This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Technological advancement has been observed over the last few decades within many branches of med... more Technological advancement has been observed over the last few decades within many branches of medicine. This advancement has had an impressive impact on diagnostic developments and new methods of treatment that aid in improving treatment quality and the survival rate of patients. Dentistry is a field in which advancement is progressing at a rapid pace, which encourages dental practitioners to carry out interdisciplinary treatment planing and expanding their field of interest beyond the oral cavity. Saliva, once considered as an insignificant bodily secretion can, according to the latest research, be seen as a reflection of the human organism. Utilized for the evaluation of hormone levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, medications and antibodies it constitutes an easily accessible and extremely valuable diagnostic material. With a simple as well as non-invasive method of obtainment saliva is an ideal medium which could be potentially used as an alternative method for standard laboratory tests. The aim of the following study is to present potential methods of saliva utilization in diagnostic procedures for periodontal diseases, as well as changes within the endothelium as a diagnostic factor for cardiovascular diseases.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Oct 10, 2020
Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of severa... more Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. This systematic review was designed to answer the question "Are salivary biomarkers reliable for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases?". Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eleven studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Due to their heterogeneity, the potential salivary markers for IBD were divided into four groups: oxidative status markers, inflammatory cytokines, microRNAs and other biomarkers. Active CD patients manifest decreased activity of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, catalase) and increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, malondialdehyde seems to be a good diagnostic marker of CD. Moreover, elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 or tumour necrosis factor α) are associated with the activity of IBD. Additionaly, selected miRNAs are altered in saliva (overexpressed miR-101 in CD; overexpressed miR-21, miR-31, miR-142-3p and underexpressed miR-142-5p in UC). Among other salivary biomarkers, exosomal PSMA7, α-amylase and calprotectin are detected. In conclusion, saliva contains several biomarkers which can be used credibly for the early diagnosis and regular monitoring of IBD. However, further investigations are necessary to validate these findings, as well as to identify new reliable salivary biomarkers.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Introduction. Inflammatory mechanisms of chronic periodontitis (CP) may be linked to various form... more Introduction. Inflammatory mechanisms of chronic periodontitis (CP) may be linked to various forms of disturbances in apoptosis. Aim. The study aimed at comparison of tissue expression of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and proapoptotic proteins (p53, caspase-3) in gingival tissues of 30 patients with CP and of 15 with healthy periodontium. Material and methods. Gingival samples (n = 68) were obtained during the open curettage procedure with gingivectomy of adult patients (18 women and 12 men) with CP. Classical immunocytochemical (IHC) method was used to detect apoptotic proteins, and the obtained expression was evaluated using semi-quantitative IRS scale. Results. No differences could be revealed in expression intensity or reciprocal correlations between apoptotic proteins within the group of patients with CP. Greater expression of the two apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and p53) were detected in patients with CP than in control individuals. Moreover, a more pronounced expression of Bcl-2 was demonstrated in gingival samples of patients with localised form as compared to generalised form of CP. Expression of caspase-3 (effector phase of apoptosis) manifested no differences between CP and control individuals. Greater expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was detected in cells of inflammatory infiltrates in lamina propria than in keratinocytes. Conclusions. In CP significant alterations developed in expression of indicators of apoptosis, with prevalence of Bcl-2 and p53 expression, as compared to the control. The localised form of CP was linked to higher proportion of Bcl-2-positive cells of inflammatory infiltrates, suggesting that apoptosis was inhibited mainly in this form of CP. The comparable expression of caspase-3 in gingival cells with CP and in control and absence of correlation with clinical data suggested that the process of apoptosis did not play a significant role in destruction of periodontium tissues in CP.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Nov 2, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
In beginning caries of particular interest are destructive changes in the enamel layers just belo... more In beginning caries of particular interest are destructive changes in the enamel layers just below the surface. The studied material comprised about twenty enamel blocks obtained from 10 teeth with carietic spots removed for orthodontic reasons in children aged 12-14 years. The aim of the study was assessment of the initial enamel damage under electron microscope. In all electronograms of the enamel involved by the carietic spot various grades of demineralization of the enamel below its surface were seen. The changes in initial caries seemed well delineated from the remaining healthy enamel, although within the carietic focus demineralization was observed from very slight widening of the area around the prisms to massive destruction of prism structure. The changes in the carietic spot under electron microscope showed a wide variety of patterns of destruction of enamel prisms, although clinically the surface of the enamel involved by beginning caries was small and not damaged.
