Videos by Alexey Rassadnikov
In the field season of 2021, it was possible to record the phenomenon of horse cribbing (friction... more In the field season of 2021, it was possible to record the phenomenon of horse cribbing (friction against the fence of the enclosure and its chewing).
Steppe zone of the South Urals, Russia. The border between Kazakhstan and Russia.
doi: 10.17632/s9cn8hx46g.1 3 views
Papers by Alexey Rassadnikov
Russian Press Catalogue index-72574 Academic publication of papers by the Russian and foreign his... more Russian Press Catalogue index-72574 Academic publication of papers by the Russian and foreign historians, archaeologists and ethnologists. The publication covers research on the topical issues of the Russian history in the civilizational and geopolitical dynamics, theories and methods of historical and anthropological studies Founder Federal state budgetary institution of science Institute of History and Archaeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Kazakhstan Archeology, 2023
The work is devoted to a discussion of the main archaeozoological parameters of sacrificial anima... more The work is devoted to a discussion of the main archaeozoological parameters of sacrificial animals and the forms
of their representation based on materials from one of the burial mounds of the Sintashta culture. When processing
materials, standard and generally accepted techniques were used. Particular attention was paid to fixing the system
of fragmentation, bone surface modifications, age-related and pathological changes in the bones of livestock. The
funeral rite of the Sintashta culture is characterized by the massive use of domestic animals (cattle, caprines, horses,
dogs). The main form of representation of livestock is the layout in the form of head and distal extremities, as well
as single skeletal elements or a combination of several bones or their fragments. The ritual involved mainly adult
animals and, in some cases, individuals with health problems that were visible to humans. Analysis of age-related
and pathological changes on the bones of cattle and horses does not provide reliable arguments for reconstructing
the fact of the use of working animals in the ritual. A characteristic manner of bone fragmentation was recorded in
the form of their longitudinal splitting. In addition to the main results, the study showed the weak capabilities of
archaeozoology in interpreting bone surface modifications in bones, which significantly reduces the possibility of
carrying out a number of reconstructions
Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy, 2021
Abstract: The work is devoted to the analysis of archaeozoological and ethnozoological materials,... more Abstract: The work is devoted to the analysis of archaeozoological and ethnozoological materials, which are represented by the settlement of Chernorechye-2 and modern animal husbandry in the valley of the Uy river. The main period of the settlement’s functioning is associated with the Alakul culture of the Late Bronze Age of the Southern Urals (the 17th — 15th centuries BC). The aim of the article is to reconstruct various aspects of animal husbandry based on the analysis of the bones of livestock and data obtained while studying the section of the river valley adjacent to the site. The bones from the Chernorechye-2 settlement of were analyzed using standard and generally accepted archaeozoological methods. Analysis of the archaeozoological collection made it possible to reconstruct the cattle-breeding character of the settlement throughout its entire existence. The inhabitants of the site comprehensively exploited cattle, sheep, goats and horses. Paleopathological analysis revealed...
The article is devoted to the description of the main characteristics of osteological complexes o... more The article is devoted to the description of the main characteristics of osteological complexes of
modern operating and abandoned summer livestock enclosures. The research area belongs to the steppe zone
and is notable for the fact that both in the Bronze Age and in our time, the main form of farming is the livestock
breeding. The main goal of the work is to try to identify stable markers of bone material, which will be used in future
archaeological and archaeozoological research to determine the functional purpose of the monument under study.
Another goal of the work is to identify all possible forms of exposure of pets to bones. The study showed that one
of the most stable markers of osteological complexes of modern enclosures are bones with traces of the impact
of cattle and small cattle. Livestock itself is an extremely active taphonomic agent and has an effect on the objects
around it, which can and should be used in archaeological research. This work proposes to use osteophagy markers
of domestic ungulates as a reliable indicator of livestock activity and the location of livestock stabling. The article
also presents diagnostic criteria for distinguishing bone modifications that are left by large and small cattle and
herding dogs
Teoriya i praktika arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy
The work is devoted to a detailed study of modern livestock breeding in the south of the Chelyabi... more The work is devoted to a detailed study of modern livestock breeding in the south of the Chelyabinsk region. The article describes in detail the system of grazing and keeping livestock in the summer and winter periods in the villages of the Southern Urals. The main purpose of the work is to create an information basis for future archaeological and archaeozoological studies of the sites of pastoralists of the Bronze Age and more correct interpretations in the reconstruction of ancient pastoralism. The main research tools were interviewing shepherds and personal observations of grazing and keeping livestock at diff erent times of the year. The main form of grazing and keeping livestock at present is the pasture-stall system, which is quite variable depending on various factors. The warm period of the year is characterized by grazing in the vicinity of villages and stall keeping in the cold season. The study shows the wide possibilities and resistance of small areas of the steppe river...
