A Ad dr re es s d do o k ko or re es sp po on nd de en nc cj ji i: : dr n. biol. Kamila Jankowiak... more A Ad dr re es s d do o k ko or re es sp po on nd de en nc cj ji i: : dr n. biol. Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda
Remembering events that evoke emotions such as disgust or fear is critical to our survival. Howev... more Remembering events that evoke emotions such as disgust or fear is critical to our survival. However, previous studies investigating the interplay between emotion and memory disregarded the effects of specific emotions, leading to inconsistent results. Also, the role of amygdala throughout memory stages has been poorly understood. Here, we show that after 3 weeks delay, word pairs evoking disgust were remembered better than pairs evoking fear. These two emotions distinctly modulated neural mechanisms of memory. Successful encoding of disgust-evoking information was mediated by univariate activation in amygdala and perirhinal cortex, in contrast to fear-evoking memories that engaged hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. Critically, univariate activation in the amygdala during encoding was correlated with memory reinstatement of individual word pairs, and more so for disgust than for fear. Together, these findings shed a new light on the role of the amygdala and medial temporal lobe r...
It is widely accepted that people differ in memory performance. The ability to control one’s memo... more It is widely accepted that people differ in memory performance. The ability to control one’s memory depends on multiple factors, including the emotional properties of the memorized material. While it was widely demonstrated that emotion can facilitate memory, it is unclear how emotion modifies our ability to suppress memory. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus among researchers is that individual differences in memory performance were largely neglected in previous studies. We used the directed forgetting paradigm in an fMRI study, in which subjects viewed neutral and emotional words, which they were instructed to remember or to forget. Subsequently, subjects’ memory of these words was tested. Finally, they assessed the words on scales of valence, arousal, sadness and fear. We found that memory performance depended on instruction as reflected in the engagement of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lateral PFC), irrespective of emotional properties of words. While the lateral PFC...
The study tested the hypothesis of abnormal brain asymmetry in dyslexic children. Two dyslexic gr... more The study tested the hypothesis of abnormal brain asymmetry in dyslexic children. Two dyslexic groups classified as "phonetic disorder" and "language disorder" and a control group participated in two experiments. In both experiments was employed a dichotic listening procedure consisting in recalling pairs of words presented simultaneously to two ears. In Experiment I the children were to recognize four words presented at a level of loudness typical for natural speech. In Experiment II only two words were used in each trial but they were presented at a low intensity level. The recognition scores for stimuli presented to the left and right ears were compared. In Experiment I all groups of children showed a typical right ear/left hemisphere superiority, i.e. their recognition scores were higher for the right than for the left ear. Dyslexics, however, performed significantly less well. In Experiment II the control children and those from "phonetic disorder"...
Sex on the brain The differences between the sexes is a subject of enduring fascination, one whic... more Sex on the brain The differences between the sexes is a subject of enduring fascination, one which has inspired art and literature, is at the heart of our psychology, and which underlies the very structure of society. Males and females show profound differences in their physiology and, from an early age, in their behaviour. Boys, on average, are better at spatial skills and mathematical reasoning, while girls have greater perceptual speed and are better at verbal reasoning. Soberingly, men commit 80% of all murders, and 99% of all sexual crimes. Neuro-endocrinology Briefings are produced by the British Neuroendocrine Group Website http://www.neuroendo.org.uk
There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which deficits in reading and spelling share ... more There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which deficits in reading and spelling share cognitive components and whether they rely, in a similar fashion, on sublexical and lexical pathways of word processing. The present study investigates whether the neural substrates of word processing differ in children with various patterns of reading and spelling deficits. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared written and auditory processing in three groups of 9–13-year olds (N = 104): (1) with age-adequate reading and spelling skills; (2) with reading and spelling deficits (i.e., dyslexia); (3) with isolated spelling deficits but without reading deficits. In visual word processing, both deficit groups showed hypoactivations in the posterior superior temporal cortex compared to typical readers and spellers. Only children with dyslexia exhibited hypoactivations in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex compared to the two groups of typical readers. This is the result of...
