 mL and 186.37 mL, while the charcoal produced is higher in the condition of the material with drying and shaved form at 125.83 g and 115.62 g. The results of the test characteristics of grade 1 and 2 distillation liquid smoke meet the Japanese liquid smoke quality standards with phenol levels in the range of 26.66-35.94 mg GAE/mL sample and acidity levels of 16.91-58.9%.
The Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) as a pollution might be processed into biogas which was environmental... more The Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) as a pollution might be processed into biogas which was environmentally friendly and had potential to replace burning wood or oil. However, the waste could not directly be employed as the biogas substrate due to the high nitrogen content which was not suitable to the methanogen microorganism on the biogas digester and did not produce biogas. It was therefore necessary to adapt the carbon-nitrogen ratio in TLW with the addition of other organic materials that had a lower nitrogen content so it would be a suitable substrate for generating biogas. The research was aimed to evaluate the addition of the other organic material on the TLW to increase the biogas production. The results showed that TLW combined with sheep dung, cabbage waste, bamboo leaves and paddy straw respectively produced biogas as much as 14,183, 7,250, 2,400, 895 cm3 in 20 days. The 4 treatments gave the same quality of biogas, which was determined using the water boiling test. The pH fluct...
Abstract: The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduct... more Abstract: The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduction on municipal waste. The study was carried out using the batch type biogas digester. This study employed the experimental method with the complete randomized design, involving three instruments of digesters A, B and C. The digester A was filled with 300 g of food waste, the digester B was loaded with 200 g of food waste + 100 g of cow dung and the digester C was charged with 300 g of cow dung as the control. Before placing into each digester, each treatment was mixed with water with the ratio of 1:1 to give the slurry. The results showed that food waste was the main component of municipal waste (50.19%). The rests were plastic (32.71), paper/wood (16.37) and metal (0.71%). The highest daily biogas production was achieved at the first five days as the food waste contained organic compounds which could be converted into the biogas. The highest total biogas production during the retentio...
A novel type of ceramic material was produced by mixing sago waste ash from the sago processing i... more A novel type of ceramic material was produced by mixing sago waste ash from the sago processing industry in Indonesia with clay. The composition was prepared by adding 50 %wt amount of sago waste into the clay, then a series of samples was milled for 6 h, 12 h, 24 h and 48 h, respectively. The samples were dry pressed and sintered at temperatures ranging from 800?C to 1200?C. The influence of the sintering temperature and the milling time on bulk density, firing shrinkage, water adsorption, and hardness was studied in detail. The results demonstrate that the low water absorption of less than 0.5% and the highest hardness of 5.82 GPa were obtained for the sample sintered at 1100?C and milled for 48 h. The investigation of the absorptive properties of such ceramics indicates that they could be recommended as a promising material for manufacturing of unglazed floor tiles.
International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, Oct 1, 2019
Purpose This study aimed to design a biogas digester that works thermophilically and mesophilical... more Purpose This study aimed to design a biogas digester that works thermophilically and mesophilically and tested its performance to produce biogas and digestate. Methods This study used some experimental methods, which consists of: (1) design and construction process of the digester which can facilitate the thermophilic process as a pretreatment of the feedstock and the anaerobic digestion process of the substrate; (2) determination of the quantity of biogas, liquid digestate, and compost; and (3) testing digestate quality as a liquid organic fertilizer for Ipomoea reptans. Results The built biogas digester was able to accommodate thermophilic digestion that runs intensely in the pretreatment tank, where the complex organic compounds, namely cellulose and hemicellulose, decomposed intensively, so that it becomes a suitable substrate. As raw material, every 4 kg of banana waste, can produce biogas, digestate and dry compost of 10,200 cm 3 (highest yield), 5900 mL, and 1420 g, respectively. The highest Ipomoea reptans growth was achieved by digestate treatment from banana waste. Conclusions Thermophilic pretreatment could shorten the processing time to 3 days. Digestate treatment as a liquid organic fertilizer is able to provide a better supply of nutrients for plants.
