Human factors specialist working on future transport and cities. Extensive experience of leadership roles in collaborative research projects and programmes
This paper outlines the preliminary results of a field evaluation of a prototype near infra-red V... more This paper outlines the preliminary results of a field evaluation of a prototype near infra-red Vision Enhancement System (VES) using a contact analogue head-up display (HUD) presentation. The evaluation compared speed, cognitive workload and reaction times for the detection of simulated pedestrians while driving a route with the operational VES and without the VES at night. Results indicated that VES operation necessitated greater mental demand and effort, and resulted in slower speeds (at least initially) as well as a generalised trend to greater speed variation over time. The results are discussed in terms of the functional qualities of the demonstrated VES prototype. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848.
Ergonomics and Safety of Intelligent Driver Interfaces
This paper presents a discussion of the role of standards in in- vehicle man-machine interaction ... more This paper presents a discussion of the role of standards in in- vehicle man-machine interaction (MMI). It first looks at the types of standards that exist, including product, performance, and procedural. It briefly discusses the relevance of standards, and the importance of producing valid and supportive standards. The paper then describes international standards bodies, the different working groups, and their priorities.
LES PRECEDENTES RECHERCHES EFFECTUEES PAR HUSAT (WARD & HANNIGAN, 1986) ESTIMAIENT A 65% LE POURC... more LES PRECEDENTES RECHERCHES EFFECTUEES PAR HUSAT (WARD & HANNIGAN, 1986) ESTIMAIENT A 65% LE POURCENTAGE DES CONVERSATIONS ENGAGEES AU TELEPHONE DE VOITURE TRAITAIENT DE NEGOCIATIONS VERBALES. L'ETUDE ACTUELLE A REQUIS DES SUJETS POUR CONDUITE D'UN VEHICULE EXPERIMENTAL SUR VERITABLE ROUTE D'ENVIRONNEMENT SOUMISE A TROIS CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES DIFFERENTES. DEUX DE CES CONDITIONS COMPRENAIENT LA TACHE SECONDAIRE DE MENER UNE NEGOCIATION DURANT LE GUIDAGE. UNE CONDITION CONSIDERAIT L'ENGAGEMENT DE NEGOCIATION AVEC INTERLOCUTEUR SUPPOSE PAR TELEPHONE MAIN LIBRE (C'EST-A-DIRE SANS COMPOSER UN NUMERO, SANS RECOURS AU COMBINE TELEPHONIQUE). L'AUTRE CONDITION COMPORTAIT UNE NEGOCIATION AVEC UN INTERLOCUTEUR SUPPOSE INSTALLE AU SIEGE PASSAGER DE FACE. LA TROISIEME CONDITION COMPORTAIT UN CONTROLE EXPERIMENTAL SANS DEVOIR ENGAGER DE NEGOCIATION VERBALE. VINGT-QUATRE SUJETS ONT PRIS PART A L'ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE. LE COMPORTEMENT DE GUIDAGE ETAIT A LA FOIS CALCULE ...
The research presented in this paper is part of the OPTIMISE project commissioned by the UK Depar... more The research presented in this paper is part of the OPTIMISE project commissioned by the UK Department for Transport. OPTIMISE considers design features of in-vehicle driver information systems, such as the modalities used (such as vision, hearing and touch) and the nature in which information is presented to the driver, in order to reduce the workload and distraction, optimizing the use of systems. The study presented here investigated the effects of varying levels of complexity of secondary tasks (Reading versus Recognition) on driver distraction, workload and overall driving performance. Participants were required to carry out two different secondary tasks in a driving simulator, one of which involved basic reading, the other which involved reading followed by recognition. Driving performance and subjective workload were measured. In addition, the SAGAT technique of measuring situation awareness was applied to the simulated driving environment. Results from the study are presente...
sought to provide a detailed analysis of the benefits of synthetic training in the area of fuel e... more sought to provide a detailed analysis of the benefits of synthetic training in the area of fuel efficiency improvement. 56 drivers have been recruited to visit the truck simulator on three separate occasions and receive training designed to improve driving style in a range of traffic situations. Fuel consumption figures are to be recorded during each simulator visit, and are to be compared to real world fuel consumption records for the same drivers. This paper focuses on results obtained during the first training sessions, finding a significant 7.1% improvement in fuel efficiency (t(48) = 7.2; p < 0.001). The method for the study is detailed, and the framework for converting vehicle performance data into usable training feedback for the driver explained. The implications for the development of cost benefit models for synthetic training are discussed.