Although empathy for pain is an often studied phenomenon, only few studies employing electromyogr... more Although empathy for pain is an often studied phenomenon, only few studies employing electromyography (EMG) have investigated either emotional responses to the pain of others or factors that modulate these responses. The present study investigated whether the sex and attractiveness of persons experiencing pain affected muscle activity associated with empathy for pain, the corrugator supercili (CS) and orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles, in male and female participants in two conditions: adopting a perspective of "the other" or "the self." Fifty one participants (27 females) watched movies showing situations that included the expression of pain, with female and male and more and less attractive actors under both conditions, while the CS and OO EMG were recorded. Perspective did not affect CS muscle activity, but OO muscle activity tended to be higher in women than men under the imagine-self condition. CS muscle activity, but not OO muscle activity, was modulated by the actors' gender and attractiveness. CS muscle activity was stronger in response to the pain of less attractive than more attractive actors, and to the pain of female actors compared to male actors. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between empathic concern, as a trait, and CS muscle activity, but only in the imagine-self condition.
The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that ma... more The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that make some people lie more often than others? We propose that cognitive abilities have equal importance. People with higher cognitive abilities are better, and thus more effective liars. This might reinforce using lies to solve problems. Yet, there is no empirical research that shows this relationship in healthy adults. Here we present three studies in which the participants had free choice about their honesty. We related differences in cognitive abilities and personality to the odds of lying. Results show that personality and intelligence are both important. People low on agreeableness and intelligent extroverts are most likely to lie. This suggests that intelligence might mediate the relationship between personality traits and lying frequency. While personality traits set general behavioral tendencies, intelligence and environment set boundaries.
The manuscript reports a study on a large sample (N = 170) of Polish speaking 8-13 year old child... more The manuscript reports a study on a large sample (N = 170) of Polish speaking 8-13 year old children, whose brain activation was measured in relation to tasks that require auditory phonological processing. We aimed to relate brain activation to individual differences in reading and spelling. We found that individual proficiency in both reading and spelling significantly correlated with activation of the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex encompassing the Visual Word Form Area which has been implicated in automatic orthographic activations. Reading but not spelling was found to correlate with activation in the left anterior dorsal stream (anterior supramarginal and postcentral gyri). Our results indicate that the level of both reading and spelling is related to activity in areas involved in the storage of fine-grained orthographic representations. However, only the reading level is uniquely related to activity of regions responsible for the articulation, motor planning and grapheme-tophoneme correspondence, which form the basis for effective decoding skill.
The prevalence and long-term consequences of dyslexia make it crucial to look for effective and e... more The prevalence and long-term consequences of dyslexia make it crucial to look for effective and efficient ways of its therapy. Action video games (AVG) were implied as a possible remedy for difficulties in reading in Italian and English-speaking children. However, the studies examining the effectiveness of AVG application in dyslexia suffered from significant methodological weaknesses such as small sample sizes and lack of a control group with no intervention. In our study, we tested how two forms of training: based on AVG and on phonological non-action video games (PNAVG), affect reading in a group of fifty-four Polish children with dyslexia. Both speed and accuracy of reading increased in AVG as much as in PNAVG group. Moreover, both groups improved in phonological awareness, selective attention and rapid naming. Critically, the reading progress in the two groups did not differ from a dyslexic control group which did not participate in any training. Thus, the observed improvement ...
Event-related potentials from symmetrical points of the left and right frontal and occipital cort... more Event-related potentials from symmetrical points of the left and right frontal and occipital cortex were recorded while subjects experienced positive and negative emotions. The emotions were elicited by either missing or hitting a target with a photoelectric gun. Twenty three right-handers (10 males and 13 females) were tested. Each subject took part in two sessions. In the first session the subjects were informed about their performance (hit or miss) after each shot. In the second, control session, no feedback was given. The amplitudes of P180 potential registered from the occipital cortex were higher in the right than in the left cerebral hemisphere, irrespectively of subjects' performance (i.e. a miss or a hit). No such tendency was observed in potentials registered from the frontal cortex. These regularities emerged only in the feedback situation, i.e. when subjects were informed about their performance, although higher ERPs were registered for hits than for misses. The resu...
The study aimed at testing, by a visual evoked potential method, the hypothesis of the hemispheri... more The study aimed at testing, by a visual evoked potential method, the hypothesis of the hemispheric specialization in processing of high and low-spatial frequencies. Twenty four right-handed subjects (12 males and 12 females) were presented with square-wave vertical gratings of various spatial frequencies (0.67, 0.86, 1.20, 2.00, 2.40, 3.00, 3.30, 6.00 and 7.50 c/deg). Gratings were presented in nine separate blocks each containing 64 exposures. Time of exposure was 30 ms and the interstimulus interval varied from 2 to 3.5 s. VEPs were recorded with electrodes located at O1 and O2 and referred to Cz according to the 10/20 system. Amplitudes and latencies of two VEPs components (N130-150 and P200-240) were analyzed. The results showed larger amplitudes of VEPs registered in the right hemisphere of both males and females. This difference, however, was apparent in the earlier component of VEPs in females and in the later component in males. The observed hemispheric asymmetry did not dep...
