The present study aimed to characterize eight edible members of the family Araceae on the basis o... more The present study aimed to characterize eight edible members of the family Araceae on the basis of their morphological and anatomical characteristics. The petiole length, leaf size, and corm size varied widely across the studied members. Significant variations in the stomatal index, stomatal length, and width were observed, although all were of paracytic type with elliptical to circular shapes. Leaf epidermal cells were found to be polygonal or puzzle shaped. Mesophyll cells were non-distinguishable as palisade or spongy parenchyma. The root vascular bundles were found to be exarch, either arranged circularly or remaining scattered in the ground tissue. Pith was also observed, either large, centrally located, or scattered. Petiole anatomy showed scattered vascular bundles with collateral xylem and phloem in almost all the species, except Ol Kochu, Panchmukhi Kochu, and Ghot Kochu. Presence of tannins was observed in the petioles of all the species, whereas calcium oxalate crystals i...
Morphological and anatomical characters of stem, petiole and leaves of 16 selected medicinal taxa... more Morphological and anatomical characters of stem, petiole and leaves of 16 selected medicinal taxa of family Lamiaceae collected from Bani Matar district, Sana'a (Yemen) were examined using both stereo-and light microscopes. The obtained macro-and micromorphological characters (298) were analysed using the software jmp version 13. The resulted dendrogram was discussed on the light of the current taxonomic treatments of Lamiaceae. The measurement of the quantitative characters of macro-and micromorphological characters for the studied taxa was established by multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Evaluation of obtained results revealed that, many characters viz. leaf composition, stomatal types and distribution, number of stamens, stem and petiole vasculature, types of trichomes, nutlet features, number of palisade and spongy layers and types of crystals are of diagnostic value in species identification and delimitation and are potentially valuable at different taxonomic levels. All the quantitative macro-and micromorphological characters except nutlet length are highly significant in species delimitation.
Asian journal of natural and applied sciences, 2015
The cotton is one of the most raw materials of the textile industry. At the same time, Pakistan i... more The cotton is one of the most raw materials of the textile industry. At the same time, Pakistan is one of the most important cotton producing countries. Cotton has a wide variety of uses, especially in the textile industry. Cotton cultivars response to different doses of gamma radiation for branches plant -1 , leaves plant -1 ,bolls plant -1 , flowers plant -1 , seed weight (g), cotton weight plant -1 , intermodal length (cm), hundred seed weight (g) and plant height (cm) were studied in 2013. Three newly developed cotton varieties i.e Gomal-93, Bt-131 and Bt-CIM-602 previously (2012) irradiated @ 0, 10, 15, and 20 kR in Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan. The cotton varieties were sown in May, 2012 University of Science & Technology, Bannu. After harvesting cotton varieties were left in the field for 2013 production as ratoon crop. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split arrangement i.e. radiation treatment were...
In the rice–wheat (R–W) system, inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea, etc.) is the largest com... more In the rice–wheat (R–W) system, inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea, etc.) is the largest component of the N cycle, because the supply of N from organic fertilizers is insufficient. But the 4% Initiative aims to improve organic matter and stimulate carbon sequestration in soils using best agronomic practices (sustainable management practices) which are economically, environmentally, and socially friendly. This research project was, therefore, designed to assess the impact of various organic sources (OS, animal manure versus plant residues), inorganic N (urea), and their different combinations on the N concentrations in soils and plants (i.e., grains and straw) of hybrid rice plants. The experiments were conducted on farmers’ fields in Batkhela (Malakand), northwestern Pakistan, over 2 years (2011–2012 (Y1) and 2012–2013 (Y2)). The results revealed that N concentrations in soil as well as in rice plants ranked first when applied with urea-N, followed by the application of N in mi...
Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil ferti... more Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, reduced crop productivity, and grower’s income. Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints under rice-wheat cropping system. One strategy to increase crop productivity and grower’s income under the rice-wheat system is the balanced application of P and Zn fertilizers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of sole and various combinations of P (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on productivity (grain yield and yield components) and profitability (net returns) of different rice genotypes (cultivars) (fine (cv.Bamati-385) vs. coarse (cv. Fakhre-e-Malakand and cv. Pukhraj)) and their residual effect on the income of the succeeding wheat crop (cv. Siran-2010). The results revealed that both rice and wheat productivity and profitability was higher with the combined application of both n...
Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil ferti... more Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility and reduce crop productivity as well as zinc (Zn) concentrations in rice grains and straw. Low Zn concentrations in rice grains have a negative impact on human health, while low Zn concertation in rice straw creates a nutritional problem for animals. The current high yielding rice varieties and hybrids remove large quantities of Zn from the soils, lowering the residual concentrations of soil Zn for the subsequent crop (e.g., wheat). Field experiments were conducted on farmers field in Malakand with the objective to evaluate the impact of various combinations of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on biofortification of Zn in grains and straw of rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) vs. coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)]. The results revealed that Zn biofortification in rice genotypes increased with the integrated use of both nutrients (P...
Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and... more Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, and reduce crop growth and total rice biomass. In RWS, both phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints for reducing rice crop growth rates (CGR) and total biomass/biological yield (BY). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (0, 5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha−1) on CGR and BY of three rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) versus coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)] in Northwestern Pakistan during summer 2011 (Y1) and 2012 (Y2). The results revealed that higher CGR at various growth stages and total BY was obtained with the integrated use of higher phosphorus (80 and 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The lower CGR and BY were recorded when P and Zn were not applied (control) or when P and Zn were applie...
LT codes are practical realization of digital fountain codes, which provides the concept of ratel... more LT codes are practical realization of digital fountain codes, which provides the concept of rateless coding. In this scheme, encoded symbols are generated infinitely from k information symbols. Decoder uses only (1+α)k number of encoded symbols to recover the original information. The degree distribution function in the LT codes helps to generate a random graph also referred as tanner graph. The artifact of tanner graph is responsible for computational complexity and overhead in the LT codes. Intuitively, a well designed degree distribution can be used for an efficient implementation of LT codes. The degree distribution function is studied as a function of power law, and LT codes are classified into two different categories: SFLT and RLT codes. Also, two different degree distributions are proposed and analyzed for SFLT codes which guarantee optimal performance in terms of computational complexity and overhead.
Hemocyanins (HMC): the copper-containing respiratory proteins present in invertebrate hemolymph, ... more Hemocyanins (HMC): the copper-containing respiratory proteins present in invertebrate hemolymph, which plays many essential roles in the immune system. Currently, little is known about the HMC domains of Procambarus clarkii (P. clarkii) and their function in antimicrobial immune response. In this present study, we comparatively studied the expression pattern of native PcHMC with the three recombinant proteins of variable domains of crayfish hemocyanin (PcHMC-N, N-terminal domain of hemocyanin; PcHMC-T, tyrosinase domain of hemocyanin; and PcHMC-C, C-terminal domain of hemocyanin). The results showed that three purified recombinant proteins had a strong binding to various bacteria and lipopolysaccharides that further highly agglutinated. The HMCs recombinant proteins showed strong antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus by bacterial growth inhibition, phenoloxidase (PO) and phagocytosis assays. Specifically, rPcHMC1-T and rPcHMC1-C inhibited both the bacteria...
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless... more Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications. The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
In order to improve the acute scarcity of fresh fodder in the country, four local fodder legumes ... more In order to improve the acute scarcity of fresh fodder in the country, four local fodder legumes (cowpea) namely CP-1, CP-8, CP-31 and CP-801 were compared for plant characteristics and fresh fodder production potential at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. CP-1 required minimum days to emergence (4.7 days), flowering (87 days) and pod formation (94.7 days) and the shortest plant length (235 cm). CP-8 produced the longest plants (382 cm) though statistically not different than CP-31 and CP-801. CP-8 gave the maximum grain yield (969lg.ha-1); seeds pod-1 (11.3) and 100 seed weight (11.4g). The pods plant-1 and grain yield ha-1 produced by CP-1 were significantly lower than the other three germplasms. Generally the fresh fodder yield in all germplasms gradually increased from 14 ton ha-1 , 50 days after emergence to 64.2 ton ha-1 ,125 days after emergence. However, slight decline was observed with further interval of 25 days. CP-8 produced 30-40 percent more fresh fodder than the...