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, Feb 21, 2023
Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid sm... more Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid smoke, charcoal, and tar. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of corncob liquid smoke on the storagebility of tomatoes and mango. The liquid smoke treatments, which consisted of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Data analysis using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Difference Test. The study was conducted in two sets of experiments in parallel, on tomatoes and mangoes. The experimental results showed that pyrolysis for every 1,000 g of corncob waste produced 279.2, 396 and 5.86 g of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively. Then the redistillation results for every 1,000 mL of crude liquid smoke produce 850 mL of food grade liquid smoke. The liquid smoke treatment gave better storagebility than no treatment for tomatoes and mango. The storagebility was measured by holding weight loss, increase in total dissolved solids, intensity of pathological damage, and fruit appearance within 12 days of storage. In general, as a result of the treatment the increase in liquid smoke concentration from 1 to 4% was followed by an increase in the storagebility of tomatoes and mango.
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Dec 25, 2017
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water content and particle size of sawdust o... more The aim of this study was to determine the effect of water content and particle size of sawdust on its liquefying into wood adhesives. The water content and particle size of the sawdust as the respective treatment factors were arranged in a randomized block design, namely: (i) water content was varied as w1 (22%), w2 (19 %); and w3 (14 %); and (ii) the particle size was varied as s1 (sieved in 0.5 mm), s2 (sieved in 1 mm); and s3 (sieved in 1.5 mm). Experimental data were analyzed by Anova and continued with Duncan's multiple range test. The results of the experiments showed that, no interaction between the water content and the particle size of the sawdust to the volume of adhesive as the liquefying yield and the weight of the residue, but the interaction occured on the bonding strength of the adhesive. Sawdust size of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 were not affected on the liquefying process. While the water contents were affected to : (i) reduce volume of adhesive, which the highest by 22 % for 59.89 mL; and (ii) rise weight of the residue, which the highest was for 74.75 g. The highest bonding strength was obtained at a water content of 22% and size of sawdust between of 1 to I .5 mm.
The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is... more The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is not in line with the demands of clean production, environmentally friendly and sustainable industries. Pyrolysis technology can be used to produce bioenergy from wood waste. The temperature and the time of the pyrolysis process, the water content of materials, and the content of different yields between types of wood waste affect the bioenergy products produced. This study was aimed at determining the effect of wood waste form and condition on the quality and quantity of liquid smoke, tar, and charcoal. A Completely Randomized Design with two factors of treatments, i.e., waste forms and the drying process, was applied in this research. The results showed that the condition and shape of the material affect the volume of liquid smoke and the weight of the charcoal produced. The condition of the material without drying with high water content and the shape of the chunks produce more liquid smoke with an average yield of 191.14 mL and 186.37 mL, while the charcoal produced is higher in the condition of the material with drying and shaved form at 125.83 g and 115.62 g. The results of the test characteristics of grade 1 and 2 distillation liquid smoke meet the Japanese liquid smoke quality standards with phenol levels in the range of 26.66-35.94 mg GAE/mL sample and acidity levels of 16.91-58.9%.
This research was aimed to study the effect of glycerol separation on palm oil transesterificatio... more This research was aimed to study the effect of glycerol separation on palm oil transesterification. Objectives of this study were to suppress the use of excess methanol and shorten the processing time. This research consisted of: design-build reactor, the effect of the glycerol separation on the transesterification reaction, characterization of biodiesel, and mass balance analysis. The reactor was designed by integrating circulate stirrer pump, static mixer, and sprayer that will bring out the intense reaction in the outer tank reactor. The experiment in this research was the treatment of decreasing the quantity of methanol to 5:1 molar ratio and reducing of processing time to 20 min, which was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design. The result showed that, (i) the stirring system was effectively worked outside the reactor tank, and in its reactor tank occurred glycerol separation during the process; (ii) the rate of glycerol during the process followed the inverse regression equation of Ŷ = 66.44-351.17 X-1 ; (iii) the decrease in the level of methanol to 5:1 molar ratio and the reduction of processing time to 20 min in this engineering did not influence the biodiesel yield and quality that met the SNI 04-7182-2006 standard.
International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, Mar 25, 2014
The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduction on mun... more The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduction on municipal waste. The study was carried out using the batch type biogas digester. This study employed the experimental method with the complete randomized design, involving three instruments of digesters A, B and C. The digester A was filled with 300 g of food waste, the digester B was loaded with 200 g of food waste + 100 g of cow dung and the digester C was charged with 300 g of cow dung as the control. Before placing into each digester, each treatment was mixed with water with the ratio of 1:1 to give the slurry. The results showed that food waste was the main component of municipal waste (50.19%). The rests were plastic (32.71), paper/wood (16.37) and metal (0.71%). The highest daily biogas production was achieved at the first five days as the food waste contained organic compounds which could be converted into the biogas. The highest total biogas production during the retention time of 20 day from 8 L of substrate was achieved by the digester B (56.068 cm 3), followed with the digester C (51.431 cm 3) and A (32.433 cm 3). The digester A might reduce the total solid (TS) from 119.100 into 22.500 mg/L during less than 20 d. The digester B might reduce the TS from 135.200 into 18.400 mg/L and the digester C might reduce the TS from 125.000 into 22.400 mg/L.