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022 • 34 (3, 2022
The work is devoted to a detailed study of modern livestock breeding in the south of the Chelyabi... more The work is devoted to a detailed study of modern livestock breeding in the south of the Chelyabinsk region. Th e article describes in detail the system of grazing and keeping livestock in the summer and winter periods in the villages of the Southern Urals. Th e main purpose of the work is to create an information basis for future archaeological and archaeozoological studies of the sites of pastoralists of the Bronze Age and more correct interpretations in the reconstruction of ancient pastoralism. Th e main research tools were interviewing shepherds and personal observations of grazing and keeping livestock at diff erent times of the year. Th e main form of grazing and keeping livestock at present is the pasture-stall system, which is quite variable depending on various factors. Th e warm period of the year is characterized by grazing in the vicinity of villages and stall keeping in the cold season. Th e study shows the wide possibilities and resistance of small areas of the steppe river valleys to grazing. Th e results of the study of modern pastoralism can be used in archaeological research in various studies that are associated with a settled model of pastoralism.
International Journal of Paleopathology
Abstract Objectives Various dentition and bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of caprine... more Abstract Objectives Various dentition and bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of caprines are regularly mentioned in archaeozoological studies. This work analyzes pathological and age-related changes in modern animals with known life histories in order to improve the accuracy of interpretation of pathologies of caprines from archaeological sites. Materials 1468 bones of modern caprines (mainly sheep) have been analyzed. The bones originate from the territory in which there are numerous settlements of Bronze Age pastoralists. Methods Bones of modern caprines with pathologies have been compared with bones without changes. The age of the animals was determined by the state of the dental system and epiphyses, which made it possible to determine the approximate age range of the caprines, the bones of which are analyzed in the work. Results For each skeletal element of modern caprines, typical kinds of changes have been revealed. In some cases, a correlation has been established between the number of pathological changes and the age of livestock. Conclusion Despite the known life histories of sheep and goats, the etiology of a number of identified changes remains unknown. Most of the recorded pathologies are typical for caprines and are difficult to use for the reconstruction of the nature of animal husbandry practices. Significance This work analyzes a relatively extensive collection of bones of caprines with known life histories. It will allow the identification of typical bone pathologies in sheep and goats and their approximate etiology within a given breeding system and area. These data can be used in the framework of archaeozoological studies of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia and other territories. Limitations This research is limited to a relatively small number of bones and complete skeletons of modern caprines, alongside the near absence of complete skeletons of modern wild ungulates from the same microdistrict. Future research The most promising area of future work is a combined comparative study of a larger sample of bones of modern and Bronze Age caprines and wild ungulates of the same size class. It will allow changes to be identified directly related to animal husbandry practices.
International Journal of Paleopathology, 2022
Abstract
Objectives
Various dentition and bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of caprine... more Abstract
Objectives
Various dentition and bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of caprines are regularly mentioned in archaeozoological studies. This work analyzes pathological and age-related changes in modern animals with known life histories in order to improve the accuracy of interpretation of pathologies of caprines from archaeological sites.
Materials
1468 bones of modern caprines (mainly sheep) have been analyzed. The bones originate from the territory in which there are numerous settlements of Bronze Age pastoralists.
Methods
Bones of modern caprines with pathologies have been compared with bones without changes. The age of the animals was determined by the state of the dental system and epiphyses, which made it possible to determine the approximate age range of the caprines, the bones of which are analyzed in the work.
Results
For each skeletal element of modern caprines, typical kinds of changes have been revealed. In some cases, a correlation has been established between the number of pathological changes and the age of livestock.
