As FPGA designers strive to achieve higher performance while meeting critical timing margins, the... more As FPGA designers strive to achieve higher performance while meeting critical timing margins, the memory interface design is a consistently difficult and time-consuming challenge. Xilinx FPGAs provide I/O blocks and logic resources that make the interface design easier and more reliable. Nonetheless, the I/O blocks, along with extra logic, must be configured, verified, implemented and properly connected to the rest of the FPGA by the designer in the source RTL code, carefully simulated, and then verified in hardware to ensure a reliable memory interface system. This white paper discusses the various memory interface controller design challenges and Xilinx solutions. It also describes how to use the Xilinx software tools and hardware-verified reference designs to build a complete memory interface solution for your own application, from low-cost DDR SDRAM applications to higher-performance interfaces like the 667 Mb/s DDR2 SDRAMs.
Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones pulpares tratadas endodonticamente en pacientes a... more Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones pulpares tratadas endodonticamente en pacientes atendidos en las clinicas de integral del adulto I y II del programa de Odontologia de la Universidad del Valle. Metodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se reviso el archivo de historias clinicas registradas entre los anos 2005 y 2009, obteniendo al final un total de 302 historias que contaban con los criterios de inclusion del estudio. Se realizo estadistica descriptiva en el programa estadistico SPSS, version 15 en espanol y se aplico la prueba de Chi cuadrado para contrastar la tecnica de instrumentacion con el diagnostico con una significancia de 0.05. Resultados. Se encontro que la lesion mas prevalente fue la periodontitis apical cronica no supurativa con un 38,1%, se determino que la tecnica de obturacion mas utilizada fue la Crown Down, el rango de edad que presento mayor cantidad de lesiones fue el de 36 – 45 anos, la frecuencia de lesion pulpar o periapical fue mayor en muj...
Chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) ions with Phenylalanine and... more Chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) ions with Phenylalanine and Maleic acid was studied pH metrically in the concentration range of 0.0-60.0% v/v acetonitrile-water mixtures maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 mol L-1 at 303.0 K. Alkalimetric titrations were carried out in different relative concentrations (M:L:X = 1:2.5:2.5, 1:2.5:5.0, 1:5.0:2.5) of metal (M) to phenylalanine (L) to maleic acid (X). Stability constants of ternary complexes were calculated and various models were refined with MINIQUAD75. The best fit chemical models were selected based on statistical parameters and residual analysis. The species detected are MLXH and ML2XH for Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) in AN-water mixtures. The chemical speciation, metal bioavailability and transportation were explained based on the stability constants.
Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus a... more Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicilin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in the nasal cavity of the personal that labours at the intensive care unit at the Clinica Universitaria Bolivariana. Methodology. In this descriptive study, samples from nasal cavity and pharynx were taken from 45 members of the Intensive Care Unit staff. The samples were seed on plates nurtured with lambs blood agar from which we isolated S. aureus colonies that were identified by means of the Gram coloration and the catalase. Coagulase test and manitol fermentation were perfomed in order to confirm S. aureus. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. The oxacillin resistance was confirmed with the Mueller Hinton screening test in oxacillin (6 mg/ml) and NaCl (4%) supplemented media. A diffusion screen test on disk with cefoxitin was performed to MRSA strains to predict whether the methicilin...
Candida spp. es un agente etiológico importante en infecciones del tracto urinario, principalment... more Candida spp. es un agente etiológico importante en infecciones del tracto urinario, principalmente en población con terapia antimicótica de amplio espectro y con catéteres urinarios. Candida albicans es la especie más frecuente, pero otras especies han surgido como patógenos emergentes. En este trabajo se recolectaron aislamientos de Candida spp. de urocultivos de pacientes que consultaron en Dinamica IPS entre enero 2016 y noviembre 2017. Para estimar la frecuencia de las especies y observar los patrones de sensibilidad, se realizó la identificación fenotípica y su perfil de sensibilidad con el sistema comercial Vitek 2® (BioMérieux, Inc.), adicionalmente se evaluaron mediante análisis de las secuencia y filogenética ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. En el estudio se incluyeron 78 aislamientos de Candida spp. Las frecuencias de especies de Candida identificadas empleando las herramientas moleculares fueron: C. albicans (38,5%), C. tropicalis (23,1%), C. glabrata (21,8%), C. parapsilosis (10,3%), C. ...
