Papers by Angèle Reinders
Our paper shows the effects of different industrial design methods on 91 product concepts that ha... more Our paper shows the effects of different industrial design methods on 91 product concepts that have been developed during six design cases executed from 2005 until 2010 by students of Industrial Design Engineering in the Netherlands. It is shown that the application of 9 differently selected industrial design methods can yield innovative products with sustainable energy technologies that could be technically feasible. By an evaluation of the appreciation of the resulting product concepts it is found that the following three methods apparently are most beneficial: platform-driven product development, TRIZ and Design&Styling.
Our paper shows the effects of different industrial design methods on 91 product concepts that ha... more Our paper shows the effects of different industrial design methods on 91 product concepts that have been developed during six design cases executed from 2005 until 2010 by students of Industrial Design Engineering in the Netherlands. It is shown that the application of 9 differently selected industrial design methods can yield innovative products with sustainable energy technologies that could be technically feasible. By an evaluation of the appreciation of the resulting product concepts it is found that the following three methods apparently are most beneficial: platform-driven product development, TRIZ and Design&Styling.
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, Jan 7, 2022
Our energy system is changing. From a system with dominantly centralized electricity generation i... more Our energy system is changing. From a system with dominantly centralized electricity generation it is changing to a system with decentralized energy generation with a variety of local (renewable) energy sources. To manage supply and demand of energy optimally, a 'smart grid' is created in which ICT is employed to manage and control the energy flows up to household level. Households will increasingly be able to play an active role in the energy provision and their behavior can contribute to the balancing of supply and demand. How this will take shape, and what kind of products and services can facilitate behavior that contributes to optimization of the electricity system, has hardly been investigated in a smart grid context. In this paper we discuss a number of technologies on the end-user side of smart grids and their effects on energy behavior. We address the potential of community-based approaches for design of interventions and products and services. Finally a research project is presented that investigates the potential of a community-based approach for products and services in a smart grid community.
CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research - Zenodo, Jan 7, 2022
Our energy system is changing. From a system with dominantly centralized electricity generation i... more Our energy system is changing. From a system with dominantly centralized electricity generation it is changing to a system with decentralized energy generation with a variety of local (renewable) energy sources. To manage supply and demand of energy optimally, a 'smart grid' is created in which ICT is employed to manage and control the energy flows up to household level. Households will increasingly be able to play an active role in the energy provision and their behavior can contribute to the balancing of supply and demand. How this will take shape, and what kind of products and services can facilitate behavior that contributes to optimization of the electricity system, has hardly been investigated in a smart grid context. In this paper we discuss a number of technologies on the end-user side of smart grids and their effects on energy behavior. We address the potential of community-based approaches for design of interventions and products and services. Finally a research project is presented that investigates the potential of a community-based approach for products and services in a smart grid community.
IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2022
In this article, various design configurations of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LS... more In this article, various design configurations of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC-PV) devices have been simulated using Monte Carlo raytracing. These LSC PV devices are composed of mono-crystalline silicon solar cells and cubical poly (methyl methacrylate) lightguides, each containing one of the following dyes: Lumogen F Red 305, Lumogen F Orange 240, Perylene Green, or Perylene-diimide di-tert-butylphenyl, which results in different device colors. In these devices, mono-crystalline silicon bifacial PV cell are placed in between the vertical edge(s) of neighboring cubical lightguides whereas monofacial PV cells are positioned at the bottom of a lightguide. Each device is made out of five cubical 10 × 10 × 10 mm 3 lightguides, meaning that the PV cells measure 10 × 10 mm 2. The main research goal of this article is to evaluate the optical and electrical performance of five of such configured LSC-PV devices. Hence, the spectral distribution of irradiance received by the edges and bottom of the devices has been simulated as well as the optical efficiency of these surfaces and the power conversion efficiency of each device. The theoretical results for power conversion efficiency are in the range of 13.3% to 18% under irradiance of 1000 W/m 2 and depend on the dyes applied. Hence, this article demonstrates the potential for energy generation by these colorful LSC-PV technologies, which we have called Mosaic devices.
IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2022
In this article, various design configurations of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LS... more In this article, various design configurations of luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC-PV) devices have been simulated using Monte Carlo raytracing. These LSC PV devices are composed of mono-crystalline silicon solar cells and cubical poly (methyl methacrylate) lightguides, each containing one of the following dyes: Lumogen F Red 305, Lumogen F Orange 240, Perylene Green, or Perylene-diimide di-tert-butylphenyl, which results in different device colors. In these devices, mono-crystalline silicon bifacial PV cell are placed in between the vertical edge(s) of neighboring cubical lightguides whereas monofacial PV cells are positioned at the bottom of a lightguide. Each device is made out of five cubical 10 × 10 × 10 mm 3 lightguides, meaning that the PV cells measure 10 × 10 mm 2. The main research goal of this article is to evaluate the optical and electrical performance of five of such configured LSC-PV devices. Hence, the spectral distribution of irradiance received by the edges and bottom of the devices has been simulated as well as the optical efficiency of these surfaces and the power conversion efficiency of each device. The theoretical results for power conversion efficiency are in the range of 13.3% to 18% under irradiance of 1000 W/m 2 and depend on the dyes applied. Hence, this article demonstrates the potential for energy generation by these colorful LSC-PV technologies, which we have called Mosaic devices.
Conventional solar energy collection technologies have a lot of limitations with respect to their... more Conventional solar energy collection technologies have a lot of limitations with respect to their applicability in the urban environment. The PV cells of the buildings need to be oriented towards the South at a specific angle causing restrictions on urban planning. Moreover, the aesthetics of PV cells are not well suited for building design, creating a generally dull and industrial look in urban environment. The 3TU Lighthouse Leafroof project focuses on creating a roof design, inspired by the natural shape of leaves. By incorporating the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) technology the system can collect and "trap" solar irradiation and concentrate it to a much smaller area of PV cells located at the centre or the edge of the leaf tiles. This approach allows more freedom of building orientation and roof inclination compared to the conventional PV system. Subsequently, it enhances freedom in urban planning. The goal of this project is to create a "leaf roof" p...
Conventional solar energy collection technologies have a lot of limitations with respect to their... more Conventional solar energy collection technologies have a lot of limitations with respect to their applicability in the urban environment. The PV cells of the buildings need to be oriented towards the South at a specific angle causing restrictions on urban planning. Moreover, the aesthetics of PV cells are not well suited for building design, creating a generally dull and industrial look in urban environment. The 3TU Lighthouse Leafroof project focuses on creating a roof design, inspired by the natural shape of leaves. By incorporating the Luminescent Solar Concentrator (LSC) technology the system can collect and "trap" solar irradiation and concentrate it to a much smaller area of PV cells located at the centre or the edge of the leaf tiles. This approach allows more freedom of building orientation and roof inclination compared to the conventional PV system. Subsequently, it enhances freedom in urban planning. The goal of this project is to create a "leaf roof" p...
This chapter presents and discusses the historical development of PV-powered products, such as po... more This chapter presents and discusses the historical development of PV-powered products, such as pocket calculators, lamps, and charging devices. The timeline goes from the 50s until 2015 and includes a comparison with product designs of “normal things,” such as televisions, lamps, and furniture. By zooming in to the historical development of solar-powered wristwatches, it is shown that a correlation exists between the appearance of a new technology, such as photovoltaics (PV), and the aesthetics of the dominant design movements. During the diffusion period of a new technology, such as PV, in society, the conformity of this technology to the looks of the prevailing design movements of these diffusion periods increases. At the same time that PV technologies became successful, PV-powered products’ features became less technical and started to looked more and more like “normal things.” This chapter is supported by multiple illustrations and photos of PV-powered products in the course of ...
This chapter presents and discusses the historical development of PV-powered products, such as po... more This chapter presents and discusses the historical development of PV-powered products, such as pocket calculators, lamps, and charging devices. The timeline goes from the 50s until 2015 and includes a comparison with product designs of “normal things,” such as televisions, lamps, and furniture. By zooming in to the historical development of solar-powered wristwatches, it is shown that a correlation exists between the appearance of a new technology, such as photovoltaics (PV), and the aesthetics of the dominant design movements. During the diffusion period of a new technology, such as PV, in society, the conformity of this technology to the looks of the prevailing design movements of these diffusion periods increases. At the same time that PV technologies became successful, PV-powered products’ features became less technical and started to looked more and more like “normal things.” This chapter is supported by multiple illustrations and photos of PV-powered products in the course of ...