Recent development of neuroimaging techniques has opened new possibilities for the study of the r... more Recent development of neuroimaging techniques has opened new possibilities for the study of the relation between handedness and the brain functional architecture. Here we report fMRI measurements of dominant and non-dominant hand movement representation in 12 right-handed subjects using block design. We measured possible asymmetry in the total volume of activated neural tissue in the two hemispheres during simple and complex finger movements performed either with the right hand or with the left hand. Simple movements consisted in contraction/extension of the index finger and complex movements in successive finger-thumb opposition from little finger to index finger. A general predominance of left-hemisphere activation relative to right hemisphere activation was found. Increasing the complexity of the motor activity resulted in an enlargement of the volume of consistently activated areas and greater involvement of ipsilateral areas, especially in the left hemisphere. Movements of the ...
cate that the NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial u... more cate that the NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use by request at http://naps. nencki.gov.pl. The mean ratings of basic emotions for each picture and the results of basic emotion classification are also provided as supplementary materials (Table S2) to this erratum.
Several functional neuroimaging studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have sugges... more Several functional neuroimaging studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested that changes in the fronto-parietal-striatal networks are associated with deficits in executive functioning. However, executive functions (EF) are multifaceted and include three dissociable components: working memory, response inhibition, and task-switching. This study investigated which component of executive functioning is most strongly associated with fronto-parietal-striatal efficiency in PD. PD patients (with and without executive dysfunction), and age-matched healthy subjects, completed a battery of cognitive tests previously shown to discriminate among the three EF components. Principal component analysis conducted on the selected cognitive test variables yielded three expected EF components. The component scores were used in regression analysis to assess the relationship between the EF efficiency and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal related to performing the n-...
The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that ma... more The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that make some people lie more often than others? We propose that cognitive abilities have equal importance. People with higher cognitive abilities are better, and thus more effective liars. This might reinforce using lies to solve problems. Yet, there is no empirical research that shows this relationship in healthy adults. Here we present three studies in which the participants had free choice about their honesty. We related differences in cognitive abilities and personality to the odds of lying. Results show that personality and intelligence are both important. People low on agreeableness and intelligent extraverts are most likely to lie. This suggests that intelligence might mediate the relationship between personality traits and lying frequency. While personality traits set general behavioral tendencies, intelligence and environment set boundaries.
The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, Żurawski, Jednoróg, & Grabowska, Behavior R... more The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, Żurawski, Jednoróg, & Grabowska, Behavior Research Methods, 2014) is a standardized set of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). NAPS has been primarily standardized along the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and approach-avoidance, yet the characteristics of discrete emotions expressed by the images have not been investigated thus far. The aim of the present study was to collect normative ratings according to categorical models of emotions. A subset of 510 images from the original NAPS set was selected in order to proportionally cover the whole dimensional affective space. Among these, using three available classification methods, we identified images eliciting distinguishable discrete emotions. We introduce the basic-emotion normative ratings for the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS BE), which will allow researchers to control and manipulate stimulus properties specifically for their experimental questions of interest. The NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use as supplementary materials to this article.
The Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL) has recently been introduced as a standardized database of ... more The Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL) has recently been introduced as a standardized database of Polish words suitable for studying various aspects of language and emotions. Though the NAWL was originally based on the most commonly used dimensional approach, it is not the only way of studying emotions. Another framework is based on discrete emotional categories. Since the two perspectives are recognized as complementary, the aim of the present study was to supplement the NAWL database by the addition of categories corresponding to basic emotions. Thus, 2902 Polish words from the NAWL were presented to 265 subjects, who were instructed to rate them according to the intensity of each of the five basic emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, fear and disgust. The general characteristics of the present word database, as well as the relationships between the studied variables are shown to be consistent with typical patterns found in previous studies using similar databases for different lan...