This paper discusses the use of hard road shoulders as active travel lanes for highway traffic. I... more This paper discusses the use of hard road shoulders as active travel lanes for highway traffic. It specifically examines its use through junctions and intersections. The term coined for that set of circumstances is "through junction running." The paper describes a simulation study involving through junction running, to determine driver behavior, and the impacts on traffic congestion and travel time of the use of hard road shoulders as active traffic lanes.
Contact analogue head-up displays (HUDs) showing enhanced images of the forward road scene are cu... more Contact analogue head-up displays (HUDs) showing enhanced images of the forward road scene are currently under development for use under adverse conditions. These can present a driver with a 2-dimensional image at a fixed focal distance that overlays the forward road scene. A key driving task mediated by such an arrangement is the estimation of speed and distance. The present laboratory experiment examined issues of distance estimation arising from the use of a 2-D, fixed focal plane HUD image presented via a free-standing HUD unit. Subjects were presented with a moving object and required to stop it adjacent to a stationary object along its path. The arrangement was viewed directly or through the HUD unit. The HUD image was presented at two focal distances (2.5m and 12.5m). Errors in distance judgement were contrasted across conditions and systematic errors were examined. Experimental hypotheses suggested an interaction between the focal plane at which the objects were imaged and e...
The present paper examines the difficulties associated with the application of this technique to ... more The present paper examines the difficulties associated with the application of this technique to contact analogue head-up-displays (HUDs) which subtend a limited central field of view. An inherent problem lies in distinguishing between loci of attention ie features in the HUD image vs. the road scene features overlaid by the HUD image, as both image and external scene coincide in space. A task description of the functions of vision in performing driving sub-tasks is outlined, with emphasis on performance under adverse viewing conditions, and the potential impact of HUD imaging. Difficulties associated with eye movement measurement techniques can be circumvented by determining appropriate performance measures to indirectly address the visual component(s) of sub-task performance. A research programme to address key aspects highlighted in the task description is outlined. (A) This paper was presented at the Vision in Vehicles 5 Conference, Glasgow, 1994.
ABSTRACT Greater use of the hard shoulder as an active running lane places increased pressure on ... more ABSTRACT Greater use of the hard shoulder as an active running lane places increased pressure on use of the Emergency Refuge Areas (ERA) as safe havens in the event of a vehicle breakdown. Considering current proposals to extend hard shoulder running within junctions, known as Through Junction Running (TJR), this study investigates drivers&#39; response and subjective evaluation of ERAs positioned both between and within junctions. In particular, TJR is considered to operate at 70mph which may have implications for road safety, in particular drivers&#39; ability to enter the ERA and then safely rejoin the motorway.
TWO FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AS PART OF THE DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH SECT... more TWO FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AS PART OF THE DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH SECTION OF THE DRIVE PROGRAMME. BOTH STUDIES AIMED AT EVALUATING THE VISUAL ATTENTIONAL DEMAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF ROUTE NAVIGATION DEVICES. EACH STUDY WAS CONDUCTED USING MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC, DRIVING SPECIALLY ADAPTED ROAD VEHICLES IN A REAL ROAD ENVIRONMENT. THE FIRST EXPERIMENT, CONDUCTED IN LOUGHBOROUGH, WAS DESIGNED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE VISUAL WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH TWO MODES OF ROUTE INFORMATION PRESENTATION: PAPER MAP OR TEXT DISPLAY ON LCD SCREEN. TWENTY SUBJECTS WERE REQUIRED TO DRIVE THE EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLE ALONG TWO URBAN ROUTES IN LOW VOLUME TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. THE SECOND EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED IN BERLIN IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE VISUAL WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH TWO REAL IN-VEHICLE DISPLAYS, THE LISB AND TRAVELPILOT ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS. TWENTY- THREE SUBJECTS TOOK PART IN THE STUDY. THE VISUAL WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH EACH EXPERIMENTAL SESSION WAS MEASU...
Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) can be difficult to see in traffic due to their vehicle characteristi... more Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) can be difficult to see in traffic due to their vehicle characteristics. This report highlights the findings of experiments to determine PTWs conspicuity and the perception and behavior of automobile drivers related to PTWs. Findings indicate that headlight color and configuration could enhance visibility.
Human Autonomy Teaming (HAT) research has established that communication provides the key to buil... more Human Autonomy Teaming (HAT) research has established that communication provides the key to building a teaming relationship between humans and autonomous agents (synthetic teammates). We hypothesised that a greater semblance of teaming could be achieved through more natural forms of audio-voice communication. In this study we evaluated the impact that providing a conversational interface (a voice) to the synthetic teammate had on the performance, SA and perception of teaming of the human teammate. Twenty-four participants conducted experimental trials on a computer-based task adapted from a LOA test method developed by Endsley and Kaber [8]. The results show that voice communication from the synthetic teammate can have a positive effect on human performance and perception of teaming; however, the pattern of improvement varied between different team structures.
Ergonomics and Safety of Intelligent Driver Interfaces
... The collimator, through refraction (lenses), reflection (mirrors), or ... 14. EFFECT OF VISIO... more ... The collimator, through refraction (lenses), reflection (mirrors), or ... 14. EFFECT OF VISION ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS 243 example, are phenomenologically quite distinct from those to which hu-mans are regularly exposed and their use may carry a cost of increased ...
This paper outlines the preliminary results of a field evaluation of a prototype near infra-red V... more This paper outlines the preliminary results of a field evaluation of a prototype near infra-red Vision Enhancement System (VES) using a contact analogue head-up display (HUD) presentation. The evaluation compared speed, cognitive workload and reaction times for the detection of simulated pedestrians while driving a route with the operational VES and without the VES at night. Results indicated that VES operation necessitated greater mental demand and effort, and resulted in slower speeds (at least initially) as well as a generalised trend to greater speed variation over time. The results are discussed in terms of the functional qualities of the demonstrated VES prototype. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 894848.
Ergonomics and Safety of Intelligent Driver Interfaces
This paper presents a discussion of the role of standards in in- vehicle man-machine interaction ... more This paper presents a discussion of the role of standards in in- vehicle man-machine interaction (MMI). It first looks at the types of standards that exist, including product, performance, and procedural. It briefly discusses the relevance of standards, and the importance of producing valid and supportive standards. The paper then describes international standards bodies, the different working groups, and their priorities.
LES PRECEDENTES RECHERCHES EFFECTUEES PAR HUSAT (WARD & HANNIGAN, 1986) ESTIMAIENT A 65% LE POURC... more LES PRECEDENTES RECHERCHES EFFECTUEES PAR HUSAT (WARD & HANNIGAN, 1986) ESTIMAIENT A 65% LE POURCENTAGE DES CONVERSATIONS ENGAGEES AU TELEPHONE DE VOITURE TRAITAIENT DE NEGOCIATIONS VERBALES. L'ETUDE ACTUELLE A REQUIS DES SUJETS POUR CONDUITE D'UN VEHICULE EXPERIMENTAL SUR VERITABLE ROUTE D'ENVIRONNEMENT SOUMISE A TROIS CONDITIONS EXPERIMENTALES DIFFERENTES. DEUX DE CES CONDITIONS COMPRENAIENT LA TACHE SECONDAIRE DE MENER UNE NEGOCIATION DURANT LE GUIDAGE. UNE CONDITION CONSIDERAIT L'ENGAGEMENT DE NEGOCIATION AVEC INTERLOCUTEUR SUPPOSE PAR TELEPHONE MAIN LIBRE (C'EST-A-DIRE SANS COMPOSER UN NUMERO, SANS RECOURS AU COMBINE TELEPHONIQUE). L'AUTRE CONDITION COMPORTAIT UNE NEGOCIATION AVEC UN INTERLOCUTEUR SUPPOSE INSTALLE AU SIEGE PASSAGER DE FACE. LA TROISIEME CONDITION COMPORTAIT UN CONTROLE EXPERIMENTAL SANS DEVOIR ENGAGER DE NEGOCIATION VERBALE. VINGT-QUATRE SUJETS ONT PRIS PART A L'ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE. LE COMPORTEMENT DE GUIDAGE ETAIT A LA FOIS CALCULE ...
