Papers by Annemaree Carroll
Asia-Pacific Journal of Teacher Education
Teacher stress remains a consistently reported issue nationally and internationally in both the m... more Teacher stress remains a consistently reported issue nationally and internationally in both the mainstream media and academic fora. Understanding the source/s of stress, however, remains complex given the interplay of external and internal factors that have the potential to shape teachers’ stress and resilience responses. This exploratory qualitative study sought to understand 74 teachers’ perceptions of the main contributors to stress in the workplace, and to investigate their beliefs about strategies to help ameliorate these stressors. Applied Thematic Analysis revealed a range of systemic, organisational, relational, and intrapersonal stressors as the driving forces behind the experiences of teacher stress in the workplace. In light of these findings, teacher’s beliefs around how to best alleviate these stressors are discussed. Conclusions highlight the need for better systems and support in building and sustaining teacher resilience to help protect against teacher burnout.
Psychology in the Schools
Aggressive Behavior
Reactive and proactive aggression is a dichotomous classification of aggression in adults and chi... more Reactive and proactive aggression is a dichotomous classification of aggression in adults and children. This distinction has been supported by a number of variable-based and factor analytic studies. Due to high inter-correlations, however, the reactive-proactive aggression distinction may not be entirely useful for understanding how group or individual aggressive behavior varies in children and adolescents. Drawing on a sample of primary school-aged children (N=242) aged 7 to 12 years, this study sought to determine whether reactive and proactive aggression could be distinguished at the variable-level and the person-level in children. Exploratory Factor Analysis of data from an aggression instrument measuring both functions and forms of aggression, found a twofactor construct of aggression constituted by a reactive and proactive aggression factor. A personbased analysis was then conducted after classifying children according to the presence of reactive and/or proactive aggression. Discriminant function analysis was used to discern whether classifications on the basis of aggression function produced meaningful distinctions in terms of antisocial traits and emotional valence and intensity measures. Two functions were identified which distinguished children with different combinations of reactive and proactive aggression. Reactiveonly aggressive children were defined primarily by high levels of impulsivity, while proactive-only children were defined primarily by higher levels of antisocial traits. Children high in both types of aggression exhibited both the presence of antisocial traits and impulsivity. Contrary to recent findings, this suggests that differences in aggression functions remain meaningful at the person level in children. Implications for interventions are discussed. Aggressive behavior is a major source of referral to child and adolescent mental health clinicians (Rutter et al., 2009) and individuals with such a presentation can cost society up to 10 times more than their healthy counterparts in aggregate health care and social service expenditures (Blair, 2013). The consequences of aggression are wide ranging for both perpetrators (e.g., multiple social problems, isolation, criminal behavior, unemployment in adulthood) and victims (e.g.,
Addictive behaviors, 2017
This study examined the association between peer drug use and adolescent polysubstance use, and i... more This study examined the association between peer drug use and adolescent polysubstance use, and investigated if this association was moderated by parenting and/or school factors. The sample consisted of 9966 participants (mean age=14.3; 49.34% males) randomly selected from secondary schools in Victoria, Australia. Three 30-day polysubstance use profiles were derived from latent class analysis - no drug use (47.7%), mainly alcohol use (44.1%) and polysubstance use (8.2%). These profiles were then regressed on peer's drug use, family conflict, parental monitoring, parental disapproval of drug use, school commitment, reward for prosocial involvement in school and academic failure, and the interactions between peer's drug use and each of the parenting and school variables. Relative to non-users, peer's drug use was strongly associated with polysubstance use (OR=30.91, p<0.001), and this association was moderated by parental disapproval of drug use (OR=0.46, p<0.001). T...
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J029v07n03_01, Oct 21, 2008
ABSTRACT
British Journal of Visual Impairment, 2002
Abstract The present study investigated the type and extent of challenging behaviour in three res... more Abstract The present study investigated the type and extent of challenging behaviour in three residential schools in India for children with visual impairment. Teachers completed a survey of challenging behaviour in one boys-only school (n= 123), one girls-only school (n ...
Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology, Apr 24, 2008
The self-reported delinquency and reputational orientations of loners and nonloners were examined... more The self-reported delinquency and reputational orientations of loners and nonloners were examined in two related investigations. In the first, 1328 high school students and 132 institutionalized youth were classified as either loners or nonloners. Two multivariate analyses of variance ...