In the light of a review of the most recent literature reports the present views on demineralizat... more In the light of a review of the most recent literature reports the present views on demineralization and remineralization of enamel in vivo and in vitro are presented. Modes and conditions of the development of artificial enamel damage of the character of incipient caries are discussed. The possibility in stressed of cure of initial enamel damage after application of calcification-inducing solutions and human saliva.
The purpose of the study was production under laboratory conditions of enamel changes correspondi... more The purpose of the study was production under laboratory conditions of enamel changes corresponding to early caries. The study was carried out on 20 healthy human teeth in vitro, in two phases differing in the conditions of the experiment. Carietic changes were produced with lactate buffer (in concentrations from 0.025 to 1.0 M) as fluid without added inhibitor of the solubility of the superficial layer. The assessment of the degree of enamel demineralization was based on images obtained in JSM 50A scanning microscope. In the first stage of the experiment a minimal demineralization of the subsuperficial layer of the enamel was obtained. In the second stage besides damage to the subsuperficial layer enamel erosion was noted. In this connection further studies are necessary for determining of the proper conditions for obtaining initial enamel damage.
Chronic microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes relate to small and medium-sized vessels a... more Chronic microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes relate to small and medium-sized vessels and clinically manifest as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as well as periodontitis. Cigarette smoking significantly modifies the course of inflammation in subjects without diabetes. The aim of the study was to assess the periodontal status in smoking and non-smoking subjects with type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods: 115 subjects with type 1 diabetes, median age 32 years (IQR 25-38), median HbA1c 8.3% (7.4-9.4) were included. Assessed gingival indices comprised API, SBI, GI. Results: Smoking cigarettes was more frequent among men compared to women (p = 0.03). API was lower among women compared to men (p = 0.004). There was no correlation between HbA1c and gingival indexes, however, people achieving good metabolic control (HbA1c≤6.5%) had a lower API (p = 0.039). Smokers presented lower SBI compared to non- -smokers (p = 0.03). Conclusions: People with type 1 diabetes smoking cigarettes present lower gingival bleeding compared to non-smokers. In people with poor metabolic control of type 1 diabetes there is an increased accumulation of dental plaque in comparison with well-controlled type 1 diabetic patients.
The purpose of the study was checking in vitro whether after application of calcifying preparatio... more The purpose of the study was checking in vitro whether after application of calcifying preparations remineralization occurs of artificially damaged enamel prisms. The study was carried out on 32 enamel samples obtained from 8 human teeth. For remineralization saturated solutions were used of phosphate-calcium compounds in the form of fluid or gel. The degree of demineralization and remineralization of enamel was assessed on the basis of images of enamel breaks in JSM-50A scanning microscope. Partial remineralization of artificially damaged enamel was found. Detailed evaluation of the remineralization progress requires extension of investigation methods.
Introduction: Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) can be supported on implant abutments only or on sing... more Introduction: Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) can be supported on implant abutments only or on single-stage and two-stage implants and teeth. Purpose: The purpose of this study was a comparative analysis of bone loss at the single-stage and two-stage implant abutments of fixed partial dentures used to restore missing teeth classified as Class I or Class II according to the Kennedy classification. Material and methods: 32 patients were treated by using 49 FPDs supported on implants and teeth worn for 2-6 years. Bone loss at the implant abutments of FPDs was evaluated by one examiner using a special ruler with a measuring scale and images of implants. Measurements were conducted at 26 single-stage implants and 50 two-stage implant abutments based on panoramic radiographs. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the mean bone loss at implants after 2 years was 0.70 mm +/- 0.50. The mean bone loss at implants after 6 years was 1.73 mm +/- 0.41. The bone loss of the alveolar ridge at the single-stage implants was greater than at the two-stage implants but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Prosthetic treatment of missing teeth classified as Class I or II according to the Kennedy classification with FPDs may result in bone loss less than 2 mm after 6 years. Both single-stage and two-stage intraosseous implants can be suitable for the implant-prosthetic treatment of patients with alar lack of teeth.
