Objective.-Acclimatization to high altitude (HA) is accompanied by decrease in plasma atrial natr... more Objective.-Acclimatization to high altitude (HA) is accompanied by decrease in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). On the other hand, circulating levels of the hormone are known to be influenced by age and ethnicity. The impact of these factors on ANP response during prolonged HA exposure remains unexplored. Hence, this study was conducted to examine possible age and ethnic variation in plasma proANP 1-98 levels in men after 3 to 4 weeks at HA. Methods.-Lowlanders (LL) were studied at sea level (SL) and after 3 to 4 weeks at an altitude of ϳ4500 m. The LL group comprised Rajput (n ϭ 48), Gorkha (n ϭ 40), and South Indian (n ϭ 43) ethnicities. Another group of HA natives (Ladakhi, n ϭ 40) were studied at ϳ4500 m only. Subjects were between 20 and 50 years of age. Estimation of plasma proANP 1-98 and biochemical, hematologic, and physiologic evaluation was done. Results.-In LL at HA, proANP 1-98 levels decreased (P Ͻ .001); plasma arginine vasopressin decreased (P Ͻ .05 in Rajputs and South Indians); and total protein, hemoglobin, and hematocrit increased (P Ͻ .05). Heart rate increased (P Ͻ .05), whereas arterial oxygen saturation decreased (P Ͻ .05) in all LL at HA. Ethnicity but not age variation in proANP 1-98 was observed under HA stress. In HA natives, plasma proANP 1-98 was higher than LL at HA and did not exhibit any age variation. Conclusions.-Plasma proANP 1-98 levels, reflecting medium-term ANP secretion, decrease during prolonged exposure to HA in LL. This is due to diuresis leading to plasma volume reduction that occurs during the acclimatization process. Ethnicity but not age variation is associated with plasma proANP 1-98 under HA stress.
Hormonal changes during high-altitude (HA) exposure are important for normal adaptation to the ne... more Hormonal changes during high-altitude (HA) exposure are important for normal adaptation to the new environment in lowlanders. Prolactin (PRL), a stress hormone, is involved in the regulation of fertility, immune response, osmotic balance, and angiogenesis. However, little is known about the effect of age and ethnicity on plasma PRL changes in men during prolonged HA exposure. The aim of this research was to examine possible age and ethnic variation in plasma PRL levels in men after 3 to 4 weeks of stay at HA (*4500 m) in the Indian population. Lowlanders of Rajput (n ¼ 49), Gorkha (n ¼ 70), and South Indian (n ¼ 40) ethnicities were studied at sea level (SL). They were taken to an altitude of *4500 m where they stayed for 3 to 4 weeks. Another group of HA natives (Ladakhi, n ¼ 65) was studied at similar altitude. Subjects were between 20 to 50 yr of age. At HA, plasma PRL showed a decrease in Rajputs and Gorkhas (p < 0.05), whereas there was an increase (p < 0.05) in South Indians when compared to SL. There was no age variation in PRL. PRL levels in HA natives were within the SL normal range observed in lowlanders. PRL response to HA stress in lowlanders is influenced by ethnicity. The exact cause for such differences in PRL secretion under HA stress is not clearly known. Further studies on the physiological regulation of PRL at HA are needed.
The loss of body weight due to suppressed appetite at high altitude is very common. The hormone l... more The loss of body weight due to suppressed appetite at high altitude is very common. The hormone leptin and trace metal zinc have key roles in appetite regulation. In the present study, changes in leptin and zinc status of female mountaineers with and without supplementation with zinc have been investigated. Plasma leptin, zinc and enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.5) and 5 nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.1) of 25 women mountaineers between age gmup 17-25 yr were studied. The women mountaineers were divided into two groups, i.e., placebo control (n = 7) and supplemented with zinc at dose 15 mg/day for 21 days (n = 18) and all variables were analysed initially at 1981 m, at high altitude (4572-5182 m) and on rehun to initial altitude. The basal leptin level for both the groups combined was 3.12 + 0.57 ng/ml (mean * SD). Plasma leptin levels were found increased by 24 per cent and 58 per cent, respectively at high altitude and after rehlm in case of control group, whereas in c...
Performance characteristics of a versatile and inexpensive plastic scintillator are described. Th... more Performance characteristics of a versatile and inexpensive plastic scintillator are described. This detector system is sensitive enough to be useful for 1-137 uptake studies and can also be utilised to monitor patients administered with therapeutic quantities of radioactivity. The uptake values obtained by this system are compared to the ones obtained using Nal(TI) detector. Statistical analysis of the data does not demonstrate any Significant difference between the two values.
COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious risk of contagion to humans. There is a need to find reliable... more COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious risk of contagion to humans. There is a need to find reliable non-contact tests like vocal correlates of COVID-19 infection. Thirty-six Asian ethnic volunteers 16 (8M & 8F) infected subjects and 20 (10M &10F) non-infected controls participated in this study by vocalizing vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/. Voice correlates of 16 COVID-19 positive patients were compared during infection and after recovery with 20 non-infected controls. Compared to non-infected controls, significantly higher values of energy intensity for /o/ (p=0.048); formant F1 for /o/ (p=0.014); and formant F3 for /u/ (p=0.032) were observed in male patients, while higher values of Jitter (local, abs) for /o/ (p=0.021) and Jitter (ppq5) for /a/ (p=0.014) were observed in female patients. However, formant F2 for /u/ (p=0.018), mean pitch F0 for /e/, /i/ and /o/ (p=0.033; 0.036; 0.047) decreased for female patients under infection. Compared to recovered conditions, HNR for /e/ (p=0.014) was higher in male patients under infection, while Jitter (rap) for /a/ (p=0.041); Jitter (ppq5) for /a/ (p=0.032); Shimmer (local, dB) for /i/ (p=0.024); Shimmer (apq5) for /u/ (p=0.019); and formant F4 for vowel /o/ (p=0.022) were higher in female patients under infection. However, HNR for /e/ (p=0.041); and formant F1 for /o/ (p=0.002) were lower in female patients compared to their recovered conditions. Obtained results support the hypothesis since changes in voice parameters were observed in the infected patients which can be correlated to a combination of acoustic measures like fundamental frequency, formant characteristics, HNR, and voice perturbations like jitter and shimmer for different vowels. Thus, voice analysis can be used for scanning and prognosis of COVID-19 infection. Based on the findings of this study, a mobile application can be developed to analyze human voice in real-time to detect COVID-19 symptoms for remedial measures and necessary action.
2019 International Conference on Power Electronics, Control and Automation (ICPECA), 2019
An acoustic signal transmitted through a material gives a lot of qualitative information about it... more An acoustic signal transmitted through a material gives a lot of qualitative information about itself. Such information can be useful in classifying different materials. The present paper discussed a new method to classify liquid mixtures without having knowledge of solutes. For this purpose acoustic signals of different liquid mixtures were acquired using a simple acoustic resonance spectrometry system. The spectrometry system has been developed by a V-shaped quartz tube and two similar piezoelectric transducers. The transducers are attached at both the ends of the tube. The white noise signals were given to the transmitter transducer which generates vibrations. The generated vibrations transmitted through the quartz tube and the liquid mixture sample. The vibrations after interaction with the sample were translated into an equivalent voltage signals by the detector transducer. These signals have been recorded and analyzed by Laptop and software. Three types of liquid samples, namely: water, salt solution, and sugar solution were used in the experiments. The spectral features of each material were extracted from recorded signals by autoregressive power spectral density. These features were given as inputs to the classifiers: SVM, QDA, and KNN. The overall classification accuracies of QDA, KNN, and SVM were found to be 98%, 99.6%, and 100% respectively when all the spectral features had been given to classifiers. The results show that the SVM classifiers provide the best classification accuracy on the autoregressive spectral features of materials.
Abstract Acoustic signals passing through a material gather a great deal of analytical informatio... more Abstract Acoustic signals passing through a material gather a great deal of analytical information. Such information act as a signature for classification of the materials. Therefore, the paper proposes a novel method for classification of oils by extracting spectral features from acoustic signals. A developed acoustic resonance spectrometry system has been used for the acquisition of acoustic signals from different oils. The system has a quartz V-tube and two similar piezoelectric transducers, attached at the two ends of the tube. One of the transducer acts as a transmitter and the others as a receiver. The transmitter generates the vibrations with the excitation of white noise. The vibrations transmitted through the tube along with oil from the transmitter end to the receiver end. At the receiver end, vibrations translated into the acoustic signal that has been recorded and analyzed. The experiments were performed on six different oils samples namely: Castor, Mustard, Olive, D.Almond, Petrol, and Tarpin. The Burg spectral analysis was carried out on acoustic signals and eight resonance peaks frequency were recorded. The principal component analysis was done on the collected resonance frequencies datasets. The first three principal components were given as input to ECOC SVM classifier using radial basic function kernel in five different output coding schemes one versus one (1VS1), one versus all (1VSA), ordinal (ORD), and binary complete (BNC). The accuracies of SVM_1VS1, SVM_1VSA, SVM_ORD, and SVM_BNC are found to be 100% in classifying Castor, Mustard, Olive, and Tarpin. The best classifier in classifying D.Almond and Petrol is SVM_ORD that has accuracies of 96.75% and 91.47% respectively. The total classification accuracies of classifiers SVM_1VS1, SVM_1VSA, SVM_ORD, and SVM_BNC are 95.71%, 93.08%, 98.03%, and 95.47% respectively. Hence, the variation in resonant peaks in the Burg autoregressive spectrum of acoustic signals showed significant potential in classifying the oils.
