Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores ... more Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores how a strong or weak organizational culture (OCL), irrespective of its taxonomy, affects OE in Indian technical education. It also examines the mediating role of organizational communication (OCM). Data were collected from 167 heads of engineering and management schools on OCL and OE and 334 of their subordinates on OCM through a questionnaire survey. Results indicate that organizations with a strong and deep-rooted culture perform more effectively than organizations with a weak culture. The effect of OCL passes to institutional effectiveness through OCM. Hence, higher educational institutions need to focus on strengthening OCL and OCM in order to improve their effectiveness.
Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores ... more Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores how a strong or weak organizational culture (OCL), irrespective of its taxonomy, affects OE in Indian technical education. It also examines the mediating role of organizational communication (OCM). Data were collected from 167 heads of engineering and management schools on OCL and OE and 334 of their subordinates on OCM through a questionnaire survey. Results indicate that organizations with a strong and deep-rooted culture perform more effectively than organizations with a weak culture. The effect of OCL passes to institutional effectiveness through OCM. Hence, higher educational institutions need to focus on strengthening OCL and OCM in order to improve their effectiveness.
Abstract submitted to UP Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development (OVCRD) for p... more Abstract submitted to UP Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development (OVCRD) for possible publication in Asia Research News (ARN).
Human resource management (HRM) is the effective management of people at work. Since a firm’s hum... more Human resource management (HRM) is the effective management of people at work. Since a firm’s human resources are an important potential source of sustained competitive advantage, managing them well helps create unique competencies that differentiate products and services and, in turn, drive competitiveness (Ivancevich, 2003; Cappelli and Crocker-Hefter, 1996). This link, in principle, facilitates successful corporate performance. An increasing body of work contains the argument that there exists a positive relationship between so-called “high performance work practices” and different measures of company performance (Fey and Björkman, 2001). Such “high performance work practices” include comprehensive employee recruitment and selection procedures, incentive compensation and performance management systems, and extensive employee involvement and training. A number of studies have found a positive relationship between HRM practices and policies, and different measures of company perfor...
The classic or traditional approach to thinking about capital structure is that there does exist ... more The classic or traditional approach to thinking about capital structure is that there does exist an optimal capital structure in a world of non-perfect capital markets, where there are corporate and personal taxes, and where bankruptcy costs exist with risky debt. This paper’s preliminary empirical tests on the relationship between financial leverage and firm risk (as measured by Beta) seem to support the classic or traditional approach to thinking about capital structure, which proposes that there does exist an optimal capital structure. Tests for the relationship between Beta and Leverage reveal a significant, negative relation between leverage and unlevered Beta, indicating that higher operating risk levels should not spur further borrowings. This paper attempts to empirically test the relationship between risk, as measured by firm Beta, and financial leverage.
Entrepreneurship is increasingly being recognized as a significant conduit for bringing about a t... more Entrepreneurship is increasingly being recognized as a significant conduit for bringing about a transformation towards sustainable products and processes. Emerging literature on ethical entrepreneurship has developed a new model of entrepreneurship as a calling to endow resources with new value; it is the ethical aspect that would make such a construct authentic sustainable entrepreneurship. One of the first steps in entrepreneurial training and maturity in the area of sustainability is to develop models for sustainability communication and reporting. This article presents a revised assessment model for sustainable entrepreneurship in Asia, which consists of five domains, namely: economic, social, ecological, cultural, and ethical. The insistence on the inclusion of ethics is motivated by the fact that it is the obligation of businesses to be accountable for their environment and for their stakeholders in such a way that ethics forms one of the legs on which entrepreneurship, if it ...
This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethicsscale for managers from the Phi... more This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethicsscale for managers from the Philippines, using the initial listing ofShanahan and Hyman (2003). The survey questionnaire consistingof 34 virtues was administered to a sample of 141 business andfinance postgraduate students who are managers in the companies inPhilippines. Based on the factor analysis of the responses to the itemson the virtues questionnaire, the following were the resulting virtueor trait factors: (1) Care and concern, (2) Competence, (3) Ambition,and (4) Superiority. The four resulting virtue factors comparemore or less with the virtue listings generated in the literature:“Care and concern” is analogous to “empathy” and “respect”; and“competence” seems akin to “integrity”, “trust”, and “reliability” inthe literature. The results corroborate evidence in the Virtue Ethicsliterature that proposes the virtue theory as an improved ethicalparadigm for business. It is indeed possible to augment teleologicala...
