Baumrind provides a fifty-year updating of her pioneering, extraordinarily influential ethical cr... more Baumrind provides a fifty-year updating of her pioneering, extraordinarily influential ethical critique (1964) of the Milgram obedience experiments. She essentially reaffirms her earlier objections. These include the extensive use of deception, particularly in the informed consent phase, the destructive obedience exhibited by Milgram’s research personnel, violations of the experimenter’s fiduciary role of trust and empathy, the likelihood of lasting psychological harm experienced by at least some participants, and unwarranted generalizations made to the Nazi Holocaust in World War II. I consider each of these concerns, among others, and find areas of agreement and disagreement with Baumrind. Her argument against the use of deception in the informed consent phase is convincing, as is her cautionary stance on generalizations made to the Nazi genocide. I take issue with her views on lasting harm, the epistemological value of deception, and the experimenter as fiduciary. Regardless of one’s agreement with Baumrind, her ethical arguments, considered in historical context, remain integral to an understanding of the impact of the obedience experiments. Her views have been seminal in changing the ethical monitoring of research with human participants.
Recent studies indicate that investigators.arenowfocusing on the. cognitive determinants-of 't.he... more Recent studies indicate that investigators.arenowfocusing on the. cognitive determinants-of 't.he-.attribution ltoroCess:. .however, few reSear-ers.are looking specifically at the attribution process. over time The itpactofattitudinal'and behavioral .. information .cn mpression formation was studied to determine how impressions changeover time. T.4 attitudinal information-given. to BO"subjects consistedof_a'series at statements purportedly made by a. target person; the behavioral information consisted of. an, essay purportedly written_' by.that person. Subjects were :told either that the essay. .position had been freely Chosen, by the target 'person ot4 that-tie essay-pdsition had been' assigned. The influence Ilf-theessay was initially-a function of eoth its contentand-dia*loSticity. Two weeks later however, the diagnoStiCity of-the behavior exerted little influence. This result was similar to,the-"sleeper" effect in the area of attitude change. Findings suggest that it may be dangerous to assume that the immediate discounting of a given behavior means that the impression of the actor will remain unchanged, or that the content ofthe behavior will be ignored..
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 1990
Perceivers were asked to integrate two contradictory pieces of information when making an attribu... more Perceivers were asked to integrate two contradictory pieces of information when making an attribution, each piece varying in its implicational relationship to the attitude to be inferred. One source of information, supplied by the target person, was a set of attitude responses, which were either strongly or weakly predictive of the target's attitude. A second source of information, supplied by a third person, was in the form of an attribution based upon an essay that the target had purportedly written. The essay was described as having been written under either high or low constraint. The impact of either of the two pieces of information on perceivers' attributions was directly related to its diagnosticity. The effect of the response set was generally greater when it was unambiguous rather than ambiguous. The observer's attribution had more influence when the essay was written under choice rather than constraint conditions. However, even the attribution based upon the lo...
Male and female judges were given photographs, previously scaled as high, moderate, or low in phy... more Male and female judges were given photographs, previously scaled as high, moderate, or low in physical attractiveness, and were asked to record their impressions of the stimulus persons on an adjective checklist. The results showed high attractiveness to be associated with positive traits, the reverse holding for low attractiveness. The data are consistent with the hypo thesis that, in a first-impression situation, a person's level of attractiveness may evoke in a perceiver a consistent set of expectancies by a process of trait inference. This kind ofprocess accords weil with previous research relating physical attractiveness to interpersonal processes.
Includes a translation by AI Miller of A. Einstein's, 1998
Title: Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Authors: Miller, Arthur I. Affiliatio... more Title: Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Authors: Miller, Arthur I. Affiliation: AA(University College, London, UK). Publication: Includes a translation by AI Miller of A. Einstein's "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", XX, 446 pp. 74 figs.. Springer-Verlag New York. ...