3 Abstract: Production of exotic soybean varieties is not sustainable. To explore the production ... more 3 Abstract: Production of exotic soybean varieties is not sustainable. To explore the production potential of land races a comparative study of three land races (Kulat brown, Kulat white and Mothi) and two improved varieties (NARC-II and Swat-84) of soybean was conducted at Agricultural University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan during 2004 and 2005. Heavier seeds were obtained in 2004 one as compared to year 2005. Planting dates significantly affected pod plant , seeds pod , seed weight and seed yield. Maximum pods plant (74.2), 11 1
Indigenous land races of soybean has shown promising yield potential, yet limited information are... more Indigenous land races of soybean has shown promising yield potential, yet limited information are available for leaf area and related parameters. The present study aimed at assessing the leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW) and crop growth rate (CGR) of three indigenous land races (Kulat brown, Kulat white, Mothi) and two improved varieties (NARC-II, Swat-84) of soybean planted at monthly interval from April to July during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. The parameters studied were significantly affected by planting dates, varieties and planting dates x varieties. Specific leaf area and crop growth rate at seed filling stage did not respond to the interaction. Maximum leaf area (2735 m2 plant-1), leaf area index (11), and specific leaf area (391.6 cm2 g-1) was recorded for April planted crop. Gradual decrease in these parameters was observed when planting was delayed from April to July. However specific leaf weight increased from 2.7 ...
Dry seeds of four cotton varieties were irradiated with 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kR doses of gamma ir... more Dry seeds of four cotton varieties were irradiated with 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kR doses of gamma irradiation from Co source of gamma irradiation in 2012 at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), 60 Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan. Three highly potential cotton varieties i.e. Gomal-93, Bt-131 and Bt-CIM-602 with irradiation of 15, 20 and 25 kR, respectively selected for the second year (May, 2013) cultivation at Experimental Fields of Department of Botany, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan. Number of branches plant , number of leaves plant , number of flowers plant , number of bolls plant , 1 1 1 1
The present study aimed to characterize eight edible members of the family Araceae on the basis o... more The present study aimed to characterize eight edible members of the family Araceae on the basis of their morphological and anatomical characteristics. The petiole length, leaf size, and corm size varied widely across the studied members. Significant variations in the stomatal index, stomatal length, and width were observed, although all were of paracytic type with elliptical to circular shapes. Leaf epidermal cells were found to be polygonal or puzzle shaped. Mesophyll cells were non-distinguishable as palisade or spongy parenchyma. The root vascular bundles were found to be exarch, either arranged circularly or remaining scattered in the ground tissue. Pith was also observed, either large, centrally located, or scattered. Petiole anatomy showed scattered vascular bundles with collateral xylem and phloem in almost all the species, except Ol Kochu, Panchmukhi Kochu, and Ghot Kochu. Presence of tannins was observed in the petioles of all the species, whereas calcium oxalate crystals i...
Morphological and anatomical characters of stem, petiole and leaves of 16 selected medicinal taxa... more Morphological and anatomical characters of stem, petiole and leaves of 16 selected medicinal taxa of family Lamiaceae collected from Bani Matar district, Sana'a (Yemen) were examined using both stereo-and light microscopes. The obtained macro-and micromorphological characters (298) were analysed using the software jmp version 13. The resulted dendrogram was discussed on the light of the current taxonomic treatments of Lamiaceae. The measurement of the quantitative characters of macro-and micromorphological characters for the studied taxa was established by multivariate analysis of variance (ANOVA). Evaluation of obtained results revealed that, many characters viz. leaf composition, stomatal types and distribution, number of stamens, stem and petiole vasculature, types of trichomes, nutlet features, number of palisade and spongy layers and types of crystals are of diagnostic value in species identification and delimitation and are potentially valuable at different taxonomic levels. All the quantitative macro-and micromorphological characters except nutlet length are highly significant in species delimitation.
Asian journal of natural and applied sciences, 2015
The cotton is one of the most raw materials of the textile industry. At the same time, Pakistan i... more The cotton is one of the most raw materials of the textile industry. At the same time, Pakistan is one of the most important cotton producing countries. Cotton has a wide variety of uses, especially in the textile industry. Cotton cultivars response to different doses of gamma radiation for branches plant -1 , leaves plant -1 ,bolls plant -1 , flowers plant -1 , seed weight (g), cotton weight plant -1 , intermodal length (cm), hundred seed weight (g) and plant height (cm) were studied in 2013. Three newly developed cotton varieties i.e Gomal-93, Bt-131 and Bt-CIM-602 previously (2012) irradiated @ 0, 10, 15, and 20 kR in Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture, Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan. The cotton varieties were sown in May, 2012 University of Science & Technology, Bannu. After harvesting cotton varieties were left in the field for 2013 production as ratoon crop. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design with split arrangement i.e. radiation treatment were...