The acoustic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, precise, inexpensive, and non-destructive met... more The acoustic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, precise, inexpensive, and non-destructive method for identification and quantification of materials. The acoustics based inspection methods used for classification of materials in the field of food, security, and healthcare is constrained by expensive instrumentation, complicated transducer coupling, etc. Hence, a simple, inexpensive, and portable system has been devised that acquires data quickly and classifies the materials. It has two piezoelectric transducers glued to both ends of the V-shaped quartz tube, one acting as a transmitter and another as a receiver. The transmitter generates vibration by white noise excitation. The receiver detects the resultant signal after interaction with samples and recorded the acoustic signal with the help of a laptop and software. From analysis of power spectrum of signals acquired from each of the samples, seven resonant peaks were obtained. PCA analysis was carried out by selecting only two principal components as feature vectors for classification. The overall accuracy of the classifiers: LDA and Naive Bayes were 98.91% and 96.83% respectively. The classification accuracy of LDA for distilled water, sugar solution, and salt solution were found to be 100%, 98.5%, and 98.25% respectively, while the accuracy of the Naive Bayes classifier was 94%, 98.5%, and 98% respectively. The results show that the classification accuracy of LDA is better than Naive Bayes classifier. The datasets of the developed simple system show a significant capability in the classification of materials.
International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics, 2017
G stress can debilitate pilots of modern fighter aircraft and consequence accidents due to G-indu... more G stress can debilitate pilots of modern fighter aircraft and consequence accidents due to G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). The physiological effects of high G stress include reduction in head level blood pressure and cardiac output that subsequently results loss of vision and G-LOC. The body's natural resistance system helps the pilot to fight against the effects of G stress to some level. To understand the medical and physiological consequences of high G forces on humans, research around the world is conducted using centrifuges, tilt tables, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) devices, etc. Physiological effects due to G-stress are experienced by the pilot on the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. Many physiological, environmental and habitual conditions are found responsible for decreasing the G-tolerance. Mechanical, physiological and educational countermeasures are suggested to protect the pilots of high performance aircraft against the extreme acceleration. Expected inventions of more manoeuvrable aircrafts will possibly demand the use of advanced countermeasures to protect the pilots from the effect of high G forces.
This paper includes the various past and present researches which involve the study of the cellul... more This paper includes the various past and present researches which involve the study of the cellular radiations on the human cells. The effect of the weak electromagnetic fields from various sources like cell phones, cordless phones and Wi-Fi can be hazardous over long term exposures and can cause various health problems. The technique of superimposition of incoherent noise field can prove advantageous in suppressing the biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields.
International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications, 2015
When a person is emotionally charged, stress could be discerned in his voice. This paper presents... more When a person is emotionally charged, stress could be discerned in his voice. This paper presents a simplified and a non-invasive approach to detect psycho-physiological stress by monitoring the acoustic modifications during a stressful conversation. Voice database consists of audio clips from eight different popular FM broadcasts wherein the host of the show vexes the subjects who are otherwise unaware of the charade. The audio clips are obtained from real-life stressful conversations (no simulated emotions). Analysis is done using PRAAT software to evaluate mean fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies (F1, F2, F3, F4) both in neutral and stressed state. Results suggest that F0 increases with stress; however, formant frequency decreases with stress. Comparison of Fourier and chirp spectra of short vowel segment shows that for relaxed speech, the two spectra are similar; however, for stressed speech, they differ in the high frequency range due to increased pitch modulation.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2015
Background: Hypoxia is an intensive environmental stressor which affects the psychophysiological ... more Background: Hypoxia is an intensive environmental stressor which affects the psychophysiological state of an individual. It has been confirmed to influence the fundamental frequency of voice. This study aims to investigate the effect of different hypoxia conditions on formant characteristics of voice. Method: Eighteen volunteers recorded voice using a mobile phone in two phases. Study-1: Six subjects were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (NH) for four days in a normobaric chamber. For hypobaric hypoxia same subjects were airlifted to 11500 ft above sea level (SL) and stayed there for four days. Study-2: Out of twelve subjects, six test subjects exercised after NH exposure. Other six were control subjects. All 12 subjects were then airlifted to 11500 ft and stayed at this height for six days. Obtained data was analyzed using BLISS software. Result: No change in formant's frequency was observed after NH exposure or at high altitude (HA). Significant increase in formant's intensity was noted after NH exposure. Formant's intensity decreased on initial exposure to HA, however it increased after acclimatization. Percentage increase in the formant's intensity after NHE without exercise was more than that with exercise. Conclusion: Hypoxic stress changes voice parameters. Formant frequency is not affected by hypoxic stress.