Introducción: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) es uno de los agentes infecciosos etiológico de la gastrit... more Introducción: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) es uno de los agentes infecciosos etiológico de la gastritis crónica, el linfoma de MALT, el adenocarcinoma gástrico y del cáncer gástrico y puede ser transmitido a través del agua. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de Hp por medio de cultivos y PCR en muestras de agua y biopelicula de los grifos de las instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Medellín, y la presencia de algunos factores de riesgo para la contaminación del agua. Materiales y métodos: en 194 instituciones educativas del municipio de Medellín se tomó una muestra de agua y biopelícula del grifo, las cuales se sembraron en agar HPSPA y se les realizó una prueba de PCR directa convencional con el gen ureA. Además, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar factores de riesgo como antigüedad de la edificación, estado físico y material de los grifos, presencia de tanques o pozos de agua para consumo, disponibilidad de agua potable y disponibilidad de fuentes de agua diferentes a l...
Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina isolado na saliva... more Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina isolado na saliva e em secreção nasal dos profissionais de enfermagem. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em unidades especializadas de um hospital universitário. No total, 600 amostras de saliva e secreções nasais foram obtidas de profissionais de enfermagem. Resultados: dos 100 participantes, identificou-se o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus em 43,0% dos profissionais, 7,0% eram resistentes à oxacilina. Desses Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à oxacilina, 100,0% foram carreadores nasais; dois profissionais foram carreadores nasais e na saliva. Todos os profissionais colonizados por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina tiveram indicação para realizar o protocolo de descolonização vigente na instituição do estudo, seis aceitaram seguir o protocolo e apenas dois apresentaram culturas negativas para Staphylococcus aureus após a descolonização. Conclusão: os resultados demonstraram a coloniz...
Primera andadura alrededor del asunto de las competencias 6 De la ecoautobiografía a la obra de c... more Primera andadura alrededor del asunto de las competencias 6 De la ecoautobiografía a la obra de conocimiento 17 Capítulo 2 Movilización conceptual en torno al asunto de competencias a manera de lógica del marco 26 Capítulo 3 Sujeto sujetado por las competencias institucionalizadas: a modo de contexto epistémico 49 Capítulo 4 Las competencias una cuestión de la gestión de recursos humanos en el presente universitario 76 Capítulo 5 Al rescate del sujeto en lo concerniente a las competencias: a manera de cierre-apertura
Lycoperdaceae y intolomataceae; disrribuidas estas en cuatro 6rdenes: Agaricales, A{iJoforaJes, L... more Lycoperdaceae y intolomataceae; disrribuidas estas en cuatro 6rdenes: Agaricales, A{iJoforaJes, LycoperdaJes y Russulales. Se realize un anal isis de acuerdo al gradiente altitudinal muestreado (3.265 a 3.455 msnm) y su incidencia en la morfologfa, indicando posibles adaptaciones en contraste a colecciones consultadas.
Revista Facultad Nacional De Salud Publica, Aug 1, 2014
Objective: to assess the degree of reproducibility in the reading of cervical cytology smears amo... more Objective: to assess the degree of reproducibility in the reading of cervical cytology smears among four specialized reading centers at Medellin, Colombia. Methodology: 181 cervical cytology smears from a study on the prevalence of cytological abnormalities in Pueblorrico, a town located in the southwestern region of the state of Antioquia in Colombia, were re-read by four specialized centers in Medellin. Each center was asked to conduct a blind routine reading of the smears to avoid disclosure of information between centers. The reproducibility was measured by percentage agreement and kappa. Results: of 181 smears only 55 matched across all 4 centers, with an overall concordance rate of 30% and an overall kappa of 0.31. According to Fleiss scale, poor reproducibility was observed. The concordance between pairs of centers ranged between 0.3 y 0.7. Discussion: there is a high variability in the interpretation of cytological results among centers in Medellin. It is necessary to implement training processes and to unify readings for cervical cytology criteria. ----------
Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus a... more Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicilin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in the nasal cavity of the personal that labours at the intensive care unit at the Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana.