In the rice–wheat (R–W) system, inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea, etc.) is the largest com... more In the rice–wheat (R–W) system, inorganic nitrogen (N) fertilizer (urea, etc.) is the largest component of the N cycle, because the supply of N from organic fertilizers is insufficient. But the 4% Initiative aims to improve organic matter and stimulate carbon sequestration in soils using best agronomic practices (sustainable management practices) which are economically, environmentally, and socially friendly. This research project was, therefore, designed to assess the impact of various organic sources (OS, animal manure versus plant residues), inorganic N (urea), and their different combinations on the N concentrations in soils and plants (i.e., grains and straw) of hybrid rice plants. The experiments were conducted on farmers’ fields in Batkhela (Malakand), northwestern Pakistan, over 2 years (2011–2012 (Y1) and 2012–2013 (Y2)). The results revealed that N concentrations in soil as well as in rice plants ranked first when applied with urea-N, followed by the application of N in mi...
Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil ferti... more Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, reduced crop productivity, and grower’s income. Phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints under rice-wheat cropping system. One strategy to increase crop productivity and grower’s income under the rice-wheat system is the balanced application of P and Zn fertilizers. The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of sole and various combinations of P (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on productivity (grain yield and yield components) and profitability (net returns) of different rice genotypes (cultivars) (fine (cv.Bamati-385) vs. coarse (cv. Fakhre-e-Malakand and cv. Pukhraj)) and their residual effect on the income of the succeeding wheat crop (cv. Siran-2010). The results revealed that both rice and wheat productivity and profitability was higher with the combined application of both n...
Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil ferti... more Continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility and reduce crop productivity as well as zinc (Zn) concentrations in rice grains and straw. Low Zn concentrations in rice grains have a negative impact on human health, while low Zn concertation in rice straw creates a nutritional problem for animals. The current high yielding rice varieties and hybrids remove large quantities of Zn from the soils, lowering the residual concentrations of soil Zn for the subsequent crop (e.g., wheat). Field experiments were conducted on farmers field in Malakand with the objective to evaluate the impact of various combinations of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha−1) and Zn levels (0, 5, 10, and 15 kg ha−1) on biofortification of Zn in grains and straw of rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) vs. coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)]. The results revealed that Zn biofortification in rice genotypes increased with the integrated use of both nutrients (P...
Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and... more Under the rice–wheat cropping system (RWS), the continuous cropping of rice (Oryza sativa L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) deplete soil fertility, and reduce crop growth and total rice biomass. In RWS, both phosphorus (P) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies are considered important nutritional constraints for reducing rice crop growth rates (CGR) and total biomass/biological yield (BY). The objective of this experiment was to investigate the impact of phosphorus (0, 40, 80, 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (0, 5, 10, 15 kg Zn ha−1) on CGR and BY of three rice genotypes [fine (Bamati-385) versus coarse (Fakhre-e-Malakand and Pukhraj)] in Northwestern Pakistan during summer 2011 (Y1) and 2012 (Y2). The results revealed that higher CGR at various growth stages and total BY was obtained with the integrated use of higher phosphorus (80 and 120 kg P ha−1) and zinc rates (10 and 15 kg Zn ha−1). The lower CGR and BY were recorded when P and Zn were not applied (control) or when P and Zn were applie...
LT codes are practical realization of digital fountain codes, which provides the concept of ratel... more LT codes are practical realization of digital fountain codes, which provides the concept of rateless coding. In this scheme, encoded symbols are generated infinitely from k information symbols. Decoder uses only (1+α)k number of encoded symbols to recover the original information. The degree distribution function in the LT codes helps to generate a random graph also referred as tanner graph. The artifact of tanner graph is responsible for computational complexity and overhead in the LT codes. Intuitively, a well designed degree distribution can be used for an efficient implementation of LT codes. The degree distribution function is studied as a function of power law, and LT codes are classified into two different categories: SFLT and RLT codes. Also, two different degree distributions are proposed and analyzed for SFLT codes which guarantee optimal performance in terms of computational complexity and overhead.