All biomedical laser applications are based on the interaction of laser light with biological sys... more All biomedical laser applications are based on the interaction of laser light with biological system. During the past decade considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that non-thermal exposure to laser can elicit cellular changes in the immune system. In the present study, we have analyzed the effect of laser on immune response in rats. A group of rats were exposed to 0.225 mu j/cm2 for 90 min for 3 days in specially designed fiberglass chambers. The whole body exposure of rats of He-Ne laser modulated both the humoral and cellular responses to tetanus toxoid stimulation. Plain red light used as a control for red laser light showed an appreciable degree of response as compared to the control groups, but not to the extent of the response to laser. Non-responders turned responders after exposure to laser. There was no response in unimmunized groups when exposed to laser and red light alone. The early and heightened immune response and proliferation of lymphocytes after expos...
Please cite this article in press as: Khan M, et al. Computer based real time systems for analyzi... more Please cite this article in press as: Khan M, et al. Computer based real time systems for analyzing cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress. Biocybern Biomed Eng (2015),
2009 International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, 2009
... Circulation,vol.93, no.5, 1043-1065, 1996. [8] Bansal Dipali, Khan Munna and Salhan AK An ECG... more ... Circulation,vol.93, no.5, 1043-1065, 1996. [8] Bansal Dipali, Khan Munna and Salhan AK An ECG monitoring system having simple interface with computer capable of real time data transfer. ... H1273-H1280. [20] Awdah Al-Hazimi, Nabil Al-Ama, Ahmad Syiamic, Reem Qosti, and ...
RIAs. For each ethnic group, variance in outcomes using two different methods arises from two pot... more RIAs. For each ethnic group, variance in outcomes using two different methods arises from two potential sources; factors affecting biological variation and factors affecting proceduralanalytic variation (3). With the routine use of these assays being astronomical throughout the world, the need to establish reference hormone values for every ethnic group using EIA/ ELISA is essential. The commonly encountered hormonal estimations in clinical practice usually include thyroid hormones, markers of stress, and reproductive hormones. In this perspective, little is known about the reference range for hormonal parameters in the Indian population which is polygenetic (4). The aims of this study was to determine reference values for hormonal parameters in three different ethnic groups of the Indian population using EIA/ELISA and to compare the results obtained among the different ethnicities in subjects between 20 to 50 years of age.
Indian Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2013
The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the readers and the researchers about the implementati... more The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the readers and the researchers about the implementations and applications of thoracic impedance measurements and approximations for diagnosis of several related diseases. In this study, two entirely non-invasive approaches and simple assumptions are taken into consideration to measure the transthoracic electrical impedance and lung volume. In the first method, the fluid volume is calculated by considering a pre-defined curve and anthropometric dimensions of the human thorax, whereas in the second method, the thorax is considered as a cylinder and the cylindrical mathematical standard formulae are utilised for approximation of the lung volume. The thoracic impedance is measured directly by placing the tetrapolar electrodes on the right side of the human thorax. The right side of the thorax is considered in order to avoid the incorporation of the geometrical aspects and the behaviour of the heart. The anthropometric dimensions are taken for six normal male subjects of sound health. With the help of these parameters, the thoracic fluid volume is predicted using two methods. In the first method, the thoracic volume is predicted by considering the thorax as a cylinder and by using basic relations of the periphery and volume of the cylinder. Human thorax dimensions are approximated as height and breadth of the cylinder and certain approximations have been adopted. The anthropometric dimensions are taken for the chest at normal resting conditions and at breath-hold positions. In both the approaches, the difference between the measured and the predicted impedances and volumes are clearly observable.
Translational Research in Environmental and Occupational Stress, 2014
Indian Armed Forces protect the boundaries of our country under diversified climatic conditions l... more Indian Armed Forces protect the boundaries of our country under diversified climatic conditions like the hot and dry deserts of Rajasthan, the humid forests of the northeast, coastal regions, cold deserts with snowbound areas with extremely low temperatures, and hypoxic conditions at high altitudes and underwater. The hypoxic and cold conditions at high and extreme altitudes lead to many physiological and psychological problems. The inclement weather conditions and the lack of proper facilities further exaggerate the problem. These soldiers fight more against harsh climatic conditions rather than the enemy. The survivability aspects of the soldiers have already been addressed by the Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS). Problems related to high-altitude exposure have largely been addressed by providing an acclimatization schedule, which is currently followed by the Armed Forces.