Introducción: La hiperplasia epitelial focal (HEF) o enfermedad de Heck es una entidad benigna de... more Introducción: La hiperplasia epitelial focal (HEF) o enfermedad de Heck es una entidad benigna de la mucosa oral que se presenta principalmente en jóvenes de grupos étnicos muy específicos. Aunque el epónimo de “Enfermedad de Heck” proviene del primer caso reportado en 1961 por el Dr. Heck en Nuevo Méjico, ya previamente en Colombia el Dr. Estrada en 1956 había reportado esta entidad en los indios Caramanta (1). Es así como en Colombia ha habido reportes de esta enfermedad en diferentes comunidades indígenas (2,3). La hiperplasia epitelial focal se caracteriza clínicamente por pápulas, nódulos o placas localizadas principalmente en la mucosa labial, los carrillos y la lengua. Desde 1989 se había sugerido su causa viral debido a la frecuente detección del PVH-13 y PVH-32 en las lesiones (4). En un estudio descriptivo previo realizado en el 2001 se encontró una prevalencia de la enfermedad del 13% en escolares de la comunidad indígena Embera-Chamí en Jardín, Antioquia (5). En ese mism...
Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal, 2008
This work is intended to establish the prevalence of reverse smokers at the villages of Hato Nuev... more This work is intended to establish the prevalence of reverse smokers at the villages of Hato Nuevo, San Francisco and Cayo de Palma, Department of Sucre, Colombia, characterizing their socio-culture conditions, clinical and histological changes in the oral mucosa. A descriptive study was done through a home to home inquiry to select the people with inclusion criteria for a posterior clinical test and a biopsy of the affected oral mucosa. Reverse smokers's prevalence was from the 15%, mainly women (p<0.001) with an age average of 59.3 years. The lesions were classified clinically in mild, moderate and severe changes. Tongue moderate lesions presented the higher frequency (80%), followed by severe lesions on palate (74%). Oral cancer prevalence was 10.8% in the San Francisco village and 18.2% in Cayo de Palma village, no new cases were reported in Hato Nuevo village. This was the highest prevalence reported in comparison with other studies with similar population. The clinical ...
Background Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a rare oral HPV-related disease, highly prevalen... more Background Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a rare oral HPV-related disease, highly prevalent in certain ethnic communities. A previous study found 7.5% prevalence among school children from the Indian community Embera-Chamí in Colombia. Objective To determine the prevalence and Human Papillomavirus (HPVs)-type in children with FEH. Materials and methods One hundred and thirty-eight students were screened. All FEH samples were HPV-tested by two PCR-based systems. Results We identified 18 FEH cases. β-globin amplification was obtained in 15 cases and nine were HPV-55-positive by the HPV-PCR-hybridization method. Nine cases (50%) were HPV-13positive by the GP5+/GP6+-based method. Twelve cases (80%) were HPV-positive by one or the other method. Forty-four percent and 88% of interviewed parents reported family histories of FEH and toothbrush sharing, respectively. Conclusions Human Papillomavirus-DNA was identified in the majority of FEH cases and HPV-13 was the only genotype involved. Frequent familiar infection suggests interfamiliar transmission, genetic predisposition or infection susceptibility among family members.