Exploring the Virtuous Leadership of Philippine Educators - ABSTRACT (proposal for 2015 research ... more Exploring the Virtuous Leadership of Philippine Educators - ABSTRACT (proposal for 2015 research project submitted to UP OVCRD) http://www.ovcrd.upd.edu.ph/
Organizational culture is one of the most important constructs in management research. The purpos... more Organizational culture is one of the most important constructs in management research. The purpose of this exploratory study is to determine the impact of organizational culture on organizational performance in order to find out how organizational culture helps in improving organizational performance. This study uses a descriptive approach by examining the results of several existing empirical studies. The findings indicate that all cultural dimensions influence different perspectives of organizational performance. Other studies reveal that organizational culture has an influence on company performance in terms of stability, competitiveness and performance orientation. Organizational culture has a profound impact on organizational processes, employees and their performance. The same research shows that if employees are committed and have the same norms, it can improve performance to achieve overall organizational goals. Leaders are recommended to develop a strong culture in the organization to improve employee and organizational performance. For this reason, this article will examine, based on empirical research, the relationship between culture and organizational performance.
As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether... more As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether the proposed solutions contribute to a more stable financial system as well as to better human behaviour. While the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Report (2011) identified the factors essential to explaining the causes of the financial crisis as having included credit and housing bubbles, nontraditional mortgages, credit ratings and securitization, financial institutions concentrated correlated risk, leverage and liquidity risk, contagion risk, shock and panic, failure in virtue has also been very patent in the crisis, foremost of them being: excessive leverage and imprudent risk-taking, failure in fiduciary duties and in stewardship, as well as greed, lack of moderation, and fraud. The lens of virtue theory is, thus, necessary to analyze and explore the financial crisis’ origins and remedies. There exist ways of measuring such virtuousness or lack thereof among managers and...
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have long played a role in international development and are inc... more Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have long played a role in international development and are increasingly involved in sustainability initiatives. Since they are motivated by a distinctive set of values, have particular modes of operation and governance, and hold a unique place within communities and the larger society, these organizations are poised to be distinctively successful and sustainable. In the case of the Philippines, the situation is unique in the sense that there are a large number of Christian business leaders and entrepreneurs who put their faith "to the plow." Based on a review of the literature on faith-based social enterprises as well as on an in-depth descriptive analysis of three sample ventures from the Philippines, this study proposes a descriptive framework for their success and sustainability which consists primarily of two elements: a) Christian social capital and b) spiritual leadership.
Organizations are being called upon to take responsibility for the ways their operations impact s... more Organizations are being called upon to take responsibility for the ways their operations impact societies especially the marginalized sectors. Libraries are not exempt from such social responsibility. The paper proposes a theoretical framework for Library Social Responsibility. The paper briefly traces the history of library services for the poor. Then, through such literature review, it identifies the common characteristics of the inclusive services and puts these together in a conceptual framework. The approach is, thus, inductive. The paper's proposed theoretical framework for workable and potentially successful library services for the poor includes the following elements: 1) Planning process and Critical discourse; 2) Informational justice (as part of social justice), and 3) Assistive technologies and Inclusive education. It is hoped that all-librarians and library users alike-may take inspiration from this work so that they may do all they can to provide services to the poor, keeping especially in mind the success factors of the existing libraries' work for the poor and marginalized, as set forth in this paper.
International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies, 2015
The field of Business Ethics has an important role to play in identifying and establishing ethica... more The field of Business Ethics has an important role to play in identifying and establishing ethical parameters for business activities. Ethics professors have the continued challenge of being able to deliver ethics and morality teachings in the classroom. One topic in the area of business ethics and social enterprise that has begun hogging the pages of business and social responsibility research articles is the field of ethical banking. The ethical-social nature of the mission of ethical banks makes for an interesting discussion piece and scenario for a case-based teaching of business ethics. This paper presents the case of showing ethical banks as vignette in finance and ethics classes at the University of the Philippines, aimed at making students aware that it is possible for businessmen to be socially and ethically oriented and at the same time keep in mind the need for financial sustainability. The methodology involved content analysis and tests of differences based on a survey of 141 undergraduate business students. Results show overwhelming positive response to the concept of the ethical bank. 96% of the student respondents were in admiration of the ethical raison detre of ethical banks and 93% opined that it pays to be ethical. There was no difference between male and female respondents in opining that it pays to be ethical. Overall, results corroborate the mounting evidence that there is an ever greater awareness of the ethical responsibilities of business and discernment of the form that ethics can take in specific enterprises.
Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. Th... more Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. This is largely because the study of the culture concept prompts researchers to question commonly held assumptions about organizations and their value to society. This study seeks to describe and characterize, at an exploratory level, the culture in Philippine organizations. Results of a questionnaire survey of 136 Philippine managers regarding their firms' organizational culture show that specific industries may share common cultural characteristics along the organic-mechanistic and integrationdifferentiation continuums, and that some of those commonalities might be explained by similarities in their competitive environment, customer requirements, and societal expectations. These results, however, have yet to be verified by similar explorations into other demographic variables such as company size. This study can be extended by exploring the relationships between the resulting cultural variables and such organizational characteristics as: firm size, financial performance, stock price performance, ethical behavior, work satisfaction, corporate success factors, firms' market-orientedness, success in mergers and acquisitions, various other performance variables, etc.
As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether... more As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether the proposed solutions contribute to a more stable financial system as well as to better human behaviour. While the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Report (2011) identified the factors essential to explaining the causes of the financial crisis as having included credit and housing bubbles, nontraditional mortgages, credit ratings and securitization, financial institutions concentrated correlated risk, leverage and liquidity risk, contagion risk, shock and panic, failure in virtue has also been very patent in the crisis, foremost of them being: excessive leverage and imprudent risk-taking, failure in fiduciary duties and in stewardship, as well as greed, lack of moderation, and fraud. The lens of virtue theory is, thus, necessary to analyze and explore the financial crisis' origins and remedies. There exist ways of measuring such virtuousness or lack thereof among managers and finance industry participants, one of them being the creation of a virtue ethics scale. This paper presents the results of a survey of 141 Philippine managers, which sought to elicit from the respondents which of the virtues listed they considered desirable traits. The major responses were: (1) Honesty and competence, (2) Kind-heartedness, (3) Self-confidence, (4) Innovativeness, (5) Ambition, and (6) Security. The study's results can give practitioners an idea of the virtues or character traits that employees in Philippine companies expect or find desirable in their superiors. In addition, they can inform the crisis debate from a virtue theory perspective.
Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. Th... more Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. This is largely because the study of the culture concept prompts researchers to question commonly held assumptions about organizations and their value to society. This study seeks to describe and characterize, at an exploratory level, the culture in Philippine organizations. Results of a questionnaire survey of 136 Philippine managers regarding their firms' organizational culture show that specific industries may share common cultural characteristics along the organic-mechanistic and integrationdifferentiation continuums, and that some of those commonalities might be explained by similarities in their competitive environment, customer requirements, and societal expectations. These results, however, have yet to be verified by similar explorations into other demographic variables such as company size. This study can be extended by exploring the relationships between the resulting cultural variables and such organizational characteristics as: firm size, financial performance, stock price performance, ethical behavior, work satisfaction, corporate success factors, firms' market-orientedness, success in mergers and acquisitions, various other performance variables, etc.
This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethics scale for managers from the Ph... more This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethics scale for managers from the Philippines, using the initial listing of Shanahan and Hyman (2003). The survey questionnaire consisting of 34 virtues was administered to a sample of 141 business and finance postgraduate students who are managers in the companies in Philippines. Based on the factor analysis of the responses to the items on the virtues questionnaire, the following were the resulting virtue or trait factors: (1) Care and concern, (2) Competence, (3) Ambition, and (4) Superiority. The four resulting virtue factors compare more or less with the virtue listings generated in the literature: "Care and concern" is analogous to "empathy" and "respect"; and "competence" seems akin to "integrity", "trust", and "reliability" in the literature. The results corroborate evidence in the Virtue Ethics literature that proposes the virtue theory as an improved ethical paradigm for business. It is indeed possible to augment teleological and deontological ethics scales with a virtue ethics scale that can cause both the researcher and the respondents to be more aware of the virtuous qualities of business people and managers. Such classifications can aid scale validation and development, which in turn could help push the strategic role of the virtue ethics theory.
Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores ... more Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores how a strong or weak organizational culture (OCL), irrespective of its taxonomy, affects OE in Indian technical education. It also examines the mediating role of organizational communication (OCM). Data were collected from 167 heads of engineering and management schools on OCL and OE and 334 of their subordinates on OCM through a questionnaire survey. Results indicate that organizations with a strong and deep-rooted culture perform more effectively than organizations with a weak culture. The effect of OCL passes to institutional effectiveness through OCM. Hence, higher educational institutions need to focus on strengthening OCL and OCM in order to improve their effectiveness.
Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores ... more Cultures have been found to predict the organizational effectiveness (OE). This article explores how a strong or weak organizational culture (OCL), irrespective of its taxonomy, affects OE in Indian technical education. It also examines the mediating role of organizational communication (OCM). Data were collected from 167 heads of engineering and management schools on OCL and OE and 334 of their subordinates on OCM through a questionnaire survey. Results indicate that organizations with a strong and deep-rooted culture perform more effectively than organizations with a weak culture. The effect of OCL passes to institutional effectiveness through OCM. Hence, higher educational institutions need to focus on strengthening OCL and OCM in order to improve their effectiveness.
Abstract submitted to UP Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development (OVCRD) for p... more Abstract submitted to UP Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Development (OVCRD) for possible publication in Asia Research News (ARN).
Human resource management (HRM) is the effective management of people at work. Since a firm’s hum... more Human resource management (HRM) is the effective management of people at work. Since a firm’s human resources are an important potential source of sustained competitive advantage, managing them well helps create unique competencies that differentiate products and services and, in turn, drive competitiveness (Ivancevich, 2003; Cappelli and Crocker-Hefter, 1996). This link, in principle, facilitates successful corporate performance. An increasing body of work contains the argument that there exists a positive relationship between so-called “high performance work practices” and different measures of company performance (Fey and Björkman, 2001). Such “high performance work practices” include comprehensive employee recruitment and selection procedures, incentive compensation and performance management systems, and extensive employee involvement and training. A number of studies have found a positive relationship between HRM practices and policies, and different measures of company perfor...
The classic or traditional approach to thinking about capital structure is that there does exist ... more The classic or traditional approach to thinking about capital structure is that there does exist an optimal capital structure in a world of non-perfect capital markets, where there are corporate and personal taxes, and where bankruptcy costs exist with risky debt. This paper’s preliminary empirical tests on the relationship between financial leverage and firm risk (as measured by Beta) seem to support the classic or traditional approach to thinking about capital structure, which proposes that there does exist an optimal capital structure. Tests for the relationship between Beta and Leverage reveal a significant, negative relation between leverage and unlevered Beta, indicating that higher operating risk levels should not spur further borrowings. This paper attempts to empirically test the relationship between risk, as measured by firm Beta, and financial leverage.
Entrepreneurship is increasingly being recognized as a significant conduit for bringing about a t... more Entrepreneurship is increasingly being recognized as a significant conduit for bringing about a transformation towards sustainable products and processes. Emerging literature on ethical entrepreneurship has developed a new model of entrepreneurship as a calling to endow resources with new value; it is the ethical aspect that would make such a construct authentic sustainable entrepreneurship. One of the first steps in entrepreneurial training and maturity in the area of sustainability is to develop models for sustainability communication and reporting. This article presents a revised assessment model for sustainable entrepreneurship in Asia, which consists of five domains, namely: economic, social, ecological, cultural, and ethical. The insistence on the inclusion of ethics is motivated by the fact that it is the obligation of businesses to be accountable for their environment and for their stakeholders in such a way that ethics forms one of the legs on which entrepreneurship, if it ...
This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethicsscale for managers from the Phi... more This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethicsscale for managers from the Philippines, using the initial listing ofShanahan and Hyman (2003). The survey questionnaire consistingof 34 virtues was administered to a sample of 141 business andfinance postgraduate students who are managers in the companies inPhilippines. Based on the factor analysis of the responses to the itemson the virtues questionnaire, the following were the resulting virtueor trait factors: (1) Care and concern, (2) Competence, (3) Ambition,and (4) Superiority. The four resulting virtue factors comparemore or less with the virtue listings generated in the literature:“Care and concern” is analogous to “empathy” and “respect”; and“competence” seems akin to “integrity”, “trust”, and “reliability” inthe literature. The results corroborate evidence in the Virtue Ethicsliterature that proposes the virtue theory as an improved ethicalparadigm for business. It is indeed possible to augment teleologicala...