Hemocyanins (HMC): the copper-containing respiratory proteins present in invertebrate hemolymph, ... more Hemocyanins (HMC): the copper-containing respiratory proteins present in invertebrate hemolymph, which plays many essential roles in the immune system. Currently, little is known about the HMC domains of Procambarus clarkii (P. clarkii) and their function in antimicrobial immune response. In this present study, we comparatively studied the expression pattern of native PcHMC with the three recombinant proteins of variable domains of crayfish hemocyanin (PcHMC-N, N-terminal domain of hemocyanin; PcHMC-T, tyrosinase domain of hemocyanin; and PcHMC-C, C-terminal domain of hemocyanin). The results showed that three purified recombinant proteins had a strong binding to various bacteria and lipopolysaccharides that further highly agglutinated. The HMCs recombinant proteins showed strong antibacterial activity against V. parahaemolyticus and S. aureus by bacterial growth inhibition, phenoloxidase (PO) and phagocytosis assays. Specifically, rPcHMC1-T and rPcHMC1-C inhibited both the bacteria...
Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless... more Several researches are focused on the QoS (Quality of Service) and Energy consumption in wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks. Those research projects invest in theory and practice in order to extend the spectrum of use of norms, standards and technologies which are emerged in wireless communications. The performance of these technologies is strongly related to domains of use and limitations of their characteristics. In this paper, we give a comparison of ZigBee technology, most widely used in sensor networks, and UWB (Ultra Wide Band) which presents itself as competitor that present in these work better results for audiovisual applications with medium-range and high throughput.
In order to improve the acute scarcity of fresh fodder in the country, four local fodder legumes ... more In order to improve the acute scarcity of fresh fodder in the country, four local fodder legumes (cowpea) namely CP-1, CP-8, CP-31 and CP-801 were compared for plant characteristics and fresh fodder production potential at NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar. CP-1 required minimum days to emergence (4.7 days), flowering (87 days) and pod formation (94.7 days) and the shortest plant length (235 cm). CP-8 produced the longest plants (382 cm) though statistically not different than CP-31 and CP-801. CP-8 gave the maximum grain yield (969lg.ha-1); seeds pod-1 (11.3) and 100 seed weight (11.4g). The pods plant-1 and grain yield ha-1 produced by CP-1 were significantly lower than the other three germplasms. Generally the fresh fodder yield in all germplasms gradually increased from 14 ton ha-1 , 50 days after emergence to 64.2 ton ha-1 ,125 days after emergence. However, slight decline was observed with further interval of 25 days. CP-8 produced 30-40 percent more fresh fodder than the...
3 Abstract: Production of exotic soybean varieties is not sustainable. To explore the production ... more 3 Abstract: Production of exotic soybean varieties is not sustainable. To explore the production potential of land races a comparative study of three land races (Kulat brown, Kulat white and Mothi) and two improved varieties (NARC-II and Swat-84) of soybean was conducted at Agricultural University, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan during 2004 and 2005. Heavier seeds were obtained in 2004 one as compared to year 2005. Planting dates significantly affected pod plant , seeds pod , seed weight and seed yield. Maximum pods plant (74.2), 11 1
Indigenous land races of soybean has shown promising yield potential, yet limited information are... more Indigenous land races of soybean has shown promising yield potential, yet limited information are available for leaf area and related parameters. The present study aimed at assessing the leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), specific leaf weight (SLW) and crop growth rate (CGR) of three indigenous land races (Kulat brown, Kulat white, Mothi) and two improved varieties (NARC-II, Swat-84) of soybean planted at monthly interval from April to July during 2004 and 2005 growing seasons. The parameters studied were significantly affected by planting dates, varieties and planting dates x varieties. Specific leaf area and crop growth rate at seed filling stage did not respond to the interaction. Maximum leaf area (2735 m2 plant-1), leaf area index (11), and specific leaf area (391.6 cm2 g-1) was recorded for April planted crop. Gradual decrease in these parameters was observed when planting was delayed from April to July. However specific leaf weight increased from 2.7 ...
Dry seeds of four cotton varieties were irradiated with 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kR doses of gamma ir... more Dry seeds of four cotton varieties were irradiated with 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kR doses of gamma irradiation from Co source of gamma irradiation in 2012 at Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture (NIFA), 60 Tarnab, Peshawar, Pakistan. Three highly potential cotton varieties i.e. Gomal-93, Bt-131 and Bt-CIM-602 with irradiation of 15, 20 and 25 kR, respectively selected for the second year (May, 2013) cultivation at Experimental Fields of Department of Botany, University of Science & Technology, Bannu, Khyber Pakhtun Khwa, Pakistan. Number of branches plant , number of leaves plant , number of flowers plant , number of bolls plant , 1 1 1 1
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