The controversies about quantum mechanics, in the old days and present-day, reveal an inconsisten... more The controversies about quantum mechanics, in the old days and present-day, reveal an inconsistency of understanding of this most successful theory of physics. Therefore it is needed to set forth unambiguously what and how quantum mechanics describes in order to cut down the number of the fantasies trying to eliminate the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics. In this chapter reader's attention is drawn first of all to a non-universality of quantum-mechanical descriptions of different quantum phenomena. The realistic interpretation of the wave function proposed by Schrodinger is used at the description of most quantum phenomena whereas the controversies touch on the positivistic interpretation proposed by Born. These controversies are result, in the main, of the misinterpretation, proposed by Bohr, of the orthodox quantum mechanics. Most physicists, following Bohr, did not want to admit that Born had assumed in fact a mutual causal relation between quantum system and the mind of the observer. The EPR correlation is non-local and quantum mechanics predicts violation of the Bell's inequalities because of non-locality of the mind of the observer. The quantum postulate and complementarity proposed by Bohr are valid according to rather hidden-variables theories than the orthodox quantum mechanics. Measurement is described as process of interaction of quantum system with the measuring device in hidden-variables theories alternative of quantum mechanics. It is shown, that the mutual causal relation between 'res extensa' and 'res cogitans', presupposed with the Born's interpretation, results to a logical absurdity which testifies against the self-consistency of the orthodox quantum mechanic. This self-contradiction is a consequence of logical mistakes inherent in a new Weltanschauung proposed by Heisenberg for a philosophical substantiation of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is successful in spite of this absurdity and these mistakes because rather the realistic Schrodinger's interpretation than the positivistic Born's interpretation is used at the description of the majority of quantum phenomena. The act of measurement and the fundamental obscurity connected with it are absent at this description. But there are other fundamental obscurities which are considered in the last section. Contents
... of field intensities H> or approx. =H/sub c/2. The data obtained are compared with the res... more ... of field intensities H> or approx. =H/sub c/2. The data obtained are compared with the results of the Ami-Maki theory and the theory based on the Hartree approximation. The sharp deviation of the experimental dependence ...
The contemporary controversy about the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics keeps on the ol... more The contemporary controversy about the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics keeps on the old one about the aim of science, which was between the founders of the quantum theory. The orthodox quantum mechanics could be created only at the cost of renunciation of reality as the aim of natural science. The description only of phenomena, i.e. results of observation, should not be universal if no one believes that these phenomena are manifestation of a unique reality. Such belief concerning quantum mechanics is quite unacceptable because of irremediably conflict with special relativity. Nevertheless the quantum mechanics was developed and apprehended by most physicists as a universal theory of a quantum world. This fundamental discrepancy between the essence of the orthodox quantum mechanics and its history of development and studying has resulted both to an illusion about the aim of its description among most physicists and to the consideration of its fundamental obscurity as a uni...
Most experts reject the quantum potential introduced by David Bohm in 1952. But it is impossible ... more Most experts reject the quantum potential introduced by David Bohm in 1952. But it is impossible to describe some quantum mesoscopic phenomena observed in nanostructures without a quantum force.
V.L. Gurtovoi, M. Exarchos, V.N. Antonov, A.V. Nikulov, and V.A. Tulin Institute of Microelectron... more V.L. Gurtovoi, M. Exarchos, V.N. Antonov, A.V. Nikulov, and V.A. Tulin Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow District, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 29 Institutskiy per., 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia. Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
ABSTRACT It is shown that electrostatic potentials can be created under equilibrium conditions by... more ABSTRACT It is shown that electrostatic potentials can be created under equilibrium conditions by the Lorentz force motion of thermionic electrons over dielectric surfaces, setting the stage for a conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. These predicted electrostatic potentials have been demonstrated experimentally. We advance this phenomenon as evidence for the feasibility of direct conversion of thermal energy into electricity in the absence of a temperature difference. This challenge to the second law of thermodynamics is compared with related ones.
A theory is suggested which explains the experimentally discovered difference between the positio... more A theory is suggested which explains the experimentally discovered difference between the position of the phase transition into the mixed state and the magnitude of the second critical field H(c2).