A systematic analysis of North Pacific decadal variability in a full-physics coupled ocean-atmosp... more A systematic analysis of North Pacific decadal variability in a full-physics coupled ocean-atmosphere model is executed. The model is an updated and improved version of the coupled model studied by Latif and Barnett. Evidence is sought for determining the details of the mechanism responsible for the enhanced variance of some variables at 20-30-yr timescales. The possible mechanisms include a midlatitude gyre ocean-atmosphere feedback loop, stochastic forcing, remote forcing, or sampling error.Decadal variability in the model is expressed most prominently in anomalies of upper-ocean streamfunction, sea surface temperature (SST), and latent surface heat flux in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension (KOE) region off Japan. The decadal signal off Japan is initiated by changes in strength and position of the Aleutian low. The atmospheric perturbations excite SST anomalies in the central and eastern North Pacific (with opposing signs and canonical structure). The atmospheric perturbations also change the Ekman pumping over the North Pacific, which excites equivalent barotropic Rossby waves that carry thermocline depth perturbations toward the west. This gyre adjustment results in a shift in the border between subtropical and subpolar gyres after about five years. This process consequently excites SST anomalies (bearing the same sign as the central North Pacific) in the KOE region. The SST anomalies are generated by subsurface temperature anomalies that are brought to the surface during winter by deep mixing and are damped by air-sea winter heat exchange (primarily latent heat flux). This forcing of the atmosphere by the ocean in the KOE region is associated with changes of winter precipitation over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The polarity of SST and Ekman pumping is such that warm central and cool eastern Pacific anomalies are associated with a deep thermocline, a poleward shift of the border between subtropical and subpolar gyres, and warm SST anomalies and an increase of rain in the KOE region.The preponderance of variance at decadal timescales in the KOE results from the integration of stochastic Ekman pumping along Rossby wave trajectories. The Ekman pumping is primarily due to atmospheric variability that expresses itself worldwide including in the tropical Pacific. A positive feedback between the coupled model KOE SST (driven by the ocean streamfunction) and North Pacific Ekman pumping is consistent with the enhanced variance of the coupled model at 20-30-yr periods. However, the time series are too short to unambiguously distinguish this positive feedback hypothesis from sampling variability. No evidence is found for a midlatitude gyre ocean-atmosphere delayed negative feedback loop.Comparisons with available observations confirm the seasonality of the forcing, the up to 5-yr time lag between like-signed central North Pacific and KOE SST anomalies, and the associated damping of SST in the KOE region by the latent heat flux. The coupled model results also suggest that observed SST anomalies in the KOE region may be predictable from the history of the wind-stress curl over the North Pacific.
State-space models were used to derive non-parametric sea surface temperature (SST) trends from 2... more State-space models were used to derive non-parametric sea surface temperature (SST) trends from 26 locations in and around the Gulf of Alaska for the period 1950-97. The SST trends reflect important large-scale climate impacts associated with El Niño events and regime shifts, but also reveal significant spatial heterogeneity across the region. The SST trends cluster into five distinct regions that define a robust zonal and meridional asymmetry. The meridional differences reflect the relative impact of El Niño events, while the zonal differences reflect variations in the timing and amplitude of a region-wide post-1970 warming trend. The 1976 regime shift is evident primarily as an accelerated warming in the northern and eastern portions of the Gulf of Alaska. The climate signals identified in the SST series are of sufficient magnitude and duration that they could potentially foster changes in lower trophic productivity and structure, which could lead to a broader ecosystem reorganization. Regional differences in Steller sea lion population trends may have resulted from a spatially heterogeneous upper-ocean response to large-scale climate variability. RESUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] On a utilisé des modèles d'espace d'états pour dériver les tendances non paramétriques de la température de la surface de la mer (TSM) en 26 endroits situés dans le golfe d'Alaska ou à prox0imité pour la période 1950-1997. Les tendances de la TSM reflètent d'importants effets climatiques à grande échelle associés aux évènements de El Niño et aux changements de régime mais révèlent aussi une grande hétérogénéité spatiale à travers la région. Les tendances de la TSM se regroupent en cinq régions distinctes qui mettent en évidence une asymétrie zonale et méridionale marquée. Les différences méridionales reflètent l'effet relatif des évènements de El Niño alors que les différences zonales sont liées aux variations dans le moment et l'ampleur d'une tendance au réchauffement à la grandeur de la région après 1970. Le changement de régime de 1976 se manifeste surtout comme un réchauffement accéléré dans les parties nord et est du golfe d'Alaska. Les signaux climatiques relevés dans les ensembles de données de TSM sont d'une force et d'une durée suffisantes pour éventuellement favoriser des changements dans la productivité et la structure trophiques inférieures, ce qui pourrait mener à une plus vaste réorganisation de l'écosystème. Les différences régionales dans les tendances des populations de lions de mer de Steller peuvent avoir été causées par une réaction spatialement hétérogène des couches supérieures de l'océan à la variabilité climatique à grande échelle. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN 43 (3) 2005, 241-247
Baumrind provides a fifty-year updating of her pioneering, extraordinarily influential ethical cr... more Baumrind provides a fifty-year updating of her pioneering, extraordinarily influential ethical critique (1964) of the Milgram obedience experiments. She essentially reaffirms her earlier objections. These include the extensive use of deception, particularly in the informed consent phase, the destructive obedience exhibited by Milgram’s research personnel, violations of the experimenter’s fiduciary role of trust and empathy, the likelihood of lasting psychological harm experienced by at least some participants, and unwarranted generalizations made to the Nazi Holocaust in World War II. I consider each of these concerns, among others, and find areas of agreement and disagreement with Baumrind. Her argument against the use of deception in the informed consent phase is convincing, as is her cautionary stance on generalizations made to the Nazi genocide. I take issue with her views on lasting harm, the epistemological value of deception, and the experimenter as fiduciary. Regardless of one’s agreement with Baumrind, her ethical arguments, considered in historical context, remain integral to an understanding of the impact of the obedience experiments. Her views have been seminal in changing the ethical monitoring of research with human participants.