The primary aims were the visualization, digital image analysis and X-ray EDS microanalysis to ev... more The primary aims were the visualization, digital image analysis and X-ray EDS microanalysis to evaluate caries lesions in human premolars, with and without resin sealants, and light and scanning electron microscopic observations of hard dental tissues before and after the use of experimental protective strontium-fluoride toothpaste. The material consisted of healthy premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons, sectioned into slices. Sections of tooth crowns were digitized with a light microscope. The area of enamel demineralization was then measured. The in situ model was developed by placing the samples on the buccal surfaces of the first molars in healthy subjects, and exposing them to the use of the experimental toothpaste for 3 or 6 months. X-ray EDS microanalysis was undertaken to examine the Ca and Sr content on the enamel surface and at 15, 30, 60 and 100 microns depth. The results showed that the toothpaste induces an increased deposition of Ca in sub-superficial layers of the damaged enamel. The role of digital imaging needs to be defined with the diagnostic problem of the patient to plan an effective prophylaxis and treatment of early caries.
A comparative study was carried out of the volume of secreted saliva and its pH in children with ... more A comparative study was carried out of the volume of secreted saliva and its pH in children with black tartar and without it. Group I comprised 60 children with black tartar (aged 4-16 years) and group II (control) contained 60 children without black tartar in the same age range. Mixed stimulated saliva was obtained. Its volume was measured after 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, calculating then the minute index of saliva flow. The pH of the saliva was determined using indicator papers (in vivo) or pH-meter (in vitro). No significant differences were found in the amounts of saliva secreted in group I and group II. The pH of the saliva was significantly higher in children with black tartar than in those without it.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Technological advancement has been observed over the last few decades within many branches of med... more Technological advancement has been observed over the last few decades within many branches of medicine. This advancement has had an impressive impact on diagnostic developments and new methods of treatment that aid in improving treatment quality and the survival rate of patients. Dentistry is a field in which advancement is progressing at a rapid pace, which encourages dental practitioners to carry out interdisciplinary treatment planing and expanding their field of interest beyond the oral cavity. Saliva, once considered as an insignificant bodily secretion can, according to the latest research, be seen as a reflection of the human organism. Utilized for the evaluation of hormone levels, pro-inflammatory cytokines, medications and antibodies it constitutes an easily accessible and extremely valuable diagnostic material. With a simple as well as non-invasive method of obtainment saliva is an ideal medium which could be potentially used as an alternative method for standard laboratory tests. The aim of the following study is to present potential methods of saliva utilization in diagnostic procedures for periodontal diseases, as well as changes within the endothelium as a diagnostic factor for cardiovascular diseases.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Oct 10, 2020
Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of severa... more Saliva as a biological fluid has a remarkable potential in the non-invasive diagnostics of several systemic disorders. Inflammatory bowel diseases are chronic inflammatory disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. This systematic review was designed to answer the question "Are salivary biomarkers reliable for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel diseases?". Following the inclusion and exclusion criteria, eleven studies were included (according to PRISMA statement guidelines). Due to their heterogeneity, the potential salivary markers for IBD were divided into four groups: oxidative status markers, inflammatory cytokines, microRNAs and other biomarkers. Active CD patients manifest decreased activity of antioxidants (e.g., glutathione, catalase) and increased lipid peroxidation. Therefore, malondialdehyde seems to be a good diagnostic marker of CD. Moreover, elevated concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin 1β, interleukin 6 or tumour necrosis factor α) are associated with the activity of IBD. Additionaly, selected miRNAs are altered in saliva (overexpressed miR-101 in CD; overexpressed miR-21, miR-31, miR-142-3p and underexpressed miR-142-5p in UC). Among other salivary biomarkers, exosomal PSMA7, α-amylase and calprotectin are detected. In conclusion, saliva contains several biomarkers which can be used credibly for the early diagnosis and regular monitoring of IBD. However, further investigations are necessary to validate these findings, as well as to identify new reliable salivary biomarkers.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