... JETP, 59 (1984) 815 VA Marchenko and AV Nikulov, Physica C, MI 0(1993)466 AV Nikulov, Superco... more ... JETP, 59 (1984) 815 VA Marchenko and AV Nikulov, Physica C, MI 0(1993)466 AV Nikulov, Supercond.Sci Technol., 3 (1990) 377 S Ami and K Maki, Fhys Rev. ... Sci. Technol. 3 (1990), p. 377. Full Text via CrossRef. 9. S. Ami and K. Maki Phys. Rev. B18 (1978), p. 4714. ...
Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2015
The energy of magnetic moment of the persistent current circulating in superconducting loop in an... more The energy of magnetic moment of the persistent current circulating in superconducting loop in an externally produced magnetic field is not taken into account in the theory of quantization effects because of identification of the Hamiltonian with the energy. This identification misleads if, in accordance with the conservation law, the energy of a state is the energy expended for its creation. The energy of magnetic moment is deduced from a creation history of the current state in magnetic field both in the classical and quantum case. But taking this energy into account demolishes the agreement between theory and experiment. Impartial consideration of this problem discovers the contradiction both in theory and experiment.
Heisenberg, Bohr and others were forced to renounce on the description of the objective reality a... more Heisenberg, Bohr and others were forced to renounce on the description of the objective reality as the aim of physics because of the paradoxical quantum phenomena observed on the atomic level. The contemporary quantum mechanics created on the base of their positivism point of view must divide the world into speakable apparatus which amplifies microscopic events to macroscopic consequences and unspeakable quantum system. Examination of the quantum phenomena corroborates the confidence expressed by creators of quantum theory that the renunciation of realism should not apply on our everyday macroscopic world. Nanostructures may be considered for the present as a boundary of realistic description for all phenomena including the quantum one.
The discreteness of permitted state spectrum postulated on atomic level can be macroscopic in nan... more The discreteness of permitted state spectrum postulated on atomic level can be macroscopic in nanostructures and larger structures because of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity. The change by jump of measured parameters because of the macroscopic discreteness may be used for some applications. A device is proposed measured parameters of which can change by jump at a weak change of external parameters. The devise consists of two superconductor loop connected with two Josephson junctions. The macroscopic parameter-maximum value of the supercurrent through the two Josephson junctions-can change with the quantum number determining macroscopic angular momentum of superconducting pairs in one of the two loops.
The persistent current, i.e. the equilibrium direct electric current circulating in realistic rin... more The persistent current, i.e. the equilibrium direct electric current circulating in realistic rings, some authors interpreted as dissipationless in spite of non-zero resistance of the rings, whereas the other one suppose that this current can not decay at dissipation. The observation of potential difference connected with the persistent current may give new important information about paradoxical nature of this quantum phenomena observed in nanostructures.
The current-voltage curves and magnetic dependence of the critical current of asymmetric supercon... more The current-voltage curves and magnetic dependence of the critical current of asymmetric superconducting loops are measured. It was found that sign and value of the asymmetry of the current-voltage curves changes with value of magnetic field, periodically for single loop and system of identical loops. The obtained results allow to explain the quantum oscillation of the dc voltage, observed below superconducting transition in the previous works, as rectification of ac current or noise.
The observations the dc voltage on asymmetric superconducting ring testify that one of the ring s... more The observations the dc voltage on asymmetric superconducting ring testify that one of the ring segments is a dc power source. The persistent current flows against the total electric field in this segment. This paradoxical phenomenon is observed when the ring or its segments are switched between superconducting and normal state by non-equilibrium noises. We demonstrate that the dc voltage and the power increase with the number of the identical rings connected in series. Large voltage and power sufficient for practical application can be obtained in a system with a sufficiently large number of the rings. We point to the possibility of using such a system for the observation of the dc voltage above superconducting transition and in the asymmetric rings made of normal metal.
Measurements of the Little-Parks oscillations at measuring current much lower than the persistent... more Measurements of the Little-Parks oscillations at measuring current much lower than the persistent current give unambiguous evidence of the dc current flowing against the force of the dc electric field because of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. This result can assume that an additional force is needed for description of the Aharonov-Bohm effect observed in semiconductor, normal metal and superconductor nanostructures in contrast to the experimental result obtained recently for the case of the two-slit interference experiment.
