Review date: 1969 to 2003, 34 years. Background and context: Simulations are now in widespread us... more Review date: 1969 to 2003, 34 years. Background and context: Simulations are now in widespread use in medical education and medical personnel evaluation. Outcomes research on the use and effectiveness of simulation technology in medical education is scattered, inconsistent and varies widely in methodological rigor and substantive focus. Objectives: Review and synthesize existing evidence in educational science that addresses the question, 'What are the features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to most effective learning?'. Search strategy: The search covered five literature databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Timelit) and employed 91 single search terms and concepts and their Boolean combinations. Hand searching, Internet searches and attention to the 'grey literature' were also used. The aim was to perform the most thorough literature search possible of peer-reviewed publications and reports in the unpublished literature that have been judged for academic quality. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Four screening criteria were used to reduce the initial pool of 670 journal articles to a focused set of 109 studies: (a) elimination of review articles in favor of empirical studies; (b) use of a simulator as an educational assessment or intervention with learner outcomes measured quantitatively; (c) comparative research, either experimental or quasi-experimental; and (d) research that involves simulation as an educational intervention. Data extraction: Data were extracted systematically from the 109 eligible journal articles by independent coders. Each coder used a standardized data extraction protocol. Data synthesis: Qualitative data synthesis and tabular presentation of research methods and outcomes were used. Heterogeneity of research designs, educational interventions, outcome measures and timeframe precluded data synthesis using meta-analysis. Headline results: Coding accuracy for features of the journal articles is high. The extant quality of the published research is generally weak. The weight of the best available evidence suggests that high-fidelity medical simulations facilitate learning under the right conditions. These include the following:
To the Editor: Augmented reality (AR) is the superimposition of virtual-reality reconstructions o... more To the Editor: Augmented reality (AR) is the superimposition of virtual-reality reconstructions onto a real patient's images, in real time. 1 This results in the visualization of internal structures through overlying tissues, providing a virtual transparency vision of surgical anatomy. ...
New technologies, in particular virtual reality and robotics, will have a major impact on health ... more New technologies, in particular virtual reality and robotics, will have a major impact on health care in the next decade. Clinically validated, powerful medical simulators are now available and in use across the world. General surgery leads in the use of simulators, and neurosurgery leads with augmented reality and image guided surgery. Robotics are used in orthopaedics and cardiology. Other virtual reality applications are being used in mental health, anaesthetics, and emergency medicine. Rapid developments in the internet and "e-learning" domains have accelerated the dissemination of simulation techniques, interactive 3D images, and structured courseware. This review describes the application of virtual reality and robotics to surgical training and planning and the execution of procedures in theatre and discusses the near term future of this new technology.
Review date: 1969 to 2003, 34 years. Background and context: Simulations are now in widespread us... more Review date: 1969 to 2003, 34 years. Background and context: Simulations are now in widespread use in medical education and medical personnel evaluation. Outcomes research on the use and effectiveness of simulation technology in medical education is scattered, inconsistent and varies widely in methodological rigor and substantive focus. Objectives: Review and synthesize existing evidence in educational science that addresses the question, 'What are the features and uses of high-fidelity medical simulations that lead to most effective learning?'. Search strategy: The search covered five literature databases (ERIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Timelit) and employed 91 single search terms and concepts and their Boolean combinations. Hand searching, Internet searches and attention to the 'grey literature' were also used. The aim was to perform the most thorough literature search possible of peer-reviewed publications and reports in the unpublished literature that have been judged for academic quality. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: Four screening criteria were used to reduce the initial pool of 670 journal articles to a focused set of 109 studies: (a) elimination of review articles in favor of empirical studies; (b) use of a simulator as an educational assessment or intervention with learner outcomes measured quantitatively; (c) comparative research, either experimental or quasi-experimental; and (d) research that involves simulation as an educational intervention. Data extraction: Data were extracted systematically from the 109 eligible journal articles by independent coders. Each coder used a standardized data extraction protocol. Data synthesis: Qualitative data synthesis and tabular presentation of research methods and outcomes were used. Heterogeneity of research designs, educational interventions, outcome measures and timeframe precluded data synthesis using meta-analysis. Headline results: Coding accuracy for features of the journal articles is high. The extant quality of the published research is generally weak. The weight of the best available evidence suggests that high-fidelity medical simulations facilitate learning under the right conditions. These include the following:
To the Editor: Augmented reality (AR) is the superimposition of virtual-reality reconstructions o... more To the Editor: Augmented reality (AR) is the superimposition of virtual-reality reconstructions onto a real patient's images, in real time. 1 This results in the visualization of internal structures through overlying tissues, providing a virtual transparency vision of surgical anatomy. ...
New technologies, in particular virtual reality and robotics, will have a major impact on health ... more New technologies, in particular virtual reality and robotics, will have a major impact on health care in the next decade. Clinically validated, powerful medical simulators are now available and in use across the world. General surgery leads in the use of simulators, and neurosurgery leads with augmented reality and image guided surgery. Robotics are used in orthopaedics and cardiology. Other virtual reality applications are being used in mental health, anaesthetics, and emergency medicine. Rapid developments in the internet and "e-learning" domains have accelerated the dissemination of simulation techniques, interactive 3D images, and structured courseware. This review describes the application of virtual reality and robotics to surgical training and planning and the execution of procedures in theatre and discusses the near term future of this new technology.
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