As FPGA designers strive to achieve higher performance while meeting critical timing margins, the... more As FPGA designers strive to achieve higher performance while meeting critical timing margins, the memory interface design is a consistently difficult and time-consuming challenge. Xilinx FPGAs provide I/O blocks and logic resources that make the interface design easier and more reliable. Nonetheless, the I/O blocks, along with extra logic, must be configured, verified, implemented and properly connected to the rest of the FPGA by the designer in the source RTL code, carefully simulated, and then verified in hardware to ensure a reliable memory interface system. This white paper discusses the various memory interface controller design challenges and Xilinx solutions. It also describes how to use the Xilinx software tools and hardware-verified reference designs to build a complete memory interface solution for your own application, from low-cost DDR SDRAM applications to higher-performance interfaces like the 667 Mb/s DDR2 SDRAMs.
Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones pulpares tratadas endodonticamente en pacientes a... more Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia de lesiones pulpares tratadas endodonticamente en pacientes atendidos en las clinicas de integral del adulto I y II del programa de Odontologia de la Universidad del Valle. Metodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se reviso el archivo de historias clinicas registradas entre los anos 2005 y 2009, obteniendo al final un total de 302 historias que contaban con los criterios de inclusion del estudio. Se realizo estadistica descriptiva en el programa estadistico SPSS, version 15 en espanol y se aplico la prueba de Chi cuadrado para contrastar la tecnica de instrumentacion con el diagnostico con una significancia de 0.05. Resultados. Se encontro que la lesion mas prevalente fue la periodontitis apical cronica no supurativa con un 38,1%, se determino que la tecnica de obturacion mas utilizada fue la Crown Down, el rango de edad que presento mayor cantidad de lesiones fue el de 36 – 45 anos, la frecuencia de lesion pulpar o periapical fue mayor en muj...
Chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) ions with Phenylalanine and... more Chemical speciation of ternary complexes of Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) ions with Phenylalanine and Maleic acid was studied pH metrically in the concentration range of 0.0-60.0% v/v acetonitrile-water mixtures maintaining an ionic strength of 0.16 mol L-1 at 303.0 K. Alkalimetric titrations were carried out in different relative concentrations (M:L:X = 1:2.5:2.5, 1:2.5:5.0, 1:5.0:2.5) of metal (M) to phenylalanine (L) to maleic acid (X). Stability constants of ternary complexes were calculated and various models were refined with MINIQUAD75. The best fit chemical models were selected based on statistical parameters and residual analysis. The species detected are MLXH and ML2XH for Ca(II), Mg(II) and Zn(II) in AN-water mixtures. The chemical speciation, metal bioavailability and transportation were explained based on the stability constants.
Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus a... more Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicilin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in the nasal cavity of the personal that labours at the intensive care unit at the Clinica Universitaria Bolivariana. Methodology. In this descriptive study, samples from nasal cavity and pharynx were taken from 45 members of the Intensive Care Unit staff. The samples were seed on plates nurtured with lambs blood agar from which we isolated S. aureus colonies that were identified by means of the Gram coloration and the catalase. Coagulase test and manitol fermentation were perfomed in order to confirm S. aureus. The antibiotic sensitivity was determined by the Kirby Bauer method. The oxacillin resistance was confirmed with the Mueller Hinton screening test in oxacillin (6 mg/ml) and NaCl (4%) supplemented media. A diffusion screen test on disk with cefoxitin was performed to MRSA strains to predict whether the methicilin...
Candida spp. es un agente etiológico importante en infecciones del tracto urinario, principalment... more Candida spp. es un agente etiológico importante en infecciones del tracto urinario, principalmente en población con terapia antimicótica de amplio espectro y con catéteres urinarios. Candida albicans es la especie más frecuente, pero otras especies han surgido como patógenos emergentes. En este trabajo se recolectaron aislamientos de Candida spp. de urocultivos de pacientes que consultaron en Dinamica IPS entre enero 2016 y noviembre 2017. Para estimar la frecuencia de las especies y observar los patrones de sensibilidad, se realizó la identificación fenotípica y su perfil de sensibilidad con el sistema comercial Vitek 2® (BioMérieux, Inc.), adicionalmente se evaluaron mediante análisis de las secuencia y filogenética ITS1-5.8S-ITS2. En el estudio se incluyeron 78 aislamientos de Candida spp. Las frecuencias de especies de Candida identificadas empleando las herramientas moleculares fueron: C. albicans (38,5%), C. tropicalis (23,1%), C. glabrata (21,8%), C. parapsilosis (10,3%), C. ...