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai denga... more Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai dengan peningkatan limbah akar wangi, hingga saat ini penanganan limbah akar wangi hanya mengandalkan pembakaran. Perlu adanya solusi lain sebagai pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi. Salah satu solusi yang bisa dikembangkan yaitu pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi sebagai media hidroponik dan briket sebagai bahan bakar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi media hidroponik dan nutrisi yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi (Brassica juncea L.) dan mengetahui karakteristik briket arang dari serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 Faktor yaitu faktor media tanam (m) dan nutrisi (n). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh faktor media tanam yang baik untuk tanaman sawi secara hidroponik, media tanam pasir dan serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot segar tajuk dan nisbah pupus akar, sedangkan untuk faktor nutrisi yang baik yaitu NPK + Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang terbaik pada semua parameter kecuali nisbah pupus akar. Maka dapat disimpulkan campuran pasir dan arang aktif limbah akar wangi serta pemberian nutrisi NPK dan Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman sawi secara hidroponik. Briket arang aktif limbah akar wangi memiliki kualitas yang baik, yaitu memenuhi standar SNI dengan rata-rata kadar air (4,6 %), kadar abu (5,53 %) dan nilai kerapatan (0,52 g/cm 3).
The study consisted of reactor design used for transesterification process, effect of glycerol se... more The study consisted of reactor design used for transesterification process, effect of glycerol separation on transesterification reaction, determination of biodiesel quality, and mass balance analysis. The reactor was designed by integrating circulated pump/stirrer, static mixer, and sprayer that intensify the reaction in the outer tank reactor. The objective was to reduce the use of methanol in excess and to shorten the processing time. The results showed that the reactor that applied the glycerol separation was able to compensate for the decreased use of the reactant methanol from 6:1 to 5:1 molar ratio, and changed the mass balance in the product, including: (i) the increase of biodiesel production from 42.37% to 49.34%, and (ii) the reduction of methanol in excess from 42.37% to 32.89%. The results suggested that the efficiency of biodiesel production could be increased with the glycerol separation engineering. Abstrak Desain Reaktor Biodiesel dengan Pemisahan Gliserol untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Produksi Biodiesel. Penelitian ini terdiri dari desain reaktor yang digunakan untuk proses transesterifikasi, pengaruh pemisahan gliserol pada reaksi transesterifikasi, penentuan kualitas biodiesel, dan analisis neraca massa. Reaktor didesain dengan mengintegrasikan pompa/pengaduk, mixer statis, dan sprayer yang mengintensifikasi reaksi pada reaktor tangki luar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menurunkan jumlah methanol yang berlebih dan mempercepat waktu pemrosesan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa reaktor yang menggunakan pemisahan gliserol dapat mengkompensasi penurunan penggunaan reaktan methanol dari 6:1 hingga 5:1 rasio molar, dan mengubah neraca massa pada produk yang antara lain: (i) peningkatan produksi biodiesel dari 42,37% hingga 49,34%, dan (ii) penurunan metano berlebih dari 42,37% hingga 32,89%. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, efisiensi produksi biodiesel dapat ditingkatkan dengan rekayasa pemisahan gliserol.
Wood vinegar (WV) was obtained from charcoal production byproducts. The increase in demand for WV... more Wood vinegar (WV) was obtained from charcoal production byproducts. The increase in demand for WV as an alternative pesticide requires more production of WV independent of conventional charcoal production. This research was intended to commence the production of WV from available furniture wood waste. The study included the following: (i) the preparation and performance of a pyrolysis kiln; and (ii) the application of the produced WV as a plant growth regulator of papaya plants in the nursery and as a pest insect repellent during maize storage. These experiments were arranged in a randomized block design. The observed variables included pyrolysis rate, the effect of WV on papaya growth in nursery, and the effect of WV in controlling infestation of maize weevils. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance and continued with Duncan's multiple difference test. The results showed that while the production of WV continuously occurred until the 90 th min, the maximum (139 mL) was reached at the 10 th min. Pyrolysis of 1,000 g of chips of wood-planer's waste yielded WV, tar, bio-oil, and char in quantities of 487.67 mL, 41.76 g, 2.93 mL, and 222 g respectively. The treatment using WV (50 mL/L) increased the diameter of papaya stems in the nursery. Mixing and fuming application of 5 mL of WV as a pest insect repellent on 200 g of maize on the storage could increase the number of the dead maize weevil and reduce the damage maize kernel.
Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian... more Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan diantaranya untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira, salah satunya bisa menggunakan pengawet alami. Bahan pengawet alami yang dapat digunakan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira adalah asap cair. Beberapa senyawa kimia yang disinyalir berpotensi sebagai bahan pengawet terkandung dalam asap cair, diantaranya adalah antioksidan, desinfektan, ataupun sebagai biopestisida. Salah satu bahan yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan asap cair adalah cangkang kelapa muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi asap cair cangkang kelapa muda sebagai bahan pengawet nira aren, serta untuk mengetahui kualitas briket arangnya sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan rancangan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial untuk mencoba konsentrasi asap cair dalam nira aren yaitu K0 = 0% (Kontrol), K1 = 3 % K2 =4 %, K3 = 5 % dan faktor kedua lama penyimpanan nira aren : T1 = 3 jam, T2 = 6 jam, T3 = 9 jam, T4 = 12 jam, setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Cangkang kelapa muda seberat 4 kg dapat dipirolisis menjadi asap cair sebanyak 1088 mL dan didistilasi 2 kali sehingga dihasilkan asap cair grade 1 sebanyak 850 mL dengan kuantitas dan kualitas yang baik. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3 sampai 4 %. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3% sampai 4% (v/v). Briket arang dari cangkang kelapa muda memiliki kualitas yang baik sesuai SNI dengan kadar air 7,34% dan kerapatan 0,81 g/cm 3 .
International journal of microbiology and biotechnology, 2021
The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from y... more The purpose of this study was to determine the fungicidal action of liquid smoke generated from young coconut waste for infection of green rot (Penicillium digitatum) and blue rot (Penicillium italicum) pathogens in postharvest citrus fruit. The pyrolysis of 1 kg of young-coconut resulted in 409 mL of crude liquid smoke, and 300 mL of distilled liquid smoke. The resulting distilled liquid smoke has the following characteristics: brownish-yellow in color, pH of 2, specific density of 1.02 g. mL-1 , and a total acid content of 10.7. Liquid smoke produced from young coconut waste was of good quality, in accordance with international quality standards. The overall characteristics of liquid smoke from coconut waste meet international liquid smoke standards, which include specific gravity, color, acidity, and pH in the required range and the absence of dispersed substances. The results showed that in in vitro testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 2.5% was able to retard the mycelium of Penicillium digitatum and Penicillium italicum with 100% inhibition. Whereas in in vivo testing, liquid smoke treatment at a concentration of 75% was able to retard the increase in the lesion diameter of the P. italicum fungal infection by 76.1%. However, all concentrations of liquid smoke treatments had no effect on P. digitatum. Treatment of the concentration of liquid smoke had no effect on the lesion diameter of the green rot infection on citrus fruit. Whereas in blue rot disease, the concentration of 50, 75, and 100% liquid smoke treatment gave different lesion diameter compared to the control, but among the treatments there was no difference in the lesion diameter. This proved that the treatment of liquid smoke concentration of 50% was established to have fungicidal action against blue rot desease on citrus fruit.
International journal of research - granthaalayah, Nov 6, 2020
Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study a... more Liquid smoke is known to contain compounds that can control plant disease pathogens. This study aims to produce wood-waste liquid smoke and determine its effectiveness as a fungicide on plant pathogens. This research was conducted in two experimental stages, namely: (i) in vitro test as a preliminary test of the effectiveness of teak waste liquid smoke at concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5%; and (ii) in vivo test was arranged in randomized block design consisting of seven levels of liquid smoke concentration, namely 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6%, each of which was repeated four times. The results showed that the pyrolysis of 1 kg of wood waste was produced with the proportions of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively: 312 mL, 31 g, 367 g and the uncondensed gases. Treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed that a concentration of 1 to 2.5% liquid smoke was able to suppress the growth of the pathogenic fungus Sclerotium rolfsii 100%. The treatment of liquid smoke in the in vivo test showed an effect on inhibition of the growth diameter of fungal colonies, suppressing the disease occurance, and suppressing the lesion diameter.