The quantum states of flux qubit is suggested to observe with the help of a new device, the super... more The quantum states of flux qubit is suggested to observe with the help of a new device, the superconducting differential double contour interferometer (DDCI). The flux qubit and the superconducting quantum interference device (DC-SQUID) are connected in the DDCI through the phase of the wave function rather than through magnetic flux. The critical current of DC-SQUID should change to the maximum value at the change of the flux qubit state thanks to this phase coupling. A large jump in the critical current and voltage enables to observe continuously the change in time the state of the flux qubit. This observation can have fundamental importance for the investigation of the superposition of macroscopic quantum states.
We study operation of a new device, the superconducting differential double contour interferomete... more We study operation of a new device, the superconducting differential double contour interferometer (DDCI), in the application for the ultrasensitive detection of magnetic flux and for digital read out of the state of the superconducting flux qubit. DDCI consists of two superconducting contours weakly coupled by Josephson junctions. In such a device a change of the critical current, caused by an external magnetic flux or a nearby electric current, happens in a step-like manner when the angular momentum quantum number changes by one in one of the two contours. With a choice of parameters, the DDCI may outperform traditional superconducting quantum interference devices.
We use superconducting rings with asymmetric link-up of current leads for experimental investigat... more We use superconducting rings with asymmetric link-up of current leads for experimental investigation of winding number change at magnetic field corresponding to the half of the flux quantum inside the ring. According to the conventional theory, the critical current of such rings should change by jump due to this change. Experimental data obtained at measurements of aluminum rings agree with theoretical prediction in magnetic flux region close to integer numbers of the flux quantum and disagree in the region close to the half of the one, where a smooth change is observed instead of the jump. First measurements of tantalum ring give a hope for the jump. Investigation of this problem may have both fundamental and practical importance.
The controversies about quantum mechanics, in the old days and present-day, reveal an inconsisten... more The controversies about quantum mechanics, in the old days and present-day, reveal an inconsistency of understanding of this most successful theory of physics. Therefore it is needed to set forth unambiguously what and how quantum mechanics describes in order to cut down the number of the fantasies trying to eliminate the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics. In this chapter reader's attention is drawn first of all to a non-universality of quantum-mechanical descriptions of different quantum phenomena. The realistic interpretation of the wave function proposed by Schrodinger is used at the description of most quantum phenomena whereas the controversies touch on the positivistic interpretation proposed by Born. These controversies are result, in the main, of the misinterpretation, proposed by Bohr, of the orthodox quantum mechanics. Most physicists, following Bohr, did not want to admit that Born had assumed in fact a mutual causal relation between quantum system and the mind of the observer. The EPR correlation is non-local and quantum mechanics predicts violation of the Bell's inequalities because of non-locality of the mind of the observer. The quantum postulate and complementarity proposed by Bohr are valid according to rather hidden-variables theories than the orthodox quantum mechanics. Measurement is described as process of interaction of quantum system with the measuring device in hidden-variables theories alternative of quantum mechanics. It is shown, that the mutual causal relation between 'res extensa' and 'res cogitans', presupposed with the Born's interpretation, results to a logical absurdity which testifies against the self-consistency of the orthodox quantum mechanic. This self-contradiction is a consequence of logical mistakes inherent in a new Weltanschauung proposed by Heisenberg for a philosophical substantiation of quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics is successful in spite of this absurdity and these mistakes because rather the realistic Schrodinger's interpretation than the positivistic Born's interpretation is used at the description of the majority of quantum phenomena. The act of measurement and the fundamental obscurity connected with it are absent at this description. But there are other fundamental obscurities which are considered in the last section. Contents
... of field intensities H> or approx. =H/sub c/2. The data obtained are compared with the res... more ... of field intensities H> or approx. =H/sub c/2. The data obtained are compared with the results of the Ami-Maki theory and the theory based on the Hartree approximation. The sharp deviation of the experimental dependence ...