Recent studies indicate that investigators.arenowfocusing on the. cognitive determinants-of 't.he... more Recent studies indicate that investigators.arenowfocusing on the. cognitive determinants-of 't.he-.attribution ltoroCess:. .however, few reSear-ers.are looking specifically at the attribution process. over time The itpactofattitudinal'and behavioral .. information .cn mpression formation was studied to determine how impressions changeover time. T.4 attitudinal information-given. to BO"subjects consistedof_a'series at statements purportedly made by a. target person; the behavioral information consisted of. an, essay purportedly written_' by.that person. Subjects were :told either that the essay. .position had been freely Chosen, by the target 'person ot4 that-tie essay-pdsition had been' assigned. The influence Ilf-theessay was initially-a function of eoth its contentand-dia*loSticity. Two weeks later however, the diagnoStiCity of-the behavior exerted little influence. This result was similar to,the-"sleeper" effect in the area of attitude change. Findings suggest that it may be dangerous to assume that the immediate discounting of a given behavior means that the impression of the actor will remain unchanged, or that the content ofthe behavior will be ignored..
Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 1990
Perceivers were asked to integrate two contradictory pieces of information when making an attribu... more Perceivers were asked to integrate two contradictory pieces of information when making an attribution, each piece varying in its implicational relationship to the attitude to be inferred. One source of information, supplied by the target person, was a set of attitude responses, which were either strongly or weakly predictive of the target's attitude. A second source of information, supplied by a third person, was in the form of an attribution based upon an essay that the target had purportedly written. The essay was described as having been written under either high or low constraint. The impact of either of the two pieces of information on perceivers' attributions was directly related to its diagnosticity. The effect of the response set was generally greater when it was unambiguous rather than ambiguous. The observer's attribution had more influence when the essay was written under choice rather than constraint conditions. However, even the attribution based upon the lo...
Male and female judges were given photographs, previously scaled as high, moderate, or low in phy... more Male and female judges were given photographs, previously scaled as high, moderate, or low in physical attractiveness, and were asked to record their impressions of the stimulus persons on an adjective checklist. The results showed high attractiveness to be associated with positive traits, the reverse holding for low attractiveness. The data are consistent with the hypo thesis that, in a first-impression situation, a person's level of attractiveness may evoke in a perceiver a consistent set of expectancies by a process of trait inference. This kind ofprocess accords weil with previous research relating physical attractiveness to interpersonal processes.
Includes a translation by AI Miller of A. Einstein's, 1998
Title: Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Authors: Miller, Arthur I. Affiliatio... more Title: Albert Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity. Authors: Miller, Arthur I. Affiliation: AA(University College, London, UK). Publication: Includes a translation by AI Miller of A. Einstein's "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", XX, 446 pp. 74 figs.. Springer-Verlag New York. ...