Introducción: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) es uno de los agentes infecciosos etiológico de la gastrit... more Introducción: Helicobacter pylori (Hp) es uno de los agentes infecciosos etiológico de la gastritis crónica, el linfoma de MALT, el adenocarcinoma gástrico y del cáncer gástrico y puede ser transmitido a través del agua. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de Hp por medio de cultivos y PCR en muestras de agua y biopelicula de los grifos de las instituciones educativas oficiales de la ciudad de Medellín, y la presencia de algunos factores de riesgo para la contaminación del agua. Materiales y métodos: en 194 instituciones educativas del municipio de Medellín se tomó una muestra de agua y biopelícula del grifo, las cuales se sembraron en agar HPSPA y se les realizó una prueba de PCR directa convencional con el gen ureA. Además, se realizó una encuesta para evaluar factores de riesgo como antigüedad de la edificación, estado físico y material de los grifos, presencia de tanques o pozos de agua para consumo, disponibilidad de agua potable y disponibilidad de fuentes de agua diferentes a l...
Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina isolado na saliva... more Objetivo: estimar a prevalência de Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina isolado na saliva e em secreção nasal dos profissionais de enfermagem. Métodos: estudo transversal realizado em unidades especializadas de um hospital universitário. No total, 600 amostras de saliva e secreções nasais foram obtidas de profissionais de enfermagem. Resultados: dos 100 participantes, identificou-se o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus em 43,0% dos profissionais, 7,0% eram resistentes à oxacilina. Desses Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à oxacilina, 100,0% foram carreadores nasais; dois profissionais foram carreadores nasais e na saliva. Todos os profissionais colonizados por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à oxacilina tiveram indicação para realizar o protocolo de descolonização vigente na instituição do estudo, seis aceitaram seguir o protocolo e apenas dois apresentaram culturas negativas para Staphylococcus aureus após a descolonização. Conclusão: os resultados demonstraram a coloniz...
Primera andadura alrededor del asunto de las competencias 6 De la ecoautobiografía a la obra de c... more Primera andadura alrededor del asunto de las competencias 6 De la ecoautobiografía a la obra de conocimiento 17 Capítulo 2 Movilización conceptual en torno al asunto de competencias a manera de lógica del marco 26 Capítulo 3 Sujeto sujetado por las competencias institucionalizadas: a modo de contexto epistémico 49 Capítulo 4 Las competencias una cuestión de la gestión de recursos humanos en el presente universitario 76 Capítulo 5 Al rescate del sujeto en lo concerniente a las competencias: a manera de cierre-apertura
Lycoperdaceae y intolomataceae; disrribuidas estas en cuatro 6rdenes: Agaricales, A{iJoforaJes, L... more Lycoperdaceae y intolomataceae; disrribuidas estas en cuatro 6rdenes: Agaricales, A{iJoforaJes, LycoperdaJes y Russulales. Se realize un anal isis de acuerdo al gradiente altitudinal muestreado (3.265 a 3.455 msnm) y su incidencia en la morfologfa, indicando posibles adaptaciones en contraste a colecciones consultadas.