The contemporary controversy about the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics keeps on the ol... more The contemporary controversy about the fundamental obscurity in quantum mechanics keeps on the old one about the aim of science, which was between the founders of the quantum theory. The orthodox quantum mechanics could be created only at the cost of renunciation of reality as the aim of natural science. The description only of phenomena, i.e. results of observation, should not be universal if no one believes that these phenomena are manifestation of a unique reality. Such belief concerning quantum mechanics is quite unacceptable because of irremediably conflict with special relativity. Nevertheless the quantum mechanics was developed and apprehended by most physicists as a universal theory of a quantum world. This fundamental discrepancy between the essence of the orthodox quantum mechanics and its history of development and studying has resulted both to an illusion about the aim of its description among most physicists and to the consideration of its fundamental obscurity as a uni...
Most experts reject the quantum potential introduced by David Bohm in 1952. But it is impossible ... more Most experts reject the quantum potential introduced by David Bohm in 1952. But it is impossible to describe some quantum mesoscopic phenomena observed in nanostructures without a quantum force.
V.L. Gurtovoi, M. Exarchos, V.N. Antonov, A.V. Nikulov, and V.A. Tulin Institute of Microelectron... more V.L. Gurtovoi, M. Exarchos, V.N. Antonov, A.V. Nikulov, and V.A. Tulin Institute of Microelectronics Technology and High Purity Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, 142432 Chernogolovka, Moscow District, Russia. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 29 Institutskiy per., 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia. Physics Department, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
ABSTRACT It is shown that electrostatic potentials can be created under equilibrium conditions by... more ABSTRACT It is shown that electrostatic potentials can be created under equilibrium conditions by the Lorentz force motion of thermionic electrons over dielectric surfaces, setting the stage for a conflict with the second law of thermodynamics. These predicted electrostatic potentials have been demonstrated experimentally. We advance this phenomenon as evidence for the feasibility of direct conversion of thermal energy into electricity in the absence of a temperature difference. This challenge to the second law of thermodynamics is compared with related ones.
A theory is suggested which explains the experimentally discovered difference between the positio... more A theory is suggested which explains the experimentally discovered difference between the position of the phase transition into the mixed state and the magnitude of the second critical field H(c2).
... JETP, 59 (1984) 815 VA Marchenko and AV Nikulov, Physica C, MI 0(1993)466 AV Nikulov, Superco... more ... JETP, 59 (1984) 815 VA Marchenko and AV Nikulov, Physica C, MI 0(1993)466 AV Nikulov, Supercond.Sci Technol., 3 (1990) 377 S Ami and K Maki, Fhys Rev. ... Sci. Technol. 3 (1990), p. 377. Full Text via CrossRef. 9. S. Ami and K. Maki Phys. Rev. B18 (1978), p. 4714. ...
Physica C: Superconductivity and its Applications, 2015
The energy of magnetic moment of the persistent current circulating in superconducting loop in an... more The energy of magnetic moment of the persistent current circulating in superconducting loop in an externally produced magnetic field is not taken into account in the theory of quantization effects because of identification of the Hamiltonian with the energy. This identification misleads if, in accordance with the conservation law, the energy of a state is the energy expended for its creation. The energy of magnetic moment is deduced from a creation history of the current state in magnetic field both in the classical and quantum case. But taking this energy into account demolishes the agreement between theory and experiment. Impartial consideration of this problem discovers the contradiction both in theory and experiment.
Heisenberg, Bohr and others were forced to renounce on the description of the objective reality a... more Heisenberg, Bohr and others were forced to renounce on the description of the objective reality as the aim of physics because of the paradoxical quantum phenomena observed on the atomic level. The contemporary quantum mechanics created on the base of their positivism point of view must divide the world into speakable apparatus which amplifies microscopic events to macroscopic consequences and unspeakable quantum system. Examination of the quantum phenomena corroborates the confidence expressed by creators of quantum theory that the renunciation of realism should not apply on our everyday macroscopic world. Nanostructures may be considered for the present as a boundary of realistic description for all phenomena including the quantum one.