A Ad dr re es s d do o k ko or re es sp po on nd de en nc cj ji i: : dr n. biol. Kamila Jankowiak... more A Ad dr re es s d do o k ko or re es sp po on nd de en nc cj ji i: : dr n. biol. Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda
Remembering events that evoke emotions such as disgust or fear is critical to our survival. Howev... more Remembering events that evoke emotions such as disgust or fear is critical to our survival. However, previous studies investigating the interplay between emotion and memory disregarded the effects of specific emotions, leading to inconsistent results. Also, the role of amygdala throughout memory stages has been poorly understood. Here, we show that after 3 weeks delay, word pairs evoking disgust were remembered better than pairs evoking fear. These two emotions distinctly modulated neural mechanisms of memory. Successful encoding of disgust-evoking information was mediated by univariate activation in amygdala and perirhinal cortex, in contrast to fear-evoking memories that engaged hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus. Critically, univariate activation in the amygdala during encoding was correlated with memory reinstatement of individual word pairs, and more so for disgust than for fear. Together, these findings shed a new light on the role of the amygdala and medial temporal lobe r...
It is widely accepted that people differ in memory performance. The ability to control one’s memo... more It is widely accepted that people differ in memory performance. The ability to control one’s memory depends on multiple factors, including the emotional properties of the memorized material. While it was widely demonstrated that emotion can facilitate memory, it is unclear how emotion modifies our ability to suppress memory. One of the reasons for the lack of consensus among researchers is that individual differences in memory performance were largely neglected in previous studies. We used the directed forgetting paradigm in an fMRI study, in which subjects viewed neutral and emotional words, which they were instructed to remember or to forget. Subsequently, subjects’ memory of these words was tested. Finally, they assessed the words on scales of valence, arousal, sadness and fear. We found that memory performance depended on instruction as reflected in the engagement of the lateral prefrontal cortex (lateral PFC), irrespective of emotional properties of words. While the lateral PFC...
The study tested the hypothesis of abnormal brain asymmetry in dyslexic children. Two dyslexic gr... more The study tested the hypothesis of abnormal brain asymmetry in dyslexic children. Two dyslexic groups classified as "phonetic disorder" and "language disorder" and a control group participated in two experiments. In both experiments was employed a dichotic listening procedure consisting in recalling pairs of words presented simultaneously to two ears. In Experiment I the children were to recognize four words presented at a level of loudness typical for natural speech. In Experiment II only two words were used in each trial but they were presented at a low intensity level. The recognition scores for stimuli presented to the left and right ears were compared. In Experiment I all groups of children showed a typical right ear/left hemisphere superiority, i.e. their recognition scores were higher for the right than for the left ear. Dyslexics, however, performed significantly less well. In Experiment II the control children and those from "phonetic disorder"...
Sex on the brain The differences between the sexes is a subject of enduring fascination, one whic... more Sex on the brain The differences between the sexes is a subject of enduring fascination, one which has inspired art and literature, is at the heart of our psychology, and which underlies the very structure of society. Males and females show profound differences in their physiology and, from an early age, in their behaviour. Boys, on average, are better at spatial skills and mathematical reasoning, while girls have greater perceptual speed and are better at verbal reasoning. Soberingly, men commit 80% of all murders, and 99% of all sexual crimes. Neuro-endocrinology Briefings are produced by the British Neuroendocrine Group Website http://www.neuroendo.org.uk
There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which deficits in reading and spelling share ... more There is an ongoing debate concerning the extent to which deficits in reading and spelling share cognitive components and whether they rely, in a similar fashion, on sublexical and lexical pathways of word processing. The present study investigates whether the neural substrates of word processing differ in children with various patterns of reading and spelling deficits. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we compared written and auditory processing in three groups of 9–13-year olds (N = 104): (1) with age-adequate reading and spelling skills; (2) with reading and spelling deficits (i.e., dyslexia); (3) with isolated spelling deficits but without reading deficits. In visual word processing, both deficit groups showed hypoactivations in the posterior superior temporal cortex compared to typical readers and spellers. Only children with dyslexia exhibited hypoactivations in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex compared to the two groups of typical readers. This is the result of...
Although empathy for pain is an often studied phenomenon, only few studies employing electromyogr... more Although empathy for pain is an often studied phenomenon, only few studies employing electromyography (EMG) have investigated either emotional responses to the pain of others or factors that modulate these responses. The present study investigated whether the sex and attractiveness of persons experiencing pain affected muscle activity associated with empathy for pain, the corrugator supercili (CS) and orbicularis oculi (OO) muscles, in male and female participants in two conditions: adopting a perspective of "the other" or "the self." Fifty one participants (27 females) watched movies showing situations that included the expression of pain, with female and male and more and less attractive actors under both conditions, while the CS and OO EMG were recorded. Perspective did not affect CS muscle activity, but OO muscle activity tended to be higher in women than men under the imagine-self condition. CS muscle activity, but not OO muscle activity, was modulated by the actors' gender and attractiveness. CS muscle activity was stronger in response to the pain of less attractive than more attractive actors, and to the pain of female actors compared to male actors. Moreover, a positive correlation was found between empathic concern, as a trait, and CS muscle activity, but only in the imagine-self condition.