The research presented in this paper is part of the OPTIMISE project commissioned by the UK Depar... more The research presented in this paper is part of the OPTIMISE project commissioned by the UK Department for Transport. OPTIMISE considers design features of in-vehicle driver information systems, such as the modalities used (such as vision, hearing and touch) and the nature in which information is presented to the driver, in order to reduce the workload and distraction, optimizing the use of systems. The study presented here investigated the effects of varying levels of complexity of secondary tasks (Reading versus Recognition) on driver distraction, workload and overall driving performance. Participants were required to carry out two different secondary tasks in a driving simulator, one of which involved basic reading, the other which involved reading followed by recognition. Driving performance and subjective workload were measured. In addition, the SAGAT technique of measuring situation awareness was applied to the simulated driving environment. Results from the study are presente...
sought to provide a detailed analysis of the benefits of synthetic training in the area of fuel e... more sought to provide a detailed analysis of the benefits of synthetic training in the area of fuel efficiency improvement. 56 drivers have been recruited to visit the truck simulator on three separate occasions and receive training designed to improve driving style in a range of traffic situations. Fuel consumption figures are to be recorded during each simulator visit, and are to be compared to real world fuel consumption records for the same drivers. This paper focuses on results obtained during the first training sessions, finding a significant 7.1% improvement in fuel efficiency (t(48) = 7.2; p < 0.001). The method for the study is detailed, and the framework for converting vehicle performance data into usable training feedback for the driver explained. The implications for the development of cost benefit models for synthetic training are discussed.
This paper discusses the use of hard road shoulders as active travel lanes for highway traffic. I... more This paper discusses the use of hard road shoulders as active travel lanes for highway traffic. It specifically examines its use through junctions and intersections. The term coined for that set of circumstances is "through junction running." The paper describes a simulation study involving through junction running, to determine driver behavior, and the impacts on traffic congestion and travel time of the use of hard road shoulders as active traffic lanes.
Contact analogue head-up displays (HUDs) showing enhanced images of the forward road scene are cu... more Contact analogue head-up displays (HUDs) showing enhanced images of the forward road scene are currently under development for use under adverse conditions. These can present a driver with a 2-dimensional image at a fixed focal distance that overlays the forward road scene. A key driving task mediated by such an arrangement is the estimation of speed and distance. The present laboratory experiment examined issues of distance estimation arising from the use of a 2-D, fixed focal plane HUD image presented via a free-standing HUD unit. Subjects were presented with a moving object and required to stop it adjacent to a stationary object along its path. The arrangement was viewed directly or through the HUD unit. The HUD image was presented at two focal distances (2.5m and 12.5m). Errors in distance judgement were contrasted across conditions and systematic errors were examined. Experimental hypotheses suggested an interaction between the focal plane at which the objects were imaged and e...
The present paper examines the difficulties associated with the application of this technique to ... more The present paper examines the difficulties associated with the application of this technique to contact analogue head-up-displays (HUDs) which subtend a limited central field of view. An inherent problem lies in distinguishing between loci of attention ie features in the HUD image vs. the road scene features overlaid by the HUD image, as both image and external scene coincide in space. A task description of the functions of vision in performing driving sub-tasks is outlined, with emphasis on performance under adverse viewing conditions, and the potential impact of HUD imaging. Difficulties associated with eye movement measurement techniques can be circumvented by determining appropriate performance measures to indirectly address the visual component(s) of sub-task performance. A research programme to address key aspects highlighted in the task description is outlined. (A) This paper was presented at the Vision in Vehicles 5 Conference, Glasgow, 1994.