Objective.-Acclimatization to high altitude (HA) is accompanied by decrease in plasma atrial natr... more Objective.-Acclimatization to high altitude (HA) is accompanied by decrease in plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). On the other hand, circulating levels of the hormone are known to be influenced by age and ethnicity. The impact of these factors on ANP response during prolonged HA exposure remains unexplored. Hence, this study was conducted to examine possible age and ethnic variation in plasma proANP 1-98 levels in men after 3 to 4 weeks at HA. Methods.-Lowlanders (LL) were studied at sea level (SL) and after 3 to 4 weeks at an altitude of ϳ4500 m. The LL group comprised Rajput (n ϭ 48), Gorkha (n ϭ 40), and South Indian (n ϭ 43) ethnicities. Another group of HA natives (Ladakhi, n ϭ 40) were studied at ϳ4500 m only. Subjects were between 20 and 50 years of age. Estimation of plasma proANP 1-98 and biochemical, hematologic, and physiologic evaluation was done. Results.-In LL at HA, proANP 1-98 levels decreased (P Ͻ .001); plasma arginine vasopressin decreased (P Ͻ .05 in Rajputs and South Indians); and total protein, hemoglobin, and hematocrit increased (P Ͻ .05). Heart rate increased (P Ͻ .05), whereas arterial oxygen saturation decreased (P Ͻ .05) in all LL at HA. Ethnicity but not age variation in proANP 1-98 was observed under HA stress. In HA natives, plasma proANP 1-98 was higher than LL at HA and did not exhibit any age variation. Conclusions.-Plasma proANP 1-98 levels, reflecting medium-term ANP secretion, decrease during prolonged exposure to HA in LL. This is due to diuresis leading to plasma volume reduction that occurs during the acclimatization process. Ethnicity but not age variation is associated with plasma proANP 1-98 under HA stress.
Hormonal changes during high-altitude (HA) exposure are important for normal adaptation to the ne... more Hormonal changes during high-altitude (HA) exposure are important for normal adaptation to the new environment in lowlanders. Prolactin (PRL), a stress hormone, is involved in the regulation of fertility, immune response, osmotic balance, and angiogenesis. However, little is known about the effect of age and ethnicity on plasma PRL changes in men during prolonged HA exposure. The aim of this research was to examine possible age and ethnic variation in plasma PRL levels in men after 3 to 4 weeks of stay at HA (*4500 m) in the Indian population. Lowlanders of Rajput (n ¼ 49), Gorkha (n ¼ 70), and South Indian (n ¼ 40) ethnicities were studied at sea level (SL). They were taken to an altitude of *4500 m where they stayed for 3 to 4 weeks. Another group of HA natives (Ladakhi, n ¼ 65) was studied at similar altitude. Subjects were between 20 to 50 yr of age. At HA, plasma PRL showed a decrease in Rajputs and Gorkhas (p < 0.05), whereas there was an increase (p < 0.05) in South Indians when compared to SL. There was no age variation in PRL. PRL levels in HA natives were within the SL normal range observed in lowlanders. PRL response to HA stress in lowlanders is influenced by ethnicity. The exact cause for such differences in PRL secretion under HA stress is not clearly known. Further studies on the physiological regulation of PRL at HA are needed.
The loss of body weight due to suppressed appetite at high altitude is very common. The hormone l... more The loss of body weight due to suppressed appetite at high altitude is very common. The hormone leptin and trace metal zinc have key roles in appetite regulation. In the present study, changes in leptin and zinc status of female mountaineers with and without supplementation with zinc have been investigated. Plasma leptin, zinc and enzyme activities of alkaline phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.5) and 5 nucleotidase (EC 3.1.3.1) of 25 women mountaineers between age gmup 17-25 yr were studied. The women mountaineers were divided into two groups, i.e., placebo control (n = 7) and supplemented with zinc at dose 15 mg/day for 21 days (n = 18) and all variables were analysed initially at 1981 m, at high altitude (4572-5182 m) and on rehun to initial altitude. The basal leptin level for both the groups combined was 3.12 + 0.57 ng/ml (mean * SD). Plasma leptin levels were found increased by 24 per cent and 58 per cent, respectively at high altitude and after rehlm in case of control group, whereas in c...
Performance characteristics of a versatile and inexpensive plastic scintillator are described. Th... more Performance characteristics of a versatile and inexpensive plastic scintillator are described. This detector system is sensitive enough to be useful for 1-137 uptake studies and can also be utilised to monitor patients administered with therapeutic quantities of radioactivity. The uptake values obtained by this system are compared to the ones obtained using Nal(TI) detector. Statistical analysis of the data does not demonstrate any Significant difference between the two values.
COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious risk of contagion to humans. There is a need to find reliable... more COVID-19 pandemic has posed serious risk of contagion to humans. There is a need to find reliable non-contact tests like vocal correlates of COVID-19 infection. Thirty-six Asian ethnic volunteers 16 (8M & 8F) infected subjects and 20 (10M &10F) non-infected controls participated in this study by vocalizing vowels /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/. Voice correlates of 16 COVID-19 positive patients were compared during infection and after recovery with 20 non-infected controls. Compared to non-infected controls, significantly higher values of energy intensity for /o/ (p=0.048); formant F1 for /o/ (p=0.014); and formant F3 for /u/ (p=0.032) were observed in male patients, while higher values of Jitter (local, abs) for /o/ (p=0.021) and Jitter (ppq5) for /a/ (p=0.014) were observed in female patients. However, formant F2 for /u/ (p=0.018), mean pitch F0 for /e/, /i/ and /o/ (p=0.033; 0.036; 0.047) decreased for female patients under infection. Compared to recovered conditions, HNR for /e/ (p=0.014) was higher in male patients under infection, while Jitter (rap) for /a/ (p=0.041); Jitter (ppq5) for /a/ (p=0.032); Shimmer (local, dB) for /i/ (p=0.024); Shimmer (apq5) for /u/ (p=0.019); and formant F4 for vowel /o/ (p=0.022) were higher in female patients under infection. However, HNR for /e/ (p=0.041); and formant F1 for /o/ (p=0.002) were lower in female patients compared to their recovered conditions. Obtained results support the hypothesis since changes in voice parameters were observed in the infected patients which can be correlated to a combination of acoustic measures like fundamental frequency, formant characteristics, HNR, and voice perturbations like jitter and shimmer for different vowels. Thus, voice analysis can be used for scanning and prognosis of COVID-19 infection. Based on the findings of this study, a mobile application can be developed to analyze human voice in real-time to detect COVID-19 symptoms for remedial measures and necessary action.
2019 International Conference on Power Electronics, Control and Automation (ICPECA), 2019
An acoustic signal transmitted through a material gives a lot of qualitative information about it... more An acoustic signal transmitted through a material gives a lot of qualitative information about itself. Such information can be useful in classifying different materials. The present paper discussed a new method to classify liquid mixtures without having knowledge of solutes. For this purpose acoustic signals of different liquid mixtures were acquired using a simple acoustic resonance spectrometry system. The spectrometry system has been developed by a V-shaped quartz tube and two similar piezoelectric transducers. The transducers are attached at both the ends of the tube. The white noise signals were given to the transmitter transducer which generates vibrations. The generated vibrations transmitted through the quartz tube and the liquid mixture sample. The vibrations after interaction with the sample were translated into an equivalent voltage signals by the detector transducer. These signals have been recorded and analyzed by Laptop and software. Three types of liquid samples, namely: water, salt solution, and sugar solution were used in the experiments. The spectral features of each material were extracted from recorded signals by autoregressive power spectral density. These features were given as inputs to the classifiers: SVM, QDA, and KNN. The overall classification accuracies of QDA, KNN, and SVM were found to be 98%, 99.6%, and 100% respectively when all the spectral features had been given to classifiers. The results show that the SVM classifiers provide the best classification accuracy on the autoregressive spectral features of materials.
Abstract Acoustic signals passing through a material gather a great deal of analytical informatio... more Abstract Acoustic signals passing through a material gather a great deal of analytical information. Such information act as a signature for classification of the materials. Therefore, the paper proposes a novel method for classification of oils by extracting spectral features from acoustic signals. A developed acoustic resonance spectrometry system has been used for the acquisition of acoustic signals from different oils. The system has a quartz V-tube and two similar piezoelectric transducers, attached at the two ends of the tube. One of the transducer acts as a transmitter and the others as a receiver. The transmitter generates the vibrations with the excitation of white noise. The vibrations transmitted through the tube along with oil from the transmitter end to the receiver end. At the receiver end, vibrations translated into the acoustic signal that has been recorded and analyzed. The experiments were performed on six different oils samples namely: Castor, Mustard, Olive, D.Almond, Petrol, and Tarpin. The Burg spectral analysis was carried out on acoustic signals and eight resonance peaks frequency were recorded. The principal component analysis was done on the collected resonance frequencies datasets. The first three principal components were given as input to ECOC SVM classifier using radial basic function kernel in five different output coding schemes one versus one (1VS1), one versus all (1VSA), ordinal (ORD), and binary complete (BNC). The accuracies of SVM_1VS1, SVM_1VSA, SVM_ORD, and SVM_BNC are found to be 100% in classifying Castor, Mustard, Olive, and Tarpin. The best classifier in classifying D.Almond and Petrol is SVM_ORD that has accuracies of 96.75% and 91.47% respectively. The total classification accuracies of classifiers SVM_1VS1, SVM_1VSA, SVM_ORD, and SVM_BNC are 95.71%, 93.08%, 98.03%, and 95.47% respectively. Hence, the variation in resonant peaks in the Burg autoregressive spectrum of acoustic signals showed significant potential in classifying the oils.