Introduction. Inflammatory mechanisms of chronic periodontitis (CP) may be linked to various form... more Introduction. Inflammatory mechanisms of chronic periodontitis (CP) may be linked to various forms of disturbances in apoptosis. Aim. The study aimed at comparison of tissue expression of anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) and proapoptotic proteins (p53, caspase-3) in gingival tissues of 30 patients with CP and of 15 with healthy periodontium. Material and methods. Gingival samples (n = 68) were obtained during the open curettage procedure with gingivectomy of adult patients (18 women and 12 men) with CP. Classical immunocytochemical (IHC) method was used to detect apoptotic proteins, and the obtained expression was evaluated using semi-quantitative IRS scale. Results. No differences could be revealed in expression intensity or reciprocal correlations between apoptotic proteins within the group of patients with CP. Greater expression of the two apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2 and p53) were detected in patients with CP than in control individuals. Moreover, a more pronounced expression of Bcl-2 was demonstrated in gingival samples of patients with localised form as compared to generalised form of CP. Expression of caspase-3 (effector phase of apoptosis) manifested no differences between CP and control individuals. Greater expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and caspase-3 was detected in cells of inflammatory infiltrates in lamina propria than in keratinocytes. Conclusions. In CP significant alterations developed in expression of indicators of apoptosis, with prevalence of Bcl-2 and p53 expression, as compared to the control. The localised form of CP was linked to higher proportion of Bcl-2-positive cells of inflammatory infiltrates, suggesting that apoptosis was inhibited mainly in this form of CP. The comparable expression of caspase-3 in gingival cells with CP and in control and absence of correlation with clinical data suggested that the process of apoptosis did not play a significant role in destruction of periodontium tissues in CP.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Nov 2, 2021
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative... more This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY
In beginning caries of particular interest are destructive changes in the enamel layers just belo... more In beginning caries of particular interest are destructive changes in the enamel layers just below the surface. The studied material comprised about twenty enamel blocks obtained from 10 teeth with carietic spots removed for orthodontic reasons in children aged 12-14 years. The aim of the study was assessment of the initial enamel damage under electron microscope. In all electronograms of the enamel involved by the carietic spot various grades of demineralization of the enamel below its surface were seen. The changes in initial caries seemed well delineated from the remaining healthy enamel, although within the carietic focus demineralization was observed from very slight widening of the area around the prisms to massive destruction of prism structure. The changes in the carietic spot under electron microscope showed a wide variety of patterns of destruction of enamel prisms, although clinically the surface of the enamel involved by beginning caries was small and not damaged.
In the light of a review of the most recent literature reports the present views on demineralizat... more In the light of a review of the most recent literature reports the present views on demineralization and remineralization of enamel in vivo and in vitro are presented. Modes and conditions of the development of artificial enamel damage of the character of incipient caries are discussed. The possibility in stressed of cure of initial enamel damage after application of calcification-inducing solutions and human saliva.
The purpose of the study was production under laboratory conditions of enamel changes correspondi... more The purpose of the study was production under laboratory conditions of enamel changes corresponding to early caries. The study was carried out on 20 healthy human teeth in vitro, in two phases differing in the conditions of the experiment. Carietic changes were produced with lactate buffer (in concentrations from 0.025 to 1.0 M) as fluid without added inhibitor of the solubility of the superficial layer. The assessment of the degree of enamel demineralization was based on images obtained in JSM 50A scanning microscope. In the first stage of the experiment a minimal demineralization of the subsuperficial layer of the enamel was obtained. In the second stage besides damage to the subsuperficial layer enamel erosion was noted. In this connection further studies are necessary for determining of the proper conditions for obtaining initial enamel damage.
