The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents ... more The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents an unusual catalytic stability compared to other nickel-based catalysts. A thorough TEM/EDX study combined with isotopic transient DRIFT and TAP experiments reveals the existence of a tight interface between a lanthanum carbonate phase and the nickel particles. A "bi-functional" mechanism is proposed to account for the observed kinetic behaviour: methane is activated on the Ni particles, carbon dioxide interacts with La 2 O 3 to form carbonates which scavenge carbon from nickel at the Ni-La 2 O 3 interface, thus restoring the Ni particles to their original state. This specific morphology of the active phase is also assumed to hinder the formation of deactivating coke, which explains the catalytic stability of such a catalyst.
The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents ... more The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents an unusual catalytic stability compared to other nickel-based catalysts. A thorough TEM/EDX study combined with isotopic transient DRIFT and TAP experiments reveals the existence of a tight interface between a lanthanum carbonate phase and the nickel particles. A "bi-functional" mechanism is proposed to account for the observed kinetic behaviour: methane is activated on the Ni particles, carbon dioxide interacts with La 2 O 3 to form carbonates which scavenge carbon from nickel at the Ni-La 2 O 3 interface, thus restoring the Ni particles to their original state. This specific morphology of the active phase is also assumed to hinder the formation of deactivating coke, which explains the catalytic stability of such a catalyst.
The Norwegian national program for RD&D within CCS (CLIMIT) changed focus towards more internatio... more The Norwegian national program for RD&D within CCS (CLIMIT) changed focus towards more international collaboration in 2017. The program has since then allocated approximately 20 percent of the available budget for international joint calls, primarily through the calls set up by the ACT transnational partnership. ACT is the abbreviation for Accelerating CCS technologies, and funding agencies from 16 countries, provinces and regions are collaborating on joint calls and knowledge sharing within this partnership. The effect of allocating a fifth of the available CLIMIT funds to international calls, has led to a shift from basic to applied research and consequently to larger projects of higher industrial interest. The international projects have managed to raise awareness of CCUS as a tool to combat global warming in a much more pronounced way than is normally seen in national RD&D projects
The CSLF is an international Ministerial-level climate change initiative whose mission is to acce... more The CSLF is an international Ministerial-level climate change initiative whose mission is to accelerate development, demonstration and commercial deployment of improved cost-effective technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It also promotes awareness and champions legal, regulatory, financial, and institutional environments conducive to such technologies. The CSLF works via collaborative efforts that address key technical, economic ,political and environmental obstacles.
The Norwegian CLIMIT program for research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of carbon capture... more The Norwegian CLIMIT program for research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of carbon capture and storage (CCS) was established in 2005 to provide financial support to RD&D of CCS technologies. Research institutions and companies in Norway together with international partners may apply to CLIMIT for funding of their projects. The program is funded by the Norwegian government with an annual budget CLIMIT has so demonstration projects. This paper presents a new strategy for the CLIMIT program, provides some background on CCS in Norway and a brief overview of Norwegian activities within CCS. The new CLIMIT strategy is based on seven foundation reports; 1) Technology status, 2) Market analysis, 3) Cost of CCS, 4) Policies and regulations, 5) International energy and CCS roadmaps, 6) Current infrastructure and test sites and 7) Innovative processes. Major findings from these reports are presented together with the resulting CLIMIT program strategy for 2012 2020.
A method for the production of formed bodies containing metalloaluminophosphate (ELAPO) microporo... more A method for the production of formed bodies containing metalloaluminophosphate (ELAPO) microporous crystalline, characterized in that the formed body is prepared from a mixture of an inert binder and a solid material containing Al and P, said formed body is added one liquid reaction mixture comprising an active source of an EL metal, an organic directing agent structure and water, and the in situ crystallisation is performed in said formed body at elevated temperature under autogenous pressure to form crystals of microporous ELAPO inside said body.
Abstract A Li/MgO catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane is investigated at approx. 700 °... more Abstract A Li/MgO catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane is investigated at approx. 700 °C in a pulse reactor. The catalyst is exposed to pulses of air, methane and methane:air mixtures (1:1). The results indicate that the catalyst is active even with very small amounts of Li 2 CO 3 present. Furthermore, oxygen may reversibly be adsorbed on the catalyst. The Li/MgO catalyst may act as an “oxygen reservoir”. Pulses of pure methane may thus be converted to higher hydrocarbons. In the oxygen cofeed mode, significant amounts of C 2 + hydrocarbons may be formed from methane by pure gas phase reactions involving oxygen containing species.