The acoustic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, precise, inexpensive, and non-destructive met... more The acoustic resonance spectroscopy is an accurate, precise, inexpensive, and non-destructive method for identification and quantification of materials. The acoustics based inspection methods used for classification of materials in the field of food, security, and healthcare is constrained by expensive instrumentation, complicated transducer coupling, etc. Hence, a simple, inexpensive, and portable system has been devised that acquires data quickly and classifies the materials. It has two piezoelectric transducers glued to both ends of the V-shaped quartz tube, one acting as a transmitter and another as a receiver. The transmitter generates vibration by white noise excitation. The receiver detects the resultant signal after interaction with samples and recorded the acoustic signal with the help of a laptop and software. From analysis of power spectrum of signals acquired from each of the samples, seven resonant peaks were obtained. PCA analysis was carried out by selecting only two principal components as feature vectors for classification. The overall accuracy of the classifiers: LDA and Naive Bayes were 98.91% and 96.83% respectively. The classification accuracy of LDA for distilled water, sugar solution, and salt solution were found to be 100%, 98.5%, and 98.25% respectively, while the accuracy of the Naive Bayes classifier was 94%, 98.5%, and 98% respectively. The results show that the classification accuracy of LDA is better than Naive Bayes classifier. The datasets of the developed simple system show a significant capability in the classification of materials.
International Journal of Medical Engineering and Informatics, 2017
G stress can debilitate pilots of modern fighter aircraft and consequence accidents due to G-indu... more G stress can debilitate pilots of modern fighter aircraft and consequence accidents due to G-induced loss of consciousness (G-LOC). The physiological effects of high G stress include reduction in head level blood pressure and cardiac output that subsequently results loss of vision and G-LOC. The body's natural resistance system helps the pilot to fight against the effects of G stress to some level. To understand the medical and physiological consequences of high G forces on humans, research around the world is conducted using centrifuges, tilt tables, lower body negative pressure (LBNP) devices, etc. Physiological effects due to G-stress are experienced by the pilot on the cardiovascular, respiratory, musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. Many physiological, environmental and habitual conditions are found responsible for decreasing the G-tolerance. Mechanical, physiological and educational countermeasures are suggested to protect the pilots of high performance aircraft against the extreme acceleration. Expected inventions of more manoeuvrable aircrafts will possibly demand the use of advanced countermeasures to protect the pilots from the effect of high G forces.
This paper includes the various past and present researches which involve the study of the cellul... more This paper includes the various past and present researches which involve the study of the cellular radiations on the human cells. The effect of the weak electromagnetic fields from various sources like cell phones, cordless phones and Wi-Fi can be hazardous over long term exposures and can cause various health problems. The technique of superimposition of incoherent noise field can prove advantageous in suppressing the biological effects of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields.
International Journal of Bioinformatics Research and Applications, 2015
When a person is emotionally charged, stress could be discerned in his voice. This paper presents... more When a person is emotionally charged, stress could be discerned in his voice. This paper presents a simplified and a non-invasive approach to detect psycho-physiological stress by monitoring the acoustic modifications during a stressful conversation. Voice database consists of audio clips from eight different popular FM broadcasts wherein the host of the show vexes the subjects who are otherwise unaware of the charade. The audio clips are obtained from real-life stressful conversations (no simulated emotions). Analysis is done using PRAAT software to evaluate mean fundamental frequency (F0) and formant frequencies (F1, F2, F3, F4) both in neutral and stressed state. Results suggest that F0 increases with stress; however, formant frequency decreases with stress. Comparison of Fourier and chirp spectra of short vowel segment shows that for relaxed speech, the two spectra are similar; however, for stressed speech, they differ in the high frequency range due to increased pitch modulation.
International Journal of Computer Applications, 2015
Background: Hypoxia is an intensive environmental stressor which affects the psychophysiological ... more Background: Hypoxia is an intensive environmental stressor which affects the psychophysiological state of an individual. It has been confirmed to influence the fundamental frequency of voice. This study aims to investigate the effect of different hypoxia conditions on formant characteristics of voice. Method: Eighteen volunteers recorded voice using a mobile phone in two phases. Study-1: Six subjects were exposed to normobaric hypoxia (NH) for four days in a normobaric chamber. For hypobaric hypoxia same subjects were airlifted to 11500 ft above sea level (SL) and stayed there for four days. Study-2: Out of twelve subjects, six test subjects exercised after NH exposure. Other six were control subjects. All 12 subjects were then airlifted to 11500 ft and stayed at this height for six days. Obtained data was analyzed using BLISS software. Result: No change in formant's frequency was observed after NH exposure or at high altitude (HA). Significant increase in formant's intensity was noted after NH exposure. Formant's intensity decreased on initial exposure to HA, however it increased after acclimatization. Percentage increase in the formant's intensity after NHE without exercise was more than that with exercise. Conclusion: Hypoxic stress changes voice parameters. Formant frequency is not affected by hypoxic stress.