Energies, 2020
This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules which have b... more This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules which have been integrated into electric vehicle applications, also called vehicle integrated photovoltaics (VIPV). The LCA was executed by means of GaBi LCA software with Ecoinvent v2.2 as a background database, with a focus on the global warming potential (GWP). A light utility electric vehicle (LUV) named StreetScooter Work L, with a PV array of 930 Wp, was analyzed for the location of Cologne, Germany. An operation time of 8 years and an average shadowing factor of 30% were assumed. The functional unit of this LCA is 1 kWh of generated PV electricity on-board, for which an emission factor of 0.357 kg CO2-eq/kWh was calculated, whereas the average grid emissions would be 0.435 kg CO2-eq/kWh. Hence, charging by PV power hence causes lower emissions than charging an EV by the grid. The study further shows how changes in the shadowing factor, operation time, and other aspects affect vehicle’s emissi...
Energies, 2020
This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules which have b... more This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of photovoltaic (PV) solar modules which have been integrated into electric vehicle applications, also called vehicle integrated photovoltaics (VIPV). The LCA was executed by means of GaBi LCA software with Ecoinvent v2.2 as a background database, with a focus on the global warming potential (GWP). A light utility electric vehicle (LUV) named StreetScooter Work L, with a PV array of 930 Wp, was analyzed for the location of Cologne, Germany. An operation time of 8 years and an average shadowing factor of 30% were assumed. The functional unit of this LCA is 1 kWh of generated PV electricity on-board, for which an emission factor of 0.357 kg CO2-eq/kWh was calculated, whereas the average grid emissions would be 0.435 kg CO2-eq/kWh. Hence, charging by PV power hence causes lower emissions than charging an EV by the grid. The study further shows how changes in the shadowing factor, operation time, and other aspects affect vehicle’s emissi...
IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2021
This article presents an initial performance analysis of a database of photovoltaic (PV) system p... more This article presents an initial performance analysis of a database of photovoltaic (PV) system performance time series collected within the European funded COST Action PEARL PV. The database contains monitoring data of over 8400 PV systems with accompanying metadata. The PV plants are small residential systems, primarily installed in Europe, with a high density in Belgium. In this initial study, the annual average performance ratio, the annual energy yield, and the performance loss rate of the systems are determined and evaluated. The systems have an average lifetime of 30.5 months. The annual mean performance ratio across all systems is 76.7% and the average yield is 954.9 kWh/kWp per year. The performance loss rate is calculated using three different statistical approaches and one irradiance data source. Average performance losses between −0.74%/year and −0.86%/year are calculated depending on the used approach. Furthermore, certain weather-dependent correlations are detected, such as decreasing performance ratio and increasing yield values with increasing irradiation. This study is a stepping-stone for further populating the present database, lessons learnt for handling large amounts of PV performance data, and carrying out performance studies of PV system fleets installed across Europe.
IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2021
This article presents an initial performance analysis of a database of photovoltaic (PV) system p... more This article presents an initial performance analysis of a database of photovoltaic (PV) system performance time series collected within the European funded COST Action PEARL PV. The database contains monitoring data of over 8400 PV systems with accompanying metadata. The PV plants are small residential systems, primarily installed in Europe, with a high density in Belgium. In this initial study, the annual average performance ratio, the annual energy yield, and the performance loss rate of the systems are determined and evaluated. The systems have an average lifetime of 30.5 months. The annual mean performance ratio across all systems is 76.7% and the average yield is 954.9 kWh/kWp per year. The performance loss rate is calculated using three different statistical approaches and one irradiance data source. Average performance losses between −0.74%/year and −0.86%/year are calculated depending on the used approach. Furthermore, certain weather-dependent correlations are detected, such as decreasing performance ratio and increasing yield values with increasing irradiation. This study is a stepping-stone for further populating the present database, lessons learnt for handling large amounts of PV performance data, and carrying out performance studies of PV system fleets installed across Europe.
IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2020
In this article, we simulated the performance of bifacial and monofacial silicon heterojunction s... more In this article, we simulated the performance of bifacial and monofacial silicon heterojunction solar cells under measured spectro-angular solar irradiance. We developed a new setup and procedure to measure spectro-angular irradiance over a wide range of orientations. Measurements were executed in Enschede, the Netherlands (52 • 23 N, 6 • 85 E). Using this measured multi-dimensional input irradiance along with SunSolve simulated external quantum efficiency for various cells, we determined the short-circuit current density of bifacial and monofacial silicon heterojunction solar cells. We conclude that monofacial cells perform marginally better than bifacial cells for front-side illumination (up to 3.0% more for direct sun) and bifacial cells perform significantly better than monofacial cells (higher output ranging from 20.1% to 68.1%), under diffuse irradiance. We compared our results with a well-monitored roof-top solar module setup and found good agreement for clear sky days (accuracy 1.1%-8.5%).
IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics, 2020
In this article, we simulated the performance of bifacial and monofacial silicon heterojunction s... more In this article, we simulated the performance of bifacial and monofacial silicon heterojunction solar cells under measured spectro-angular solar irradiance. We developed a new setup and procedure to measure spectro-angular irradiance over a wide range of orientations. Measurements were executed in Enschede, the Netherlands (52 • 23 N, 6 • 85 E). Using this measured multi-dimensional input irradiance along with SunSolve simulated external quantum efficiency for various cells, we determined the short-circuit current density of bifacial and monofacial silicon heterojunction solar cells. We conclude that monofacial cells perform marginally better than bifacial cells for front-side illumination (up to 3.0% more for direct sun) and bifacial cells perform significantly better than monofacial cells (higher output ranging from 20.1% to 68.1%), under diffuse irradiance. We compared our results with a well-monitored roof-top solar module setup and found good agreement for clear sky days (accuracy 1.1%-8.5%).
Applied Sciences, 2020
Increasing integration of renewable energy sources, like solar photovoltaic (PV), necessitates th... more Increasing integration of renewable energy sources, like solar photovoltaic (PV), necessitates the development of power forecasting tools to predict power fluctuations caused by weather. With trustworthy and accurate solar power forecasting models, grid operators could easily determine when other dispatchable sources of backup power may be needed to account for fluctuations in PV power plants. Additionally, PV customers and designers would feel secure knowing how much energy to expect from their PV systems on an hourly, daily, monthly, or yearly basis. The PROGNOSIS project, based at the Cyprus University of Technology, is developing a tool for intra-hour solar irradiance forecasting. This article presents the design, training, and testing of a single-layer long-short-term-memory (LSTM) artificial neural network for intra-hour power forecasting of a single PV system in Cyprus. Four years of PV data were used for training and testing the model (80% for training and 20% for testing). ...
Applied Sciences, 2020
This paper presents the energy balance, architectural design features and cost aspects of 24 buil... more This paper presents the energy balance, architectural design features and cost aspects of 24 building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) projects in three different contexts, namely BIPV in residential, office and historical buildings. These BIPV projects have been modelled and evaluated for different geographic locations because the European Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (2018/844/EU) has resulted in country-specific regulations and situations aimed towards the reduction in energy consumption, and hence the CO2 emissions of built environments. Moreover, the geographical variation of irradiation affects the performance of different BIPV projects on different locations. The results of our study show that the return of investment of BIPV projects across 12 countries took (on average) 13.3 years. Furthermore, the residential projects —as compared to non-residential buildings—were mostly energy plus buildings with an average self-sufficiency of 110% due to their low energy consu...
Applied Sciences, 2020
In Indonesia, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market is rapidly growing. However, studies on the outd... more In Indonesia, the solar photovoltaic (PV) market is rapidly growing. However, studies on the outdoor performance of PV systems in this tropical rainforest country is lacking. In this work, we compare the performance of PV systems in Indonesia with PV systems in Australia (arid, desert, hot) and Italy (temperate, dry summer, hot summer). Monitoring data from 2008 to 2019, ranging from two to nine years, from fifteen PV systems of six technologies were analyzed. The performance of the PV systems was presented using their performance ratio (PR) and performance loss rate (PLR). PR was calculated using IEC standard 61724, and PLR was calculated using seasonal and trend decomposition, applying locally weighted scatterplot smoothing (STL decomposition) and the year-on-year approach from NREL/RdTools. The results showed that the CIGS (copper indium gallium selenide) system had the highest average PR value of 0.88 ± 0.04. The lowest average PR was found in the a-Si (amorphous silicon) PV sys...
Applied Sciences, 2020
In this study, a novel configuration for luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC PV) dev... more In this study, a novel configuration for luminescent solar concentrator photovoltaic (LSC PV) devices is presented, with vertically placed bifacial PV solar cells made of mono-crystalline silicon (mono c-Si). This LSC PV device comprises multiple rectangular cuboid lightguides, made of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), containing Lumogen dyes, in particular, either Lumogen red 305 or orange 240. The bifacial solar cells are located in between these lightguide cubes and can, therefore, receive irradiance at both of their surfaces. The main aim of this study is to theoretically determine the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of five differently configured LSC PV devices. For this purpose, Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations were executed to analyze the irradiance at receiving PV cell surfaces, as well as the optical performance of these LSC PV devices. Five different LSC PV devices, with different geometries and varying dye concentrations, were modeled. To maximize the device efficie...
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Papers by Angèle Reinders