Conclusion
Despite the known life histories of sheep and goats, the etiology of a number of identified changes remains unknown. Most of the recorded pathologies are typical for caprines and are difficult to use for the reconstruction of the nature of animal husbandry practices.
Significance
This work analyzes a relatively extensive collection of bones of caprines with known life histories. It will allow the identification of typical bone pathologies in sheep and goats and their approximate etiology within a given breeding system and area. These data can be used in the framework of archaeozoological studies of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia and other territories.
Limitations
This research is limited to a relatively small number of bones and complete skeletons of modern caprines, alongside the near absence of complete skeletons of modern wild ungulates from the same microdistrict.
Future research
The most promising area of future work is a combined comparative study of a larger sample of bones of modern and Bronze Age caprines and wild ungulates of the same size class. It will allow changes to be identified directly related to animal husbandry practices.
SSRN Electronic Journal, 2022
The dataset contains primary data, the measurements of the bones of livestock, a list of all path... more The dataset contains primary data, the measurements of the bones of livestock, a list of all pathologies and the size of bones with pathologies, as well as a list of bone products. The dataset is part of the article ""The sedentary pastoralism at the turn of the III–II millennium BC in the Southern Trans-Urals based on archaeozoological materials of the settlement Kamennyi Ambar"". The work is devoted to the analysis of archaezooological material of one of two dozen fortified settlements of the Middle Bronze Age, which are located in a compact group in the steppe zone on the border of Russia and Kazakhstan. The early construction horizons of the Kamennyi Ambar settlement are associated with Sintashta culture. The second stage of the functioning of the settlement is associated with the Srubno-Alakul period. Due to the strong mixing of the layers, animal husbandry of the inhabitants of the settlement is considered in the period from 2100–1700 cal BC. The purpose of...
Dataset contains primary data, bone measurement data and a list of pathologies. The daraset is de... more Dataset contains primary data, bone measurement data and a list of pathologies. The daraset is devoted to the analysis of archaeozoological and ethnosoological materials, which are represented by the settlement of Chernorech'e 2 and modern animal husbandry in the valley of the Uy River. The main period of the settlement's functioning is associated with the Alakul culture of the Late Bronze Age of the Southern Urals (XVII-XV centuries BC). The purpose of the article is to reconstruct animal husbandry based on the analysis of the bones of livestock and data obtained during the study of the river valley adjacent to the monument. Bones from the settlement of Chernorechye 2 were analyzed using standard and generally accepted archaeozoological methods. Analysis of the archaeozoological collection made it possible to reconstruct the cattle-breeding character of the village throughout its existence. The inhabitants of the monument comprehensively exploited cattle, sheep, goats and h...
The dataset#2 contains tabular data, images of the Uy river valley, modern animal husbandry, live... more The dataset#2 contains tabular data, images of the Uy river valley, modern animal husbandry, livestock pathologies and bone modification changes. The daraset is devoted to the analysis of archaeozoological and ethnosoological materials, which are represented by the settlement of Chernorech'e 2 and modern animal husbandry in the valley of the Uy River. The main period of the settlement's functioning is associated with the Alakul culture of the Late Bronze Age of the Southern Urals (XVII-XV centuries BC). The purpose of the article is to reconstruct animal husbandry based on the analysis of the bones of livestock and data obtained during the study of the river valley adjacent to the monument. Bones from the settlement of Chernorechye 2 were analyzed using standard and generally accepted archaeozoological methods. Analysis of the archaeozoological collection made it possible to reconstruct the cattle-breeding character of the village throughout its existence. The inhabitants of...
The dataset#2 is devoted to the results of studying pathologies on the bones of modern cattle and... more The dataset#2 is devoted to the results of studying pathologies on the bones of modern cattle and environmental conditions in the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat river. The dataset#2 contains graphs, diagrams and images of current environmental conditions, grazing systems and pathologies of the bones of cattle from the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat River. This Dataset is a part of the article ""Bone pathologies of modern non-working cattle (Bos taurus) in the context of grazing systems and environmental influences (based on materials from the South Urals, Russia)""" Abstract: The aim of the work is to assess the forms and boundaries of development of age-related changes and bone pathologies in modern non-working cattle for the possibility of using the results in the analysis of archaezooological collections and in the reconstruction of the working cattle exploitation in antiquity. Study area is located in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals on the territory of...