A systematic analysis of North Pacific decadal variability in a full-physics coupled ocean-atmosp... more A systematic analysis of North Pacific decadal variability in a full-physics coupled ocean-atmosphere model is executed. The model is an updated and improved version of the coupled model studied by Latif and Barnett. Evidence is sought for determining the details of the mechanism responsible for the enhanced variance of some variables at 20-30-yr timescales. The possible mechanisms include a midlatitude gyre ocean-atmosphere feedback loop, stochastic forcing, remote forcing, or sampling error.Decadal variability in the model is expressed most prominently in anomalies of upper-ocean streamfunction, sea surface temperature (SST), and latent surface heat flux in the Kuroshio-Oyashio extension (KOE) region off Japan. The decadal signal off Japan is initiated by changes in strength and position of the Aleutian low. The atmospheric perturbations excite SST anomalies in the central and eastern North Pacific (with opposing signs and canonical structure). The atmospheric perturbations also change the Ekman pumping over the North Pacific, which excites equivalent barotropic Rossby waves that carry thermocline depth perturbations toward the west. This gyre adjustment results in a shift in the border between subtropical and subpolar gyres after about five years. This process consequently excites SST anomalies (bearing the same sign as the central North Pacific) in the KOE region. The SST anomalies are generated by subsurface temperature anomalies that are brought to the surface during winter by deep mixing and are damped by air-sea winter heat exchange (primarily latent heat flux). This forcing of the atmosphere by the ocean in the KOE region is associated with changes of winter precipitation over the northwestern Pacific Ocean. The polarity of SST and Ekman pumping is such that warm central and cool eastern Pacific anomalies are associated with a deep thermocline, a poleward shift of the border between subtropical and subpolar gyres, and warm SST anomalies and an increase of rain in the KOE region.The preponderance of variance at decadal timescales in the KOE results from the integration of stochastic Ekman pumping along Rossby wave trajectories. The Ekman pumping is primarily due to atmospheric variability that expresses itself worldwide including in the tropical Pacific. A positive feedback between the coupled model KOE SST (driven by the ocean streamfunction) and North Pacific Ekman pumping is consistent with the enhanced variance of the coupled model at 20-30-yr periods. However, the time series are too short to unambiguously distinguish this positive feedback hypothesis from sampling variability. No evidence is found for a midlatitude gyre ocean-atmosphere delayed negative feedback loop.Comparisons with available observations confirm the seasonality of the forcing, the up to 5-yr time lag between like-signed central North Pacific and KOE SST anomalies, and the associated damping of SST in the KOE region by the latent heat flux. The coupled model results also suggest that observed SST anomalies in the KOE region may be predictable from the history of the wind-stress curl over the North Pacific.
State-space models were used to derive non-parametric sea surface temperature (SST) trends from 2... more State-space models were used to derive non-parametric sea surface temperature (SST) trends from 26 locations in and around the Gulf of Alaska for the period 1950-97. The SST trends reflect important large-scale climate impacts associated with El Niño events and regime shifts, but also reveal significant spatial heterogeneity across the region. The SST trends cluster into five distinct regions that define a robust zonal and meridional asymmetry. The meridional differences reflect the relative impact of El Niño events, while the zonal differences reflect variations in the timing and amplitude of a region-wide post-1970 warming trend. The 1976 regime shift is evident primarily as an accelerated warming in the northern and eastern portions of the Gulf of Alaska. The climate signals identified in the SST series are of sufficient magnitude and duration that they could potentially foster changes in lower trophic productivity and structure, which could lead to a broader ecosystem reorganization. Regional differences in Steller sea lion population trends may have resulted from a spatially heterogeneous upper-ocean response to large-scale climate variability. RESUMÉ [Traduit par la rédaction] On a utilisé des modèles d'espace d'états pour dériver les tendances non paramétriques de la température de la surface de la mer (TSM) en 26 endroits situés dans le golfe d'Alaska ou à prox0imité pour la période 1950-1997. Les tendances de la TSM reflètent d'importants effets climatiques à grande échelle associés aux évènements de El Niño et aux changements de régime mais révèlent aussi une grande hétérogénéité spatiale à travers la région. Les tendances de la TSM se regroupent en cinq régions distinctes qui mettent en évidence une asymétrie zonale et méridionale marquée. Les différences méridionales reflètent l'effet relatif des évènements de El Niño alors que les différences zonales sont liées aux variations dans le moment et l'ampleur d'une tendance au réchauffement à la grandeur de la région après 1970. Le changement de régime de 1976 se manifeste surtout comme un réchauffement accéléré dans les parties nord et est du golfe d'Alaska. Les signaux climatiques relevés dans les ensembles de données de TSM sont d'une force et d'une durée suffisantes pour éventuellement favoriser des changements dans la productivité et la structure trophiques inférieures, ce qui pourrait mener à une plus vaste réorganisation de l'écosystème. Les différences régionales dans les tendances des populations de lions de mer de Steller peuvent avoir été causées par une réaction spatialement hétérogène des couches supérieures de l'océan à la variabilité climatique à grande échelle. ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN 43 (3) 2005, 241-247
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