The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that ma... more The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that make some people lie more often than others? We propose that cognitive abilities have equal importance. People with higher cognitive abilities are better, and thus more effective liars. This might reinforce using lies to solve problems. Yet, there is no empirical research that shows this relationship in healthy adults. Here we present three studies in which the participants had free choice about their honesty. We related differences in cognitive abilities and personality to the odds of lying. Results show that personality and intelligence are both important. People low on agreeableness and intelligent extroverts are most likely to lie. This suggests that intelligence might mediate the relationship between personality traits and lying frequency. While personality traits set general behavioral tendencies, intelligence and environment set boundaries.
The manuscript reports a study on a large sample (N = 170) of Polish speaking 8-13 year old child... more The manuscript reports a study on a large sample (N = 170) of Polish speaking 8-13 year old children, whose brain activation was measured in relation to tasks that require auditory phonological processing. We aimed to relate brain activation to individual differences in reading and spelling. We found that individual proficiency in both reading and spelling significantly correlated with activation of the left ventral occipito-temporal cortex encompassing the Visual Word Form Area which has been implicated in automatic orthographic activations. Reading but not spelling was found to correlate with activation in the left anterior dorsal stream (anterior supramarginal and postcentral gyri). Our results indicate that the level of both reading and spelling is related to activity in areas involved in the storage of fine-grained orthographic representations. However, only the reading level is uniquely related to activity of regions responsible for the articulation, motor planning and grapheme-tophoneme correspondence, which form the basis for effective decoding skill.
The prevalence and long-term consequences of dyslexia make it crucial to look for effective and e... more The prevalence and long-term consequences of dyslexia make it crucial to look for effective and efficient ways of its therapy. Action video games (AVG) were implied as a possible remedy for difficulties in reading in Italian and English-speaking children. However, the studies examining the effectiveness of AVG application in dyslexia suffered from significant methodological weaknesses such as small sample sizes and lack of a control group with no intervention. In our study, we tested how two forms of training: based on AVG and on phonological non-action video games (PNAVG), affect reading in a group of fifty-four Polish children with dyslexia. Both speed and accuracy of reading increased in AVG as much as in PNAVG group. Moreover, both groups improved in phonological awareness, selective attention and rapid naming. Critically, the reading progress in the two groups did not differ from a dyslexic control group which did not participate in any training. Thus, the observed improvement ...
Event-related potentials from symmetrical points of the left and right frontal and occipital cort... more Event-related potentials from symmetrical points of the left and right frontal and occipital cortex were recorded while subjects experienced positive and negative emotions. The emotions were elicited by either missing or hitting a target with a photoelectric gun. Twenty three right-handers (10 males and 13 females) were tested. Each subject took part in two sessions. In the first session the subjects were informed about their performance (hit or miss) after each shot. In the second, control session, no feedback was given. The amplitudes of P180 potential registered from the occipital cortex were higher in the right than in the left cerebral hemisphere, irrespectively of subjects' performance (i.e. a miss or a hit). No such tendency was observed in potentials registered from the frontal cortex. These regularities emerged only in the feedback situation, i.e. when subjects were informed about their performance, although higher ERPs were registered for hits than for misses. The resu...
The study aimed at testing, by a visual evoked potential method, the hypothesis of the hemispheri... more The study aimed at testing, by a visual evoked potential method, the hypothesis of the hemispheric specialization in processing of high and low-spatial frequencies. Twenty four right-handed subjects (12 males and 12 females) were presented with square-wave vertical gratings of various spatial frequencies (0.67, 0.86, 1.20, 2.00, 2.40, 3.00, 3.30, 6.00 and 7.50 c/deg). Gratings were presented in nine separate blocks each containing 64 exposures. Time of exposure was 30 ms and the interstimulus interval varied from 2 to 3.5 s. VEPs were recorded with electrodes located at O1 and O2 and referred to Cz according to the 10/20 system. Amplitudes and latencies of two VEPs components (N130-150 and P200-240) were analyzed. The results showed larger amplitudes of VEPs registered in the right hemisphere of both males and females. This difference, however, was apparent in the earlier component of VEPs in females and in the later component in males. The observed hemispheric asymmetry did not dep...