Dataset#1 Livestock in the life of Ekaterinburg in the 19th century based on the materials of pro... more Dataset#1 Livestock in the life of Ekaterinburg in the 19th century based on the materials of protection excavations at 69 Dekabristov street. The dataset contains primary data, a list of pathologies, the size of the bones of cattle and caprines and the size of bones with pathologies. The article publishes the results of an archaeozoological study of faunal remains from a residential area of the city of Yekaterinburg, dating back to the 19th century. The aim of the work is to reconstruct the meat nutrition system of the city residents and the structure of the meat market, as well as to reconstruct the dimensional data of the livestock sold for sale. The materials of the work are represented by the bones of livestock, which are waste from cooking. A number of bone products are also considered, which are represented by dice and household items. When processing the bones of domestic animals, conventional archaeozoological techniques were used. Comparative data on modern cattle were use...
Dataset#2 Livestock in the life of Ekaterinburg in the 19th century based on the materials of pro... more Dataset#2 Livestock in the life of Ekaterinburg in the 19th century based on the materials of protection excavations at 69 Dekabristov street. The dataset contains tabular data, images of bones with traces of butgchering, and all identified pathologies of bones in cattle and caprines (sheep/goat). The article publishes the results of an archaeozoological study of faunal remains from a residential area of the city of Yekaterinburg, dating back to the 19th century. The aim of the work is to reconstruct the meat nutrition system of the city residents and the structure of the meat market, as well as to reconstruct the dimensional data of the livestock sold for sale. The materials of the work are represented by the bones of livestock, which are waste from cooking. A number of bone products are also considered, which are represented by dice and household items. When processing the bones of domestic animals, conventional archaeozoological techniques were used. Comparative data on modern ca...
The tables present a brief description of the studied pens for cattle (Bos taurus) and Ovicaprida... more The tables present a brief description of the studied pens for cattle (Bos taurus) and Ovicapridae (sheep and goat), the osteological spectrum of bones, the age of slaughter according to the dental system and the state of the epiphyses, the composition of the elements of cattle and the list of modified bones.
Stratum plus. Archaeology and Cultural Anthropology, 2021
The article presents the results of the analysis of several types of bone pathologies of the post... more The article presents the results of the analysis of several types of bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of cows, bulls and oxen in order to identify the possible fact of cattle exploitation for work. The material comes from several settlements of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of the Southern Trans-Urals of the Sintashta and Alakul cultures of the Bronze Age (the border between Russia and Kazakhstan). The paper is based on the results of studying the pathologies of modern non-working cattle in the Southern Trans-Urals. Analysis of the selected pathologies and their comparison with modern material showed a strong degree of overlap with each other. The overwhelming majority of pathologies in the form of minor lipping and exostoses of metapodials and phalanxes reflect age-related changes, as well as other factors that are not associated with the physical exploitation of bulls and oxen. Single pathologies from the Kamennyi Ambar settlement and the age of the animals from w...
Supplementary data for the paper ''Markers of seasonal pastoral campsites: results of an ... more Supplementary data for the paper ''Markers of seasonal pastoral campsites: results of an osteological study of present livestock enclosures in the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat River (Chelyabinsk Region, Russia)''. The dataset contains all tabular data, a description of the Karagaily-Ayat river valley, modern livestock farming systems and a description of livestock enclosures. Images of all collected bones that were chewed by cattle and ovicaprids in the valley of the Karagaily-Ayat river are also presented. At the end, images of the most common pathologies of the skeletal system of slaughtered cattle from the studied pens are shown.
International Journal of Paleopathology, 2021
OBJECTIVE To assesses the patterns of age-related changes and bone pathologies in modern non-draf... more OBJECTIVE To assesses the patterns of age-related changes and bone pathologies in modern non-draft cattle to assist archaezooological analysis of draft cattle remains from antiquity. MATERIALS The study area is located in the steppe zone of the Southern Urals on the territory of Russia near the border with Kazakhstan. METHODS Over 300 bones of modern cattle were examined, mostly metapodials and phalanges, using standard archaeozoological methods to reconstruct the size of animals and to describe observed pathological conditions RESULTS: Minor lipping and exostoses of metapodials and phalanges, as well as ankylosis and hip joint eburnation, are common in modern non-draft cattle. In rare cases, lipping and exostoses are observed. CONCLUSIONS The observed changes in the bones of the distal extremities alone are insufficient for archaezooological reconstruction of cattle as draft animals. SIGNIFICANCE The study revealed problems in the reconstruction of etiologies of pathological conditions in draft cattle from archaeological sites. LIMITATIONS Limited samples sizes and genetic differences between modern and archaeological populations can influence data recorded and derived conclusions. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Continued analyses of modern and archaeological faunal populations using multiple lines of evidence is encouraged.