• Cryst. microporous metalloaluminophosphates (ELAPO) are synthesized by wholly or partially fill... more • Cryst. microporous metalloaluminophosphates (ELAPO) are synthesized by wholly or partially filling the pores of particles contg. aluminum phosphate with an aq. mixt. contg. an active source of metal and an org. structure directing agent and performing the crystn. at an elevated temp., preferably at 200-220°C, under autogenous pressure. The EL metal can be Mg, Fe, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr. SAPO-type zeolites, such as SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-20, SAPO-18, SAPO-18, and SAPO-34, are produced wherein the EL metal is Si. The org. structure directing agent can be tetraethylammonium hydroxide, isopropylamin...
A 1.9 wt% Ni/Mg(Al)O hydrotalcite-derived catalyst is studied for the dry reforming of propane to... more A 1.9 wt% Ni/Mg(Al)O hydrotalcite-derived catalyst is studied for the dry reforming of propane to synthesis gas at 600 • C and 1 atm. The catalyst showed limited initial deactivation and then was exceptionally stable throughout a 34-day test. Catalyst characterisation indicates that the carrier material consists of a mixed Mg(Al)O phase before and after testing, and that carbonate forms on the support surface under dry reforming conditions. The Ni particles are in close contact with, and partially decorated by, the basic support. No carbon whisker formation is observed by transmission electron microscopy after catalytic testing. Alternating pulse experiments in a Temporary Analysis of Product-II (TAP-II) reactor system indicate that CO 2 is associatively adsorbed on the basic Mg(Al)O carrier and acts as a permanent source of oxygen species for the Ni metal. Propane reacts rapidly with Ni-O species to form CO and H 2 O. Under TAP conditions, reduced Ni reacts gradually with carbonate from the support to give Ni-O species and CO.
h i g h l i g h t s Ni and Ru catalysts were tested at low O 2 /CH 4 ratios and in the presence o... more h i g h l i g h t s Ni and Ru catalysts were tested at low O 2 /CH 4 ratios and in the presence of steam. The metallic surface area of the catalysts influenced the temperature profile. Catalyst deactivation by carbon formation was examined. The ruthenium catalyst did not formed appreciable amounts of carbon.
Abstract Condensation of methane in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor (titanium) to ethane and ... more Abstract Condensation of methane in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor (titanium) to ethane and titaniumdihydride gives a thermodynamic conversion of 60% (PCH4 = 1 atm, T = 400 K). Experiments with Ti as the acceptor together with Pt/Sn, Rh or Ni catalysts, give, however, a methane conversion in the range of 1% with coke as the main product. In order to explore the possibility of methane conversion by a membrane concept , titanium and palladium as a hydrogen permeable material have also been theoretically investigated. Assuming diffusion limitation, up to 1.8 g ethane/m2·h (T = 400 K, Δx = 0.03 cm, equilibrium at p = 4 bar) may be produced in the case of palladium. Exploratory experiments show very low conversion of methane with coke as the main product.
Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was performed over La-M-O, with M = Co, C... more Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was performed over La-M-O, with M = Co, Cr, Ni, Rh. The best system, La-Rh-0, gave 95% conversion with 98% selectivity to carbon monoxide even after 120 h on stream at 800°C. La-Ni-0 deactivated after about 17 h on stream, probably due to coke formation. La-(Ni,Rh)-0 showed improved stability compared to La-Ni-0. La-CoO gave mainly carbon dioxide during the first 30 h of the test. Then the activity changed to give mainly carbon monoxide. Some deactivation was observed during the next 50 h test. La-Cr-0 produced mainly carbon dioxide. In order to stabilize the small metal clusters formed on the catalyst surface, a second metal will probably have to be included in the perovskite structure.
Reduction of the steam-to-carbon ratio in methane-to-synthesis gas reactions is a major concern i... more Reduction of the steam-to-carbon ratio in methane-to-synthesis gas reactions is a major concern in industrial research on natural gas conversion processes. A major obstacle is coke formation. In this work, comparative coke formation studies were performed in laboratory scale fixed and fluid bed reactors during methane-to-synthesis gas reactions. The catalytic tests were performed over a 0.15wt.% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with or
The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents ... more The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents an unusual catalytic stability compared to other nickel-based catalysts. A thorough TEM/EDX study combined with isotopic transient DRIFT and TAP experiments reveals the existence of a tight interface between a lanthanum carbonate phase and the nickel particles. A "bi-functional" mechanism is proposed to account for the observed kinetic behaviour: methane is activated on the Ni particles, carbon dioxide interacts with La 2 O 3 to form carbonates which scavenge carbon from nickel at the Ni-La 2 O 3 interface, thus restoring the Ni particles to their original state. This specific morphology of the active phase is also assumed to hinder the formation of deactivating coke, which explains the catalytic stability of such a catalyst.