The carbonization of lignocelullosic waste to obtain wood vinegar (WV) was investigated in this w... more The carbonization of lignocelullosic waste to obtain wood vinegar (WV) was investigated in this work. WV was used as a botanical insecticide against armyworm (Spodoptera litura), which is known as a major pest of soybean crops in Indonesia. This study includes the following: (i) the assessment of potential use of lignocellulosic waste from mahogany wooden-sandal home industry; (ii) the determination of the yield of various components of carbonization process, from each unit of the waste; and (iii) the application of the produced WV as larvicide on S. litura larvae in the laboratory. The experiments were arranged in a completely randomized design, and the observed variables included mortality and anti-feedant activity of S. litura larvae. The data were analyzed using analysis of variance with Duncan's multiple differences test. The results showed that the amount of wood waste generated at wooden-sandal craftsman level was 16.12%. Carbonization of 1,000 g of the wood waste yielded WV, tar, bio-oil, and char in quantities of 442.68 g, 36.5 g, 4.04 g, and 251 g, respectively. The treatment using WV concentration of 1.5% to 3.0% showed low larvacidal action, which gave LC50 value of 12.82%, but it had adequate anti-feedant activity.
International Journal of Applied Agricultural Sciences, Feb 21, 2023
Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid sm... more Corncob waste is expected as a source of biomass to be converted through pyrolysis into liquid smoke, charcoal, and tar. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of corncob liquid smoke on the storagebility of tomatoes and mango. The liquid smoke treatments, which consisted of 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4% were arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. Data analysis using ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Difference Test. The study was conducted in two sets of experiments in parallel, on tomatoes and mangoes. The experimental results showed that pyrolysis for every 1,000 g of corncob waste produced 279.2, 396 and 5.86 g of liquid smoke, charcoal and tar, respectively. Then the redistillation results for every 1,000 mL of crude liquid smoke produce 850 mL of food grade liquid smoke. The liquid smoke treatment gave better storagebility than no treatment for tomatoes and mango. The storagebility was measured by holding weight loss, increase in total dissolved solids, intensity of pathological damage, and fruit appearance within 12 days of storage. In general, as a result of the treatment the increase in liquid smoke concentration from 1 to 4% was followed by an increase in the storagebility of tomatoes and mango.
Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian... more Gula aren yang baik merupakan hasil dari nira yang tidak mengalami kerusakan. Beberapa penelitian yang telah dilakukan diantaranya untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira, salah satunya bisa menggunakan pengawet alami. Bahan pengawet alami yang dapat digunakan untuk memperpanjang umur simpan nira adalah asap cair. Beberapa senyawa kimia yang disinyalir berpotensi sebagai bahan pengawet terkandung dalam asap cair, diantaranya adalah antioksidan, desinfektan, ataupun sebagai biopestisida. Salah satu bahan yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk menghasilkan asap cair adalah cangkang kelapa muda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh konsentrasi asap cair cangkang kelapa muda sebagai bahan pengawet nira aren, serta untuk mengetahui kualitas briket arangnya sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan rancangan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) faktorial untuk mencoba konsentrasi asap cair dalam nira aren yaitu K0 = 0% (Kontrol), K1 = 3 % K2 =4 %, K3 = 5 % dan faktor kedua lama penyimpanan nira aren : T1 = 3 jam, T2 = 6 jam, T3 = 9 jam, T4 = 12 jam, setiap perlakuan diulang 3 kali. Cangkang kelapa muda seberat 4 kg dapat dipirolisis menjadi asap cair sebanyak 1088 mL dan didistilasi 2 kali sehingga dihasilkan asap cair grade 1 sebanyak 850 mL dengan kuantitas dan kualitas yang baik. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3 sampai 4 %. Asap cair dari cangkang kelapa muda bisa dijadikan sebagai pengawet nira aren pada konsentrasi 3% sampai 4% (v/v). Briket arang dari cangkang kelapa muda memiliki kualitas yang baik sesuai SNI dengan kadar air 7,34% dan kerapatan 0,81 g/cm 3 .
Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai denga... more Peningkatan kebutuhan minyak akar wangi mengakibatkan peningkatan penyulingan yang disertai dengan peningkatan limbah akar wangi, hingga saat ini penanganan limbah akar wangi hanya mengandalkan pembakaran. Perlu adanya solusi lain sebagai pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi. Salah satu solusi yang bisa dikembangkan yaitu pemanfaatan limbah akar wangi sebagai media hidroponik dan briket sebagai bahan bakar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi media hidroponik dan nutrisi yang baik terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman sawi (Brassica juncea L.) dan mengetahui karakteristik briket arang dari serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi sebagai bahan bakar. Percobaan ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) dengan 2 Faktor yaitu faktor media tanam (m) dan nutrisi (n). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh faktor media tanam yang baik untuk tanaman sawi secara hidroponik, media tanam pasir dan serbuk arang aktif limbah akar wangi memberikan hasil yang baik terhadap parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, bobot segar tajuk dan nisbah pupus akar, sedangkan untuk faktor nutrisi yang baik yaitu NPK + Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang terbaik pada semua parameter kecuali nisbah pupus akar. Maka dapat disimpulkan campuran pasir dan arang aktif limbah akar wangi serta pemberian nutrisi NPK dan Gandasil D memberikan hasil yang optimal untuk pertumbuhan tanaman sawi secara hidroponik. Briket arang aktif limbah akar wangi memiliki kualitas yang baik, yaitu memenuhi standar SNI dengan rata-rata kadar air (4,6 %), kadar abu (5,53 %) dan nilai kerapatan (0,52 g/cm 3).
The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is... more The practice of burning and stockpiling to reduce wood waste from the wood processing industry is not in line with the demands of clean production, environmentally friendly and sustainable industries. Pyrolysis technology can be used to produce bioenergy from wood waste. The temperature and the time of the pyrolysis process, the water content of materials, and the content of different yields between types of wood waste affect the bioenergy products produced. This study was aimed at determining the effect of wood waste form and condition on the quality and quantity of liquid smoke, tar, and charcoal. A Completely Randomized Design with two factors of treatments, i.e., waste forms and the drying process, was applied in this research. The results showed that the condition and shape of the material affect the volume of liquid smoke and the weight of the charcoal produced. The condition of the material without drying with high water content and the shape of the chunks produce more liquid smoke with an average yield of 191.14 mL and 186.37 mL, while the charcoal produced is higher in the condition of the material with drying and shaved form at 125.83 g and 115.62 g. The results of the test characteristics of grade 1 and 2 distillation liquid smoke meet the Japanese liquid smoke quality standards with phenol levels in the range of 26.66-35.94 mg GAE/mL sample and acidity levels of 16.91-58.9%.
The Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) as a pollution might be processed into biogas which was environmental... more The Tofu Liquid Waste (TLW) as a pollution might be processed into biogas which was environmentally friendly and had potential to replace burning wood or oil. However, the waste could not directly be employed as the biogas substrate due to the high nitrogen content which was not suitable to the methanogen microorganism on the biogas digester and did not produce biogas. It was therefore necessary to adapt the carbon-nitrogen ratio in TLW with the addition of other organic materials that had a lower nitrogen content so it would be a suitable substrate for generating biogas. The research was aimed to evaluate the addition of the other organic material on the TLW to increase the biogas production. The results showed that TLW combined with sheep dung, cabbage waste, bamboo leaves and paddy straw respectively produced biogas as much as 14,183, 7,250, 2,400, 895 cm3 in 20 days. The 4 treatments gave the same quality of biogas, which was determined using the water boiling test. The pH fluct...
Abstract: The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduct... more Abstract: The study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion on the reduction on municipal waste. The study was carried out using the batch type biogas digester. This study employed the experimental method with the complete randomized design, involving three instruments of digesters A, B and C. The digester A was filled with 300 g of food waste, the digester B was loaded with 200 g of food waste + 100 g of cow dung and the digester C was charged with 300 g of cow dung as the control. Before placing into each digester, each treatment was mixed with water with the ratio of 1:1 to give the slurry. The results showed that food waste was the main component of municipal waste (50.19%). The rests were plastic (32.71), paper/wood (16.37) and metal (0.71%). The highest daily biogas production was achieved at the first five days as the food waste contained organic compounds which could be converted into the biogas. The highest total biogas production during the retentio...
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