Uploads
Videos by Alexey Rassadnikov
Steppe zone of the South Urals, Russia. The border between Kazakhstan and Russia.
doi: 10.17632/s9cn8hx46g.1
Papers by Alexey Rassadnikov
of their representation based on materials from one of the burial mounds of the Sintashta culture. When processing
materials, standard and generally accepted techniques were used. Particular attention was paid to fixing the system
of fragmentation, bone surface modifications, age-related and pathological changes in the bones of livestock. The
funeral rite of the Sintashta culture is characterized by the massive use of domestic animals (cattle, caprines, horses,
dogs). The main form of representation of livestock is the layout in the form of head and distal extremities, as well
as single skeletal elements or a combination of several bones or their fragments. The ritual involved mainly adult
animals and, in some cases, individuals with health problems that were visible to humans. Analysis of age-related
and pathological changes on the bones of cattle and horses does not provide reliable arguments for reconstructing
the fact of the use of working animals in the ritual. A characteristic manner of bone fragmentation was recorded in
the form of their longitudinal splitting. In addition to the main results, the study showed the weak capabilities of
archaeozoology in interpreting bone surface modifications in bones, which significantly reduces the possibility of
carrying out a number of reconstructions
modern operating and abandoned summer livestock enclosures. The research area belongs to the steppe zone
and is notable for the fact that both in the Bronze Age and in our time, the main form of farming is the livestock
breeding. The main goal of the work is to try to identify stable markers of bone material, which will be used in future
archaeological and archaeozoological research to determine the functional purpose of the monument under study.
Another goal of the work is to identify all possible forms of exposure of pets to bones. The study showed that one
of the most stable markers of osteological complexes of modern enclosures are bones with traces of the impact
of cattle and small cattle. Livestock itself is an extremely active taphonomic agent and has an effect on the objects
around it, which can and should be used in archaeological research. This work proposes to use osteophagy markers
of domestic ungulates as a reliable indicator of livestock activity and the location of livestock stabling. The article
also presents diagnostic criteria for distinguishing bone modifications that are left by large and small cattle and
herding dogs
Objectives
Various dentition and bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of caprines are regularly mentioned in archaeozoological studies. This work analyzes pathological and age-related changes in modern animals with known life histories in order to improve the accuracy of interpretation of pathologies of caprines from archaeological sites.
Materials
1468 bones of modern caprines (mainly sheep) have been analyzed. The bones originate from the territory in which there are numerous settlements of Bronze Age pastoralists.
Methods
Bones of modern caprines with pathologies have been compared with bones without changes. The age of the animals was determined by the state of the dental system and epiphyses, which made it possible to determine the approximate age range of the caprines, the bones of which are analyzed in the work.
Results
For each skeletal element of modern caprines, typical kinds of changes have been revealed. In some cases, a correlation has been established between the number of pathological changes and the age of livestock.
Conclusion
Despite the known life histories of sheep and goats, the etiology of a number of identified changes remains unknown. Most of the recorded pathologies are typical for caprines and are difficult to use for the reconstruction of the nature of animal husbandry practices.
Significance
This work analyzes a relatively extensive collection of bones of caprines with known life histories. It will allow the identification of typical bone pathologies in sheep and goats and their approximate etiology within a given breeding system and area. These data can be used in the framework of archaeozoological studies of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia and other territories.
Limitations
This research is limited to a relatively small number of bones and complete skeletons of modern caprines, alongside the near absence of complete skeletons of modern wild ungulates from the same microdistrict.
Future research
The most promising area of future work is a combined comparative study of a larger sample of bones of modern and Bronze Age caprines and wild ungulates of the same size class. It will allow changes to be identified directly related to animal husbandry practices.