Exploring the Virtuous Leadership of Philippine Educators - ABSTRACT (proposal for 2015 research ... more Exploring the Virtuous Leadership of Philippine Educators - ABSTRACT (proposal for 2015 research project submitted to UP OVCRD) http://www.ovcrd.upd.edu.ph/
Organizational culture is one of the most important constructs in management research. The purpos... more Organizational culture is one of the most important constructs in management research. The purpose of this exploratory study is to determine the impact of organizational culture on organizational performance in order to find out how organizational culture helps in improving organizational performance. This study uses a descriptive approach by examining the results of several existing empirical studies. The findings indicate that all cultural dimensions influence different perspectives of organizational performance. Other studies reveal that organizational culture has an influence on company performance in terms of stability, competitiveness and performance orientation. Organizational culture has a profound impact on organizational processes, employees and their performance. The same research shows that if employees are committed and have the same norms, it can improve performance to achieve overall organizational goals. Leaders are recommended to develop a strong culture in the organization to improve employee and organizational performance. For this reason, this article will examine, based on empirical research, the relationship between culture and organizational performance.
As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether... more As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether the proposed solutions contribute to a more stable financial system as well as to better human behaviour. While the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Report (2011) identified the factors essential to explaining the causes of the financial crisis as having included credit and housing bubbles, nontraditional mortgages, credit ratings and securitization, financial institutions concentrated correlated risk, leverage and liquidity risk, contagion risk, shock and panic, failure in virtue has also been very patent in the crisis, foremost of them being: excessive leverage and imprudent risk-taking, failure in fiduciary duties and in stewardship, as well as greed, lack of moderation, and fraud. The lens of virtue theory is, thus, necessary to analyze and explore the financial crisis’ origins and remedies. There exist ways of measuring such virtuousness or lack thereof among managers and...
Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have long played a role in international development and are inc... more Faith-based organizations (FBOs) have long played a role in international development and are increasingly involved in sustainability initiatives. Since they are motivated by a distinctive set of values, have particular modes of operation and governance, and hold a unique place within communities and the larger society, these organizations are poised to be distinctively successful and sustainable. In the case of the Philippines, the situation is unique in the sense that there are a large number of Christian business leaders and entrepreneurs who put their faith "to the plow." Based on a review of the literature on faith-based social enterprises as well as on an in-depth descriptive analysis of three sample ventures from the Philippines, this study proposes a descriptive framework for their success and sustainability which consists primarily of two elements: a) Christian social capital and b) spiritual leadership.
Organizations are being called upon to take responsibility for the ways their operations impact s... more Organizations are being called upon to take responsibility for the ways their operations impact societies especially the marginalized sectors. Libraries are not exempt from such social responsibility. The paper proposes a theoretical framework for Library Social Responsibility. The paper briefly traces the history of library services for the poor. Then, through such literature review, it identifies the common characteristics of the inclusive services and puts these together in a conceptual framework. The approach is, thus, inductive. The paper's proposed theoretical framework for workable and potentially successful library services for the poor includes the following elements: 1) Planning process and Critical discourse; 2) Informational justice (as part of social justice), and 3) Assistive technologies and Inclusive education. It is hoped that all-librarians and library users alike-may take inspiration from this work so that they may do all they can to provide services to the poor, keeping especially in mind the success factors of the existing libraries' work for the poor and marginalized, as set forth in this paper.
International Journal of Business Ethics in Developing Economies, 2015
The field of Business Ethics has an important role to play in identifying and establishing ethica... more The field of Business Ethics has an important role to play in identifying and establishing ethical parameters for business activities. Ethics professors have the continued challenge of being able to deliver ethics and morality teachings in the classroom. One topic in the area of business ethics and social enterprise that has begun hogging the pages of business and social responsibility research articles is the field of ethical banking. The ethical-social nature of the mission of ethical banks makes for an interesting discussion piece and scenario for a case-based teaching of business ethics. This paper presents the case of showing ethical banks as vignette in finance and ethics classes at the University of the Philippines, aimed at making students aware that it is possible for businessmen to be socially and ethically oriented and at the same time keep in mind the need for financial sustainability. The methodology involved content analysis and tests of differences based on a survey of 141 undergraduate business students. Results show overwhelming positive response to the concept of the ethical bank. 96% of the student respondents were in admiration of the ethical raison detre of ethical banks and 93% opined that it pays to be ethical. There was no difference between male and female respondents in opining that it pays to be ethical. Overall, results corroborate the mounting evidence that there is an ever greater awareness of the ethical responsibilities of business and discernment of the form that ethics can take in specific enterprises.
Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. Th... more Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. This is largely because the study of the culture concept prompts researchers to question commonly held assumptions about organizations and their value to society. This study seeks to describe and characterize, at an exploratory level, the culture in Philippine organizations. Results of a questionnaire survey of 136 Philippine managers regarding their firms' organizational culture show that specific industries may share common cultural characteristics along the organic-mechanistic and integrationdifferentiation continuums, and that some of those commonalities might be explained by similarities in their competitive environment, customer requirements, and societal expectations. These results, however, have yet to be verified by similar explorations into other demographic variables such as company size. This study can be extended by exploring the relationships between the resulting cultural variables and such organizational characteristics as: firm size, financial performance, stock price performance, ethical behavior, work satisfaction, corporate success factors, firms' market-orientedness, success in mergers and acquisitions, various other performance variables, etc.
As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether... more As the financial crisis of 2008-9 has continued to affect the global economy, many wonder whether the proposed solutions contribute to a more stable financial system as well as to better human behaviour. While the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission (FCIC) Report (2011) identified the factors essential to explaining the causes of the financial crisis as having included credit and housing bubbles, nontraditional mortgages, credit ratings and securitization, financial institutions concentrated correlated risk, leverage and liquidity risk, contagion risk, shock and panic, failure in virtue has also been very patent in the crisis, foremost of them being: excessive leverage and imprudent risk-taking, failure in fiduciary duties and in stewardship, as well as greed, lack of moderation, and fraud. The lens of virtue theory is, thus, necessary to analyze and explore the financial crisis' origins and remedies. There exist ways of measuring such virtuousness or lack thereof among managers and finance industry participants, one of them being the creation of a virtue ethics scale. This paper presents the results of a survey of 141 Philippine managers, which sought to elicit from the respondents which of the virtues listed they considered desirable traits. The major responses were: (1) Honesty and competence, (2) Kind-heartedness, (3) Self-confidence, (4) Innovativeness, (5) Ambition, and (6) Security. The study's results can give practitioners an idea of the virtues or character traits that employees in Philippine companies expect or find desirable in their superiors. In addition, they can inform the crisis debate from a virtue theory perspective.
Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. Th... more Organizational culture studies have proliferated in the management literature in recent years. This is largely because the study of the culture concept prompts researchers to question commonly held assumptions about organizations and their value to society. This study seeks to describe and characterize, at an exploratory level, the culture in Philippine organizations. Results of a questionnaire survey of 136 Philippine managers regarding their firms' organizational culture show that specific industries may share common cultural characteristics along the organic-mechanistic and integrationdifferentiation continuums, and that some of those commonalities might be explained by similarities in their competitive environment, customer requirements, and societal expectations. These results, however, have yet to be verified by similar explorations into other demographic variables such as company size. This study can be extended by exploring the relationships between the resulting cultural variables and such organizational characteristics as: firm size, financial performance, stock price performance, ethical behavior, work satisfaction, corporate success factors, firms' market-orientedness, success in mergers and acquisitions, various other performance variables, etc.
This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethics scale for managers from the Ph... more This paper is an exploratory attempt at generating a virtue ethics scale for managers from the Philippines, using the initial listing of Shanahan and Hyman (2003). The survey questionnaire consisting of 34 virtues was administered to a sample of 141 business and finance postgraduate students who are managers in the companies in Philippines. Based on the factor analysis of the responses to the items on the virtues questionnaire, the following were the resulting virtue or trait factors: (1) Care and concern, (2) Competence, (3) Ambition, and (4) Superiority. The four resulting virtue factors compare more or less with the virtue listings generated in the literature: "Care and concern" is analogous to "empathy" and "respect"; and "competence" seems akin to "integrity", "trust", and "reliability" in the literature. The results corroborate evidence in the Virtue Ethics literature that proposes the virtue theory as an improved ethical paradigm for business. It is indeed possible to augment teleological and deontological ethics scales with a virtue ethics scale that can cause both the researcher and the respondents to be more aware of the virtuous qualities of business people and managers. Such classifications can aid scale validation and development, which in turn could help push the strategic role of the virtue ethics theory.
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Papers by Aliza Racelis