All biomedical laser applications are based on the interaction of laser light with biological sys... more All biomedical laser applications are based on the interaction of laser light with biological system. During the past decade considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating that non-thermal exposure to laser can elicit cellular changes in the immune system. In the present study, we have analyzed the effect of laser on immune response in rats. A group of rats were exposed to 0.225 mu j/cm2 for 90 min for 3 days in specially designed fiberglass chambers. The whole body exposure of rats of He-Ne laser modulated both the humoral and cellular responses to tetanus toxoid stimulation. Plain red light used as a control for red laser light showed an appreciable degree of response as compared to the control groups, but not to the extent of the response to laser. Non-responders turned responders after exposure to laser. There was no response in unimmunized groups when exposed to laser and red light alone. The early and heightened immune response and proliferation of lymphocytes after expos...
Please cite this article in press as: Khan M, et al. Computer based real time systems for analyzi... more Please cite this article in press as: Khan M, et al. Computer based real time systems for analyzing cardiovascular response to orthostatic stress. Biocybern Biomed Eng (2015),
2009 International Conference on Computer and Automation Engineering, 2009
... Circulation,vol.93, no.5, 1043-1065, 1996. [8] Bansal Dipali, Khan Munna and Salhan AK An ECG... more ... Circulation,vol.93, no.5, 1043-1065, 1996. [8] Bansal Dipali, Khan Munna and Salhan AK An ECG monitoring system having simple interface with computer capable of real time data transfer. ... H1273-H1280. [20] Awdah Al-Hazimi, Nabil Al-Ama, Ahmad Syiamic, Reem Qosti, and ...
RIAs. For each ethnic group, variance in outcomes using two different methods arises from two pot... more RIAs. For each ethnic group, variance in outcomes using two different methods arises from two potential sources; factors affecting biological variation and factors affecting proceduralanalytic variation (3). With the routine use of these assays being astronomical throughout the world, the need to establish reference hormone values for every ethnic group using EIA/ ELISA is essential. The commonly encountered hormonal estimations in clinical practice usually include thyroid hormones, markers of stress, and reproductive hormones. In this perspective, little is known about the reference range for hormonal parameters in the Indian population which is polygenetic (4). The aims of this study was to determine reference values for hormonal parameters in three different ethnic groups of the Indian population using EIA/ELISA and to compare the results obtained among the different ethnicities in subjects between 20 to 50 years of age.
Indian Journal of Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 2013
The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the readers and the researchers about the implementati... more The purpose of this paper is to facilitate the readers and the researchers about the implementations and applications of thoracic impedance measurements and approximations for diagnosis of several related diseases. In this study, two entirely non-invasive approaches and simple assumptions are taken into consideration to measure the transthoracic electrical impedance and lung volume. In the first method, the fluid volume is calculated by considering a pre-defined curve and anthropometric dimensions of the human thorax, whereas in the second method, the thorax is considered as a cylinder and the cylindrical mathematical standard formulae are utilised for approximation of the lung volume. The thoracic impedance is measured directly by placing the tetrapolar electrodes on the right side of the human thorax. The right side of the thorax is considered in order to avoid the incorporation of the geometrical aspects and the behaviour of the heart. The anthropometric dimensions are taken for six normal male subjects of sound health. With the help of these parameters, the thoracic fluid volume is predicted using two methods. In the first method, the thoracic volume is predicted by considering the thorax as a cylinder and by using basic relations of the periphery and volume of the cylinder. Human thorax dimensions are approximated as height and breadth of the cylinder and certain approximations have been adopted. The anthropometric dimensions are taken for the chest at normal resting conditions and at breath-hold positions. In both the approaches, the difference between the measured and the predicted impedances and volumes are clearly observable.
Translational Research in Environmental and Occupational Stress, 2014
Indian Armed Forces protect the boundaries of our country under diversified climatic conditions l... more Indian Armed Forces protect the boundaries of our country under diversified climatic conditions like the hot and dry deserts of Rajasthan, the humid forests of the northeast, coastal regions, cold deserts with snowbound areas with extremely low temperatures, and hypoxic conditions at high altitudes and underwater. The hypoxic and cold conditions at high and extreme altitudes lead to many physiological and psychological problems. The inclement weather conditions and the lack of proper facilities further exaggerate the problem. These soldiers fight more against harsh climatic conditions rather than the enemy. The survivability aspects of the soldiers have already been addressed by the Defence Institute of Physiology & Allied Sciences (DIPAS). Problems related to high-altitude exposure have largely been addressed by providing an acclimatization schedule, which is currently followed by the Armed Forces.
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