The discreteness of permitted state spectrum postulated on atomic level can be macroscopic in nan... more The discreteness of permitted state spectrum postulated on atomic level can be macroscopic in nanostructures and larger structures because of macroscopic quantum phenomena such as superconductivity. The change by jump of measured parameters because of the macroscopic discreteness may be used for some applications. A device is proposed measured parameters of which can change by jump at a weak change of external parameters. The devise consists of two superconductor loop connected with two Josephson junctions. The macroscopic parameter-maximum value of the supercurrent through the two Josephson junctions-can change with the quantum number determining macroscopic angular momentum of superconducting pairs in one of the two loops.
The persistent current, i.e. the equilibrium direct electric current circulating in realistic rin... more The persistent current, i.e. the equilibrium direct electric current circulating in realistic rings, some authors interpreted as dissipationless in spite of non-zero resistance of the rings, whereas the other one suppose that this current can not decay at dissipation. The observation of potential difference connected with the persistent current may give new important information about paradoxical nature of this quantum phenomena observed in nanostructures.
The current-voltage curves and magnetic dependence of the critical current of asymmetric supercon... more The current-voltage curves and magnetic dependence of the critical current of asymmetric superconducting loops are measured. It was found that sign and value of the asymmetry of the current-voltage curves changes with value of magnetic field, periodically for single loop and system of identical loops. The obtained results allow to explain the quantum oscillation of the dc voltage, observed below superconducting transition in the previous works, as rectification of ac current or noise.
The observations the dc voltage on asymmetric superconducting ring testify that one of the ring s... more The observations the dc voltage on asymmetric superconducting ring testify that one of the ring segments is a dc power source. The persistent current flows against the total electric field in this segment. This paradoxical phenomenon is observed when the ring or its segments are switched between superconducting and normal state by non-equilibrium noises. We demonstrate that the dc voltage and the power increase with the number of the identical rings connected in series. Large voltage and power sufficient for practical application can be obtained in a system with a sufficiently large number of the rings. We point to the possibility of using such a system for the observation of the dc voltage above superconducting transition and in the asymmetric rings made of normal metal.
Measurements of the Little-Parks oscillations at measuring current much lower than the persistent... more Measurements of the Little-Parks oscillations at measuring current much lower than the persistent current give unambiguous evidence of the dc current flowing against the force of the dc electric field because of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. This result can assume that an additional force is needed for description of the Aharonov-Bohm effect observed in semiconductor, normal metal and superconductor nanostructures in contrast to the experimental result obtained recently for the case of the two-slit interference experiment.
The quantum states of flux qubit is suggested to observe with the help of a new device, the super... more The quantum states of flux qubit is suggested to observe with the help of a new device, the superconducting differential double contour interferometer (DDCI). The flux qubit and the superconducting quantum interference device (DC-SQUID) are connected in the DDCI through the phase of the wave function rather than through magnetic flux. The critical current of DC-SQUID should change to the maximum value at the change of the flux qubit state thanks to this phase coupling. A large jump in the critical current and voltage enables to observe continuously the change in time the state of the flux qubit. This observation can have fundamental importance for the investigation of the superposition of macroscopic quantum states.
We study operation of a new device, the superconducting differential double contour interferomete... more We study operation of a new device, the superconducting differential double contour interferometer (DDCI), in the application for the ultrasensitive detection of magnetic flux and for digital read out of the state of the superconducting flux qubit. DDCI consists of two superconducting contours weakly coupled by Josephson junctions. In such a device a change of the critical current, caused by an external magnetic flux or a nearby electric current, happens in a step-like manner when the angular momentum quantum number changes by one in one of the two contours. With a choice of parameters, the DDCI may outperform traditional superconducting quantum interference devices.
We use superconducting rings with asymmetric link-up of current leads for experimental investigat... more We use superconducting rings with asymmetric link-up of current leads for experimental investigation of winding number change at magnetic field corresponding to the half of the flux quantum inside the ring. According to the conventional theory, the critical current of such rings should change by jump due to this change. Experimental data obtained at measurements of aluminum rings agree with theoretical prediction in magnetic flux region close to integer numbers of the flux quantum and disagree in the region close to the half of the one, where a smooth change is observed instead of the jump. First measurements of tantalum ring give a hope for the jump. Investigation of this problem may have both fundamental and practical importance.
Uploads
Papers by Alexey Nikulov