The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents ... more The reforming of methane by carbon dioxide is studied over a Ni/La 2 O 3 catalyst which presents an unusual catalytic stability compared to other nickel-based catalysts. A thorough TEM/EDX study combined with isotopic transient DRIFT and TAP experiments reveals the existence of a tight interface between a lanthanum carbonate phase and the nickel particles. A "bi-functional" mechanism is proposed to account for the observed kinetic behaviour: methane is activated on the Ni particles, carbon dioxide interacts with La 2 O 3 to form carbonates which scavenge carbon from nickel at the Ni-La 2 O 3 interface, thus restoring the Ni particles to their original state. This specific morphology of the active phase is also assumed to hinder the formation of deactivating coke, which explains the catalytic stability of such a catalyst.
The Norwegian national program for RD&D within CCS (CLIMIT) changed focus towards more internatio... more The Norwegian national program for RD&D within CCS (CLIMIT) changed focus towards more international collaboration in 2017. The program has since then allocated approximately 20 percent of the available budget for international joint calls, primarily through the calls set up by the ACT transnational partnership. ACT is the abbreviation for Accelerating CCS technologies, and funding agencies from 16 countries, provinces and regions are collaborating on joint calls and knowledge sharing within this partnership. The effect of allocating a fifth of the available CLIMIT funds to international calls, has led to a shift from basic to applied research and consequently to larger projects of higher industrial interest. The international projects have managed to raise awareness of CCUS as a tool to combat global warming in a much more pronounced way than is normally seen in national RD&D projects
The CSLF is an international Ministerial-level climate change initiative whose mission is to acce... more The CSLF is an international Ministerial-level climate change initiative whose mission is to accelerate development, demonstration and commercial deployment of improved cost-effective technologies for carbon capture and storage (CCS). It also promotes awareness and champions legal, regulatory, financial, and institutional environments conducive to such technologies. The CSLF works via collaborative efforts that address key technical, economic ,political and environmental obstacles.
The Norwegian CLIMIT program for research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of carbon capture... more The Norwegian CLIMIT program for research, development and demonstration (RD&D) of carbon capture and storage (CCS) was established in 2005 to provide financial support to RD&D of CCS technologies. Research institutions and companies in Norway together with international partners may apply to CLIMIT for funding of their projects. The program is funded by the Norwegian government with an annual budget CLIMIT has so demonstration projects. This paper presents a new strategy for the CLIMIT program, provides some background on CCS in Norway and a brief overview of Norwegian activities within CCS. The new CLIMIT strategy is based on seven foundation reports; 1) Technology status, 2) Market analysis, 3) Cost of CCS, 4) Policies and regulations, 5) International energy and CCS roadmaps, 6) Current infrastructure and test sites and 7) Innovative processes. Major findings from these reports are presented together with the resulting CLIMIT program strategy for 2012 2020.
A method for the production of formed bodies containing metalloaluminophosphate (ELAPO) microporo... more A method for the production of formed bodies containing metalloaluminophosphate (ELAPO) microporous crystalline, characterized in that the formed body is prepared from a mixture of an inert binder and a solid material containing Al and P, said formed body is added one liquid reaction mixture comprising an active source of an EL metal, an organic directing agent structure and water, and the in situ crystallisation is performed in said formed body at elevated temperature under autogenous pressure to form crystals of microporous ELAPO inside said body.
Abstract A Li/MgO catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane is investigated at approx. 700 °... more Abstract A Li/MgO catalyst for the oxidative coupling of methane is investigated at approx. 700 °C in a pulse reactor. The catalyst is exposed to pulses of air, methane and methane:air mixtures (1:1). The results indicate that the catalyst is active even with very small amounts of Li 2 CO 3 present. Furthermore, oxygen may reversibly be adsorbed on the catalyst. The Li/MgO catalyst may act as an “oxygen reservoir”. Pulses of pure methane may thus be converted to higher hydrocarbons. In the oxygen cofeed mode, significant amounts of C 2 + hydrocarbons may be formed from methane by pure gas phase reactions involving oxygen containing species.