Revista Facultad Nacional De Salud Publica, Aug 1, 2014
Objective: to assess the degree of reproducibility in the reading of cervical cytology smears amo... more Objective: to assess the degree of reproducibility in the reading of cervical cytology smears among four specialized reading centers at Medellin, Colombia. Methodology: 181 cervical cytology smears from a study on the prevalence of cytological abnormalities in Pueblorrico, a town located in the southwestern region of the state of Antioquia in Colombia, were re-read by four specialized centers in Medellin. Each center was asked to conduct a blind routine reading of the smears to avoid disclosure of information between centers. The reproducibility was measured by percentage agreement and kappa. Results: of 181 smears only 55 matched across all 4 centers, with an overall concordance rate of 30% and an overall kappa of 0.31. According to Fleiss scale, poor reproducibility was observed. The concordance between pairs of centers ranged between 0.3 y 0.7. Discussion: there is a high variability in the interpretation of cytological results among centers in Medellin. It is necessary to implement training processes and to unify readings for cervical cytology criteria. ----------
Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus a... more Objective. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of methicilin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicilin sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) in the nasal cavity of the personal that labours at the intensive care unit at the Clínica Universitaria Bolivariana.
Introducción: La hiperplasia epitelial focal (HEF) o enfermedad de Heck es una entidad benigna de... more Introducción: La hiperplasia epitelial focal (HEF) o enfermedad de Heck es una entidad benigna de la mucosa oral que se presenta principalmente en jóvenes de grupos étnicos muy específicos. Aunque el epónimo de “Enfermedad de Heck” proviene del primer caso reportado en 1961 por el Dr. Heck en Nuevo Méjico, ya previamente en Colombia el Dr. Estrada en 1956 había reportado esta entidad en los indios Caramanta (1). Es así como en Colombia ha habido reportes de esta enfermedad en diferentes comunidades indígenas (2,3). La hiperplasia epitelial focal se caracteriza clínicamente por pápulas, nódulos o placas localizadas principalmente en la mucosa labial, los carrillos y la lengua. Desde 1989 se había sugerido su causa viral debido a la frecuente detección del PVH-13 y PVH-32 en las lesiones (4). En un estudio descriptivo previo realizado en el 2001 se encontró una prevalencia de la enfermedad del 13% en escolares de la comunidad indígena Embera-Chamí en Jardín, Antioquia (5). En ese mism...
Medicina oral, patología oral y cirugía bucal, 2008
This work is intended to establish the prevalence of reverse smokers at the villages of Hato Nuev... more This work is intended to establish the prevalence of reverse smokers at the villages of Hato Nuevo, San Francisco and Cayo de Palma, Department of Sucre, Colombia, characterizing their socio-culture conditions, clinical and histological changes in the oral mucosa. A descriptive study was done through a home to home inquiry to select the people with inclusion criteria for a posterior clinical test and a biopsy of the affected oral mucosa. Reverse smokers's prevalence was from the 15%, mainly women (p<0.001) with an age average of 59.3 years. The lesions were classified clinically in mild, moderate and severe changes. Tongue moderate lesions presented the higher frequency (80%), followed by severe lesions on palate (74%). Oral cancer prevalence was 10.8% in the San Francisco village and 18.2% in Cayo de Palma village, no new cases were reported in Hato Nuevo village. This was the highest prevalence reported in comparison with other studies with similar population. The clinical ...
Background Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a rare oral HPV-related disease, highly prevalen... more Background Focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) is a rare oral HPV-related disease, highly prevalent in certain ethnic communities. A previous study found 7.5% prevalence among school children from the Indian community Embera-Chamí in Colombia. Objective To determine the prevalence and Human Papillomavirus (HPVs)-type in children with FEH. Materials and methods One hundred and thirty-eight students were screened. All FEH samples were HPV-tested by two PCR-based systems. Results We identified 18 FEH cases. β-globin amplification was obtained in 15 cases and nine were HPV-55-positive by the HPV-PCR-hybridization method. Nine cases (50%) were HPV-13positive by the GP5+/GP6+-based method. Twelve cases (80%) were HPV-positive by one or the other method. Forty-four percent and 88% of interviewed parents reported family histories of FEH and toothbrush sharing, respectively. Conclusions Human Papillomavirus-DNA was identified in the majority of FEH cases and HPV-13 was the only genotype involved. Frequent familiar infection suggests interfamiliar transmission, genetic predisposition or infection susceptibility among family members.
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