Recent development of neuroimaging techniques has opened new possibilities for the study of the r... more Recent development of neuroimaging techniques has opened new possibilities for the study of the relation between handedness and the brain functional architecture. Here we report fMRI measurements of dominant and non-dominant hand movement representation in 12 right-handed subjects using block design. We measured possible asymmetry in the total volume of activated neural tissue in the two hemispheres during simple and complex finger movements performed either with the right hand or with the left hand. Simple movements consisted in contraction/extension of the index finger and complex movements in successive finger-thumb opposition from little finger to index finger. A general predominance of left-hemisphere activation relative to right hemisphere activation was found. Increasing the complexity of the motor activity resulted in an enlargement of the volume of consistently activated areas and greater involvement of ipsilateral areas, especially in the left hemisphere. Movements of the ...
cate that the NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial u... more cate that the NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use by request at http://naps. nencki.gov.pl. The mean ratings of basic emotions for each picture and the results of basic emotion classification are also provided as supplementary materials (Table S2) to this erratum.
Several functional neuroimaging studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have sugges... more Several functional neuroimaging studies in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) have suggested that changes in the fronto-parietal-striatal networks are associated with deficits in executive functioning. However, executive functions (EF) are multifaceted and include three dissociable components: working memory, response inhibition, and task-switching. This study investigated which component of executive functioning is most strongly associated with fronto-parietal-striatal efficiency in PD. PD patients (with and without executive dysfunction), and age-matched healthy subjects, completed a battery of cognitive tests previously shown to discriminate among the three EF components. Principal component analysis conducted on the selected cognitive test variables yielded three expected EF components. The component scores were used in regression analysis to assess the relationship between the EF efficiency and blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) signal related to performing the n-...
The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that ma... more The tendency to lie is a part of personality. But are personality traits the only factors that make some people lie more often than others? We propose that cognitive abilities have equal importance. People with higher cognitive abilities are better, and thus more effective liars. This might reinforce using lies to solve problems. Yet, there is no empirical research that shows this relationship in healthy adults. Here we present three studies in which the participants had free choice about their honesty. We related differences in cognitive abilities and personality to the odds of lying. Results show that personality and intelligence are both important. People low on agreeableness and intelligent extraverts are most likely to lie. This suggests that intelligence might mediate the relationship between personality traits and lying frequency. While personality traits set general behavioral tendencies, intelligence and environment set boundaries.
The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, Żurawski, Jednoróg, & Grabowska, Behavior R... more The Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS; Marchewka, Żurawski, Jednoróg, & Grabowska, Behavior Research Methods, 2014) is a standardized set of 1,356 realistic, high-quality photographs divided into five categories (people, faces, animals, objects, and landscapes). NAPS has been primarily standardized along the affective dimensions of valence, arousal, and approach-avoidance, yet the characteristics of discrete emotions expressed by the images have not been investigated thus far. The aim of the present study was to collect normative ratings according to categorical models of emotions. A subset of 510 images from the original NAPS set was selected in order to proportionally cover the whole dimensional affective space. Among these, using three available classification methods, we identified images eliciting distinguishable discrete emotions. We introduce the basic-emotion normative ratings for the Nencki Affective Picture System (NAPS BE), which will allow researchers to control and manipulate stimulus properties specifically for their experimental questions of interest. The NAPS BE system is freely accessible to the scientific community for noncommercial use as supplementary materials to this article.
The Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL) has recently been introduced as a standardized database of ... more The Nencki Affective Word List (NAWL) has recently been introduced as a standardized database of Polish words suitable for studying various aspects of language and emotions. Though the NAWL was originally based on the most commonly used dimensional approach, it is not the only way of studying emotions. Another framework is based on discrete emotional categories. Since the two perspectives are recognized as complementary, the aim of the present study was to supplement the NAWL database by the addition of categories corresponding to basic emotions. Thus, 2902 Polish words from the NAWL were presented to 265 subjects, who were instructed to rate them according to the intensity of each of the five basic emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, fear and disgust. The general characteristics of the present word database, as well as the relationships between the studied variables are shown to be consistent with typical patterns found in previous studies using similar databases for different lan...
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