Steppe zone of the South Urals, Russia. The border between Kazakhstan and Russia.
doi: 10.17632/s9cn8hx46g.1
of their representation based on materials from one of the burial mounds of the Sintashta culture. When processing
materials, standard and generally accepted techniques were used. Particular attention was paid to fixing the system
of fragmentation, bone surface modifications, age-related and pathological changes in the bones of livestock. The
funeral rite of the Sintashta culture is characterized by the massive use of domestic animals (cattle, caprines, horses,
dogs). The main form of representation of livestock is the layout in the form of head and distal extremities, as well
as single skeletal elements or a combination of several bones or their fragments. The ritual involved mainly adult
animals and, in some cases, individuals with health problems that were visible to humans. Analysis of age-related
and pathological changes on the bones of cattle and horses does not provide reliable arguments for reconstructing
the fact of the use of working animals in the ritual. A characteristic manner of bone fragmentation was recorded in
the form of their longitudinal splitting. In addition to the main results, the study showed the weak capabilities of
archaeozoology in interpreting bone surface modifications in bones, which significantly reduces the possibility of
carrying out a number of reconstructions
modern operating and abandoned summer livestock enclosures. The research area belongs to the steppe zone
and is notable for the fact that both in the Bronze Age and in our time, the main form of farming is the livestock
breeding. The main goal of the work is to try to identify stable markers of bone material, which will be used in future
archaeological and archaeozoological research to determine the functional purpose of the monument under study.
Another goal of the work is to identify all possible forms of exposure of pets to bones. The study showed that one
of the most stable markers of osteological complexes of modern enclosures are bones with traces of the impact
of cattle and small cattle. Livestock itself is an extremely active taphonomic agent and has an effect on the objects
around it, which can and should be used in archaeological research. This work proposes to use osteophagy markers
of domestic ungulates as a reliable indicator of livestock activity and the location of livestock stabling. The article
also presents diagnostic criteria for distinguishing bone modifications that are left by large and small cattle and
herding dogs
Objectives
Various dentition and bone pathologies of the postcranial skeleton of caprines are regularly mentioned in archaeozoological studies. This work analyzes pathological and age-related changes in modern animals with known life histories in order to improve the accuracy of interpretation of pathologies of caprines from archaeological sites.
Materials
1468 bones of modern caprines (mainly sheep) have been analyzed. The bones originate from the territory in which there are numerous settlements of Bronze Age pastoralists.
Methods
Bones of modern caprines with pathologies have been compared with bones without changes. The age of the animals was determined by the state of the dental system and epiphyses, which made it possible to determine the approximate age range of the caprines, the bones of which are analyzed in the work.
Results
For each skeletal element of modern caprines, typical kinds of changes have been revealed. In some cases, a correlation has been established between the number of pathological changes and the age of livestock.
Conclusion
Despite the known life histories of sheep and goats, the etiology of a number of identified changes remains unknown. Most of the recorded pathologies are typical for caprines and are difficult to use for the reconstruction of the nature of animal husbandry practices.
Significance
This work analyzes a relatively extensive collection of bones of caprines with known life histories. It will allow the identification of typical bone pathologies in sheep and goats and their approximate etiology within a given breeding system and area. These data can be used in the framework of archaeozoological studies of the steppe zone of northern Eurasia and other territories.
Limitations
This research is limited to a relatively small number of bones and complete skeletons of modern caprines, alongside the near absence of complete skeletons of modern wild ungulates from the same microdistrict.
Future research
The most promising area of future work is a combined comparative study of a larger sample of bones of modern and Bronze Age caprines and wild ungulates of the same size class. It will allow changes to be identified directly related to animal husbandry practices.
The paper is devoted to discussion of the ungulate osteophagia and paleopathological analysis of the domestic animals from the two fortified settlements of the Bronze Age of the Southern Trans-Urals. Are dscussed in detail pathologies connected with the working use of cattle.
Beautiful Anomalies
Department of Archaeology, Institute of History and Archaeology University of Tartu Estonia
23–26 May 2019
In this presentation, the changes, which were identified on the distal extremities of cattle and horses from active pens in the valley of the river Karagaily-Ayat, are briefly presented.