Chronic microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes relate to small and medium-sized vessels a... more Chronic microvascular complications of type 1 diabetes relate to small and medium-sized vessels and clinically manifest as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy as well as periodontitis. Cigarette smoking significantly modifies the course of inflammation in subjects without diabetes. The aim of the study was to assess the periodontal status in smoking and non-smoking subjects with type 1 diabetes. Materials and methods: 115 subjects with type 1 diabetes, median age 32 years (IQR 25-38), median HbA1c 8.3% (7.4-9.4) were included. Assessed gingival indices comprised API, SBI, GI. Results: Smoking cigarettes was more frequent among men compared to women (p = 0.03). API was lower among women compared to men (p = 0.004). There was no correlation between HbA1c and gingival indexes, however, people achieving good metabolic control (HbA1c≤6.5%) had a lower API (p = 0.039). Smokers presented lower SBI compared to non- -smokers (p = 0.03). Conclusions: People with type 1 diabetes smoking cigarettes present lower gingival bleeding compared to non-smokers. In people with poor metabolic control of type 1 diabetes there is an increased accumulation of dental plaque in comparison with well-controlled type 1 diabetic patients.
The purpose of the study was checking in vitro whether after application of calcifying preparatio... more The purpose of the study was checking in vitro whether after application of calcifying preparations remineralization occurs of artificially damaged enamel prisms. The study was carried out on 32 enamel samples obtained from 8 human teeth. For remineralization saturated solutions were used of phosphate-calcium compounds in the form of fluid or gel. The degree of demineralization and remineralization of enamel was assessed on the basis of images of enamel breaks in JSM-50A scanning microscope. Partial remineralization of artificially damaged enamel was found. Detailed evaluation of the remineralization progress requires extension of investigation methods.
Introduction: Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) can be supported on implant abutments only or on sing... more Introduction: Fixed partial dentures (FPDs) can be supported on implant abutments only or on single-stage and two-stage implants and teeth. Purpose: The purpose of this study was a comparative analysis of bone loss at the single-stage and two-stage implant abutments of fixed partial dentures used to restore missing teeth classified as Class I or Class II according to the Kennedy classification. Material and methods: 32 patients were treated by using 49 FPDs supported on implants and teeth worn for 2-6 years. Bone loss at the implant abutments of FPDs was evaluated by one examiner using a special ruler with a measuring scale and images of implants. Measurements were conducted at 26 single-stage implants and 50 two-stage implant abutments based on panoramic radiographs. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the mean bone loss at implants after 2 years was 0.70 mm +/- 0.50. The mean bone loss at implants after 6 years was 1.73 mm +/- 0.41. The bone loss of the alveolar ridge at the single-stage implants was greater than at the two-stage implants but it was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Prosthetic treatment of missing teeth classified as Class I or II according to the Kennedy classification with FPDs may result in bone loss less than 2 mm after 6 years. Both single-stage and two-stage intraosseous implants can be suitable for the implant-prosthetic treatment of patients with alar lack of teeth.
The primary aims were the visualization, digital image analysis and X-ray EDS microanalysis to ev... more The primary aims were the visualization, digital image analysis and X-ray EDS microanalysis to evaluate caries lesions in human premolars, with and without resin sealants, and light and scanning electron microscopic observations of hard dental tissues before and after the use of experimental protective strontium-fluoride toothpaste. The material consisted of healthy premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons, sectioned into slices. Sections of tooth crowns were digitized with a light microscope. The area of enamel demineralization was then measured. The in situ model was developed by placing the samples on the buccal surfaces of the first molars in healthy subjects, and exposing them to the use of the experimental toothpaste for 3 or 6 months. X-ray EDS microanalysis was undertaken to examine the Ca and Sr content on the enamel surface and at 15, 30, 60 and 100 microns depth. The results showed that the toothpaste induces an increased deposition of Ca in sub-superficial layers of the damaged enamel. The role of digital imaging needs to be defined with the diagnostic problem of the patient to plan an effective prophylaxis and treatment of early caries.
A comparative study was carried out of the volume of secreted saliva and its pH in children with ... more A comparative study was carried out of the volume of secreted saliva and its pH in children with black tartar and without it. Group I comprised 60 children with black tartar (aged 4-16 years) and group II (control) contained 60 children without black tartar in the same age range. Mixed stimulated saliva was obtained. Its volume was measured after 5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes, calculating then the minute index of saliva flow. The pH of the saliva was determined using indicator papers (in vivo) or pH-meter (in vitro). No significant differences were found in the amounts of saliva secreted in group I and group II. The pH of the saliva was significantly higher in children with black tartar than in those without it.
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