• Cryst. microporous metalloaluminophosphates (ELAPO) are synthesized by wholly or partially fill... more • Cryst. microporous metalloaluminophosphates (ELAPO) are synthesized by wholly or partially filling the pores of particles contg. aluminum phosphate with an aq. mixt. contg. an active source of metal and an org. structure directing agent and performing the crystn. at an elevated temp., preferably at 200-220°C, under autogenous pressure. The EL metal can be Mg, Fe, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Cr. SAPO-type zeolites, such as SAPO-5, SAPO-11, SAPO-20, SAPO-18, SAPO-18, and SAPO-34, are produced wherein the EL metal is Si. The org. structure directing agent can be tetraethylammonium hydroxide, isopropylamin...
A 1.9 wt% Ni/Mg(Al)O hydrotalcite-derived catalyst is studied for the dry reforming of propane to... more A 1.9 wt% Ni/Mg(Al)O hydrotalcite-derived catalyst is studied for the dry reforming of propane to synthesis gas at 600 • C and 1 atm. The catalyst showed limited initial deactivation and then was exceptionally stable throughout a 34-day test. Catalyst characterisation indicates that the carrier material consists of a mixed Mg(Al)O phase before and after testing, and that carbonate forms on the support surface under dry reforming conditions. The Ni particles are in close contact with, and partially decorated by, the basic support. No carbon whisker formation is observed by transmission electron microscopy after catalytic testing. Alternating pulse experiments in a Temporary Analysis of Product-II (TAP-II) reactor system indicate that CO 2 is associatively adsorbed on the basic Mg(Al)O carrier and acts as a permanent source of oxygen species for the Ni metal. Propane reacts rapidly with Ni-O species to form CO and H 2 O. Under TAP conditions, reduced Ni reacts gradually with carbonate from the support to give Ni-O species and CO.
h i g h l i g h t s Ni and Ru catalysts were tested at low O 2 /CH 4 ratios and in the presence o... more h i g h l i g h t s Ni and Ru catalysts were tested at low O 2 /CH 4 ratios and in the presence of steam. The metallic surface area of the catalysts influenced the temperature profile. Catalyst deactivation by carbon formation was examined. The ruthenium catalyst did not formed appreciable amounts of carbon.
Abstract Condensation of methane in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor (titanium) to ethane and ... more Abstract Condensation of methane in the presence of a hydrogen acceptor (titanium) to ethane and titaniumdihydride gives a thermodynamic conversion of 60% (PCH4 = 1 atm, T = 400 K). Experiments with Ti as the acceptor together with Pt/Sn, Rh or Ni catalysts, give, however, a methane conversion in the range of 1% with coke as the main product. In order to explore the possibility of methane conversion by a membrane concept , titanium and palladium as a hydrogen permeable material have also been theoretically investigated. Assuming diffusion limitation, up to 1.8 g ethane/m2·h (T = 400 K, Δx = 0.03 cm, equilibrium at p = 4 bar) may be produced in the case of palladium. Exploratory experiments show very low conversion of methane with coke as the main product.
Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was performed over La-M-O, with M = Co, C... more Catalytic partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas was performed over La-M-O, with M = Co, Cr, Ni, Rh. The best system, La-Rh-0, gave 95% conversion with 98% selectivity to carbon monoxide even after 120 h on stream at 800°C. La-Ni-0 deactivated after about 17 h on stream, probably due to coke formation. La-(Ni,Rh)-0 showed improved stability compared to La-Ni-0. La-CoO gave mainly carbon dioxide during the first 30 h of the test. Then the activity changed to give mainly carbon monoxide. Some deactivation was observed during the next 50 h test. La-Cr-0 produced mainly carbon dioxide. In order to stabilize the small metal clusters formed on the catalyst surface, a second metal will probably have to be included in the perovskite structure.
Reduction of the steam-to-carbon ratio in methane-to-synthesis gas reactions is a major concern i... more Reduction of the steam-to-carbon ratio in methane-to-synthesis gas reactions is a major concern in industrial research on natural gas conversion processes. A major obstacle is coke formation. In this work, comparative coke formation studies were performed in laboratory scale fixed and fluid bed reactors during methane-to-synthesis gas reactions. The catalytic tests were performed over a 0.15wt.% Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with or
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