There are a number of conditions to which youths are exposed that predispose them to involvement ... more There are a number of conditions to which youths are exposed that predispose them to involvement in delinquent activities. Not all adolescents who are exposed to adverse conditions, however, necessarily engage in delinquency. This article provides an alternative explanation of delinquency via a model entitled "Reputation Enhancing Goals" (REG) which integrates reputation enhancement theory and goal setting theory. An overview of the theories of reputation enhancement and goal setting is presented with discussion of how the two theories are integrated. Elaboration of the elements of Adolescent involvement in delinquency is a major societal problem causing severe disruptions to families, schools, and communities (Glick & Goldstein, 1987). During the past decade in the United States of America-USA, there has been a significant increase in juvenile crime with arrests of individuals under 18 years of age having risen 60.1% compared to a growth of only 5.1% for individuals over the age of 18 years (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 1991). The proportion of arrests of individuals under the age of 18 since 1986 has increased 98% for offences against persons, 23% for property offences, and 120% for drug offences (Stahl, 1998). According to the National Institute of Justice in the USA (1995), juvenile crime accounts for a large proportion of the costs that society contributes to federal, state, and local criminal justice. In the early 1980s, the USA spent more than $1 billion per year to maintain its juvenile justice system and this has increased substantially in the 1990s. Research conducted in Australia has indicated a similar trend. Australian enhancement theory and goal setting theory. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The
Wiley Blackwell, Sep 27, 2007
The University of North Carolina A series of studies was conducted to adapt the Australian Self-r... more The University of North Carolina A series of studies was conducted to adapt the Australian Self-reported Delinquency Scale (Mak, 1993) for use with adolescents in the State of Western Australia. First, an item construction and analysis study was conducted to determine whether variations in State laws and rules between the Australian Capital Territory (where Mak's scale was developed) and Western Australia would require the deletion or addition of items to the present scale. As a result of this study, two items were deleted and six items were added to the scale. Second, the factor structure and content validity of the scale were tested by examining the item responses of 230 high-school students to determine whether the same nine factors obtained by Mak would be yielded. The outcomes of this analysis identified seven factors, which were labelled theft and. burglary, motor vehicle offences, drug-related offences, assault, vandalism, public disorder, and school-related offences. Finally, the scale was validated by comparing the item responses of 260 adolescents (80 delinquent, 90 at-risk, and 90 not at-risk adolescents) with the item responses of the Phase 2 sample using MICFA and the coefficient of congruence procedure. In line with Mak's findings. the outcomes of this study have shown the instrument to be highly reliable, indicating that the factors are dependable across different data sets, and that the values are sufficiently high to investigate meaningful group differences. Self-report studies are an economical and accessible alternative to official records in the collection of criminal involvement data. In self-report measures, individuals anonymously record their involvement in delinquent activities, often revealing many undetected crimes (Blackburn, 1993; Emler, 1984; Mak, 1993). West and Farrington (1977) noted consistent findings in the selfreport rankings of individuals at 14, 16, and 18 years of age, when they compared official criminal records and interview data. Correlations of over 0.5 between self-reported delinquency and official records of delinquency have also been obtained in several studies (Hindelang, Hirschi. & Weis, 1981). There have been concerns, however, as to the validity and reliability of self-report data in that respondents may tend to forget, conceal, or exaggerate their delinquencies; that there is inadequate and unrepresentative coverage of offences; and that they lack concern for cultural and temporal content (
Http Dx Doi Org 10 1300 J076v24n01_13, Jul 30, 2010
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Journal of Alternative Medicine Research, Jul 5, 2011
Australian Journal of Learning Difficulties, 2000
Although students with learning disabilities (LD) are increasing in Australian universities (Smit... more Although students with learning disabilities (LD) are increasing in Australian universities (Smith, Carroll, &amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp; Elkins, 1999), limited data is available about this group and the services available to them. This paper reports the results of a 1996 survey of university outreach, transition and orientation programs to attract potential students with LD and assist them in adjusting to higher education study.
Westminster Studies in Education, Oct 1, 2002
The purpose of this research was to examine the goals and reputations of at‐risk and not at‐risk ... more The purpose of this research was to examine the goals and reputations of at‐risk and not at‐risk adolescent females in single‐sex and mixed‐sex school contexts. A total of 216 female students in Years 8, 9, and 11 (aged 13, 14, and 16 years) from six secondary schools in one of the capital cities of Australia participated in focus group interviews.
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Papers by Annemaree Carroll