ABSTRACT Greater use of the hard shoulder as an active running lane places increased pressure on ... more ABSTRACT Greater use of the hard shoulder as an active running lane places increased pressure on use of the Emergency Refuge Areas (ERA) as safe havens in the event of a vehicle breakdown. Considering current proposals to extend hard shoulder running within junctions, known as Through Junction Running (TJR), this study investigates drivers&#39; response and subjective evaluation of ERAs positioned both between and within junctions. In particular, TJR is considered to operate at 70mph which may have implications for road safety, in particular drivers&#39; ability to enter the ERA and then safely rejoin the motorway.
TWO FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AS PART OF THE DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH SECT... more TWO FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED AS PART OF THE DRIVER BEHAVIOUR AND TRAFFIC SAFETY RESEARCH SECTION OF THE DRIVE PROGRAMME. BOTH STUDIES AIMED AT EVALUATING THE VISUAL ATTENTIONAL DEMAND ASSOCIATED WITH THE USE OF ROUTE NAVIGATION DEVICES. EACH STUDY WAS CONDUCTED USING MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL PUBLIC, DRIVING SPECIALLY ADAPTED ROAD VEHICLES IN A REAL ROAD ENVIRONMENT. THE FIRST EXPERIMENT, CONDUCTED IN LOUGHBOROUGH, WAS DESIGNED IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE VISUAL WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH TWO MODES OF ROUTE INFORMATION PRESENTATION: PAPER MAP OR TEXT DISPLAY ON LCD SCREEN. TWENTY SUBJECTS WERE REQUIRED TO DRIVE THE EXPERIMENTAL VEHICLE ALONG TWO URBAN ROUTES IN LOW VOLUME TRAFFIC CONDITIONS. THE SECOND EXPERIMENT WAS CONDUCTED IN BERLIN IN ORDER TO EVALUATE THE VISUAL WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH TWO REAL IN-VEHICLE DISPLAYS, THE LISB AND TRAVELPILOT ROUTE GUIDANCE SYSTEMS. TWENTY- THREE SUBJECTS TOOK PART IN THE STUDY. THE VISUAL WORKLOAD ASSOCIATED WITH EACH EXPERIMENTAL SESSION WAS MEASU...
Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) can be difficult to see in traffic due to their vehicle characteristi... more Powered Two-Wheelers (PTWs) can be difficult to see in traffic due to their vehicle characteristics. This report highlights the findings of experiments to determine PTWs conspicuity and the perception and behavior of automobile drivers related to PTWs. Findings indicate that headlight color and configuration could enhance visibility.
Human Autonomy Teaming (HAT) research has established that communication provides the key to buil... more Human Autonomy Teaming (HAT) research has established that communication provides the key to building a teaming relationship between humans and autonomous agents (synthetic teammates). We hypothesised that a greater semblance of teaming could be achieved through more natural forms of audio-voice communication. In this study we evaluated the impact that providing a conversational interface (a voice) to the synthetic teammate had on the performance, SA and perception of teaming of the human teammate. Twenty-four participants conducted experimental trials on a computer-based task adapted from a LOA test method developed by Endsley and Kaber [8]. The results show that voice communication from the synthetic teammate can have a positive effect on human performance and perception of teaming; however, the pattern of improvement varied between different team structures.
Ergonomics and Safety of Intelligent Driver Interfaces
... The collimator, through refraction (lenses), reflection (mirrors), or ... 14. EFFECT OF VISIO... more ... The collimator, through refraction (lenses), reflection (mirrors), or ... 14. EFFECT OF VISION ENHANCEMENT SYSTEMS 243 example, are phenomenologically quite distinct from those to which hu-mans are regularly exposed and their use